ANPS 019 Lab 1 Cell Chemistry, Structure, and Protein Synthesis

fluid mosaic

a characteristic of the cell membrane?

chloride

a major anion in the body?

sugar

solute in sweetened ice tea

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A molecule of _______________ contains all the codons needed to produce a particular polypeptide.

polar covalent bonds

A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond?

a codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA is called

8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain?

covalent bond

Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

The introns, or non-coding regions, must be removed from the pre-mRNA molecule

Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to create a protein, what must occur?

nonpolar covalent bonds

Bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (as depicted on the right side of the figure) are generally

Lactated Ringer's solution or Normal saline solution

Dehydration and fluid loss have several adverse effects on patient wellbeing. What type of IV fluids are commonly used in these circumstances?

slightly different mRNA transcripts that code for different proteins

During RNA processing, alternative splicing can result in

the exons are joined back together

During splicing,

polar covalent bonds

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?

golgi apparatus

From the rough endoplasmic reticulum, proteins are often sent to the ______________ for further posttranslational modification

sodium

Having the correct concentration of which chemical is most important in rehydrating your patients?

The hydrogen atom has 1 proton and no neutrons

If a hydrogen atom has an atomic number of 1, and a mass number of 1, what does this tell us about the hydrogen atom?

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

peptide

Most hormones have which chemical structure?

nuclear pores

Movement of the mRNA molecule from the nucleus to the cytoplasm occurs through

on free ribosomes

Proteins that are destined to stay in the cytosol (for use by the cell) are synthesized entirely

RNA polymerase

The enzyme that synthesizes the RNA strand during transcription is

UAG

The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on the DNA template strand is

tRNA (transfer RNA)

The molecule that brings the proper amino acid into place at the ribosome for the elongation of a new polypeptide is called

Golgi apparatus

The organelle where cell proteins are modified and packaged

selectively permeable

The plasma membrane of a healthy cell is

transcription

The process of forming mRNA from DNA is called

ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm

The site of translation is

inhibit translation

The toxin ricin rapidly and completely deactivates the ribosome. It is lethal to humans, because it will

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

The vast majority of the atoms in our body come from which 4 elements? These 4 elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight.

It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent

Think about a 10% saline solution

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

What are the three main parts of a human cell?

The cell has a great metabolic demand

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell?

synthesis of proteins

What important cell function occurs at the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas

What is a not a result of hydrogen bonding

the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms

What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond?

anti-codon

What is the name for the 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule?

large polar molecules

What kinds of molecules cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?

The polypeptide chain must be folded into the final 3-dimensional shape

What must happen to the polypeptide chain before it becomes a functional protein?

RNA polymerase chooses nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA template strand and adds them one at a time, building the mRNA transcript

What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?

In the extracellular compartment

Where would you find interstitial fluid?

lysosome

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?

carbohydrate

Which of the following is not an electrolyte?

atoms

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?

ribosomes

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

plasma membrane

Which part of the cell is most important for maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment?

phosphate heads

Which part of the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is hydrophilic?

mRNA

______ moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing

ion

an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)

glycosylation

an example of posttranslational modification?

phospholipid

component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell?

ionic compounds

electrolytes are

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems

false statement about cells

to produce energy in the form of ATP

function of mitochondrion

metabolism of lipids

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

modification and packaging of proteins

function of the Golgi apparatus

synthesis of proteins that will be associated with membrane

the functions that occur at the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

phospholipids

the main component of the cell membrane?

nonpolar bonds

the result of equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecule.

8

the second electron shell can hold how many electrons?

DNA

what does not play a role in translation?

electrons are shared unequally

what is true about polar covalent bonds

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

what occurs during transcription?