ANPS 20 Lab 1
Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? A.) a decrease in blood glucose levels B.) eating a large meal C.) release of insulin D.) hyperglycemia
A.) a decrease in blood glucose levels Glucagon acts to stimulate release of glucose into the blood to counteract falling levels.
The adrenal gland(s) is/are located A.) attached to the superior pole of the kidneys. B.) in the neck, just inferior to the larynx. C.) behind the stomach, between the duodenum and the spleen. D.) on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
A.) attached to the superior pole of the kidneys. The paired adrenal glands are located at the superior poles of the kidneys. (One adrenal gland per kidney).
What stops parathyroid hormone secretion? A.) blood calcium levels increase B.) blood calcium levels decrease C.) blood glucose levels increase D.) blood glucose levels decrease
A.) blood calcium levels increase Release of parathyroid hormone is regulated by blood calcium levels. Rising blood calcium acts as a negative feedback on the parathyroid gland to inhibit parathyroid hormone release. Falling blood calcium levels trigger PTH release.
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? A.) cortisol B.) epinephrine C.) insulin
A.) cortisol Yes, cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble.
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called A.) homeostasis. B.) positive feedback. C.) negative feedback. D.) diabetes. E.) None of the above.
A.) homeostasis. The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called homeostasis.
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the A.) infundibulum B.) follicle C.) hormone receptor D.) portal system
A.) infundibulum The stalk like structure that suspends the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus is called the infundibulum.
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. A.) plasma membrane receptors B.) cytoplasmic receptors C.) cAMP D.) adenylate cyclase E.) protein kinases
A.) plasma membrane receptors Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.
What is the role of insulin? A.) reduce blood sugar levels B.) breakdown glycogen into glucose C.) raise blood sugar levels D.) release glucose from cells
A.) reduce blood sugar levels The role of insulin is to reduce blood glucose levels after a meal. Insulin does this by stimulating glucose uptake into cells and stimulating glycogen formation in the liver.
A major role of cortisol is to A.) regulate the immune system and facilitate the stress response. B.) maintain electrolyte balance. C.) regulate metabolic rate. D.) regulate blood calcium levels.
A.) regulate the immune system and facilitate the stress response. A major role of cortisol is the regulate the immune system (is immunosuppresive) and facilitate the stress response by regulating the body's access to glucose.
What is the role of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone? A.) It increases blood calcium levels. B.) It regulates electrolyte balance by causing sodium retention in the kidney. C.) It facilitates the stress response. D.) It reduces levels of glucose in the blood.
B.) It regulates electrolyte balance by causing sodium retention in the kidney. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid released from zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex. It helps to regulate electrolyte balance by stimulating the retention of sodium in the kidney.
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? A.) increasing protein kinases B.) activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell C.) phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
B.) activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell Yes, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription of genes that code for various proteins that the cell can synthesize. Recall that cytoplasmic ribosomes synthesize proteins from mRNA molecules that move from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Which hormone is required for the full adult height of the skeleton? A.) vasopressin (ADH) B.) growth hormone C.) ACTH D.) prolactin
B.) growth hormone Growth hormone stimulates most body cells to enlarge and divide by stimulating liver cells and other cells in the body to produce growth promoting proteins called insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) or somatomedins. Although growth hormone targets most body cells, its major targets are bone and skeletal muscle. Stimulation of the epiphyseal plate in bone leads to long bone growth. After epiphyseal plate closure (usually in the teenage years), bones grow thicker but can no longer grow in length.
The secretion of which of the following anterior pituitary hormones can be regulated by both a releasing hormone and a release-inhibiting hormone? A.) ACTH (corticotropin) B.) growth hormone (GH) C.) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) D.) thyrotropin (TSH)
B.) growth hormone (GH) Secretion of growth hormone (GH) is regulated chiefly by two hypothalamic hormones with opposite effects. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates growth hormone release, while growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also called somatostatin, inhibits release of growth hormone. Negative feedback also has a role in controlling growth hormone release: GHIH release can be triggered by feedback from GH and IGFs (insulin like growth factors), and rising levels of GH also feedback to inhibit its own release.
What is the role of the adrenal medulla? A.) It regulates metabolic rate and temperature control. B.) It regulates sleep cycles. C.) It facilitates the sympathetic nervous system "fight and flight" response. D.) It facilitates the parasympathetic nervous system "rest and digest" response.
C.) It facilitates the sympathetic nervous system "fight and flight" response. The adrenal medulla is activated when the sympathetic nervous system is activated. The preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the cells of the adrenal medulla to release their hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. The circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones can stimulate activity of any cells that have receptors to these hormones, and therefore have a much longer action than the stimulation caused by sympathetic nervous system activity alone.
Body cells that respond to insulin include A.) Intestinal cells only. B.) Liver cells only. C.) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. D.) Muscle cells only. E.) Liver cells and muscle cells only.
C.) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
When blood glucose levels are low A.) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. B.) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. C.) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. D.) Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. E.) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
C.) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
When blood glucose levels are high A.) The liver releases glucagon. B.) The pancreas releases glucose. C.) The pancreas releases insulin. D.) The pancreas releases glucagon. E.) The liver releases insulin.
C.) The pancreas releases insulin. The pancreas responds to high blood glucose levels by releasing insulin from beta cells.
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? A.) activates a protein kinase B.) directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome C.) acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene D.) phosphorylates a protein
C.) acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene Yes, then mRNA is synthesized. Please note: the animation mistakenly said the mRNA then "transcribes" a protein. If you remember from ANPS19, transcription is when an mRNA molecule is made from a DNA molecule. Translation is the process by which the code from an mRNA molecule is used to produce a protein (on a ribosome). Hormones that act as transcription factors turn on genes in the nucleus, which leads to transcription of mRNA in the nucleus, and the production of new proteins in the cytoplasm.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, stimulates the release of _______________ from the __________________. A.) thyroid hormone; thyroid gland B.) growth hormone; liver C.) cortisol (glucocorticoids); adrenal cortex D.) oxytocin; posterior pituitary
C.) cortisol (glucocorticoids); adrenal cortex Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is also known as corticotropin because it stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the cortex of the adrenal gland. Cortisol is the most abundant glucocorticoid in humans.
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) causes the release of ____________________________ . A.) thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. B.) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary. C.) cortisol from the adrenal cortex. D.) ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
D.) ACTH from the anterior pituitary. CRH, or corticotropin releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus and regulates the release of ACTH from anterior pituitary cells. ACTH is also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone, or just corticotropin because it stimulates the release of hormones (glucocorticoids) from the adenal cortex. We use the term "releasing hormone" to refer to the group of hormones that are secreted from hypothalamic neurons and travel down the hypophyseal portal system to regulate the release of hormones from anterior pituitary cells (this could be either increasing release or inhibiting release). The "stimulating hormones" or "tropic hormones" are released from anterior pituitary cells and stimulate the release of hormones from other endocrine glands.
Glucose is stored in the human body as _______. A.) glucagon B.) insulin C.) plant starch D.) glycogen
D.) Glycogen Glucose absorbed from the blood is either used as fuel for metabolism or stored as glycogen, which is also known as animal starch (but not plant starch). About 75% of glucose consumed during a meal is stored as glycogen. As humans do not feed continuously, the production of glycogen from a meal ensures that a supply of glucose will be available for several hours after a meal.
Which hormone is the MOST important for regulating blood calcium levels? A.) Insulin B.) Calcitonin C.) Thyroid hormone D.) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D.) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone, is the single most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood. Precise control of calcium levels is critical because calcium homeostasis is essential for many body functions, including nerve and muscle function and blood clotting. When blood calcium levels drop, chief cells release their parathyroid hormone. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating 3 target organs: the skeleton (bone), the kidneys, and the intestine.
How can you tell the anterior pituitary from the posterior pituitary in a schematic image? A.) The anterior pituitary is always located on the left side of the image. B.) The anterior pituitary is always on the right side of the image. C.) The anterior pituitary image shows long axons extending through the infundibulum to release their hormones into a capillary bed. D.) The anterior pituitary image shows two capillary beds connected by portal veins.
D.) The anterior pituitary image shows two capillary beds connected by portal veins. The best way to tell the difference between the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary in an artist's image is to think about its anatomical relationships. The anterior pituitary image would show two capillary beds connected by portal veins and the posterior pituitary image would show long axons extending from the hypothalamus through the infundibulum to release their hormones into a capillary bed.
Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose (stored glucose)? A.) insulin B.) plant starch C.) glycogen D.) glucagon
D.) glucagon When glucose levels in the plasma fall below a certain value, the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood when blood glucose levels are low.
Where is oxytocin produced? A.) uterus B.) posterior pituitary C.) mammary gland D.) hypothalamus
D.) hypothalamus Oxytocin is produced in the nerve cell bodies of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and is transported to the posterior pituitary through the long axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, where it is released when needed.
What is secreted from the adrenal medulla? A.) the glucocorticoid cortisol B.) prolactin C.) ACTH or adrenocorticotropin D.) the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine insulin and glucagon
D.) the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine insulin and glucagon The adrenal medulla is the center part of the adrenal gland and it is made up of special cells that are derived from nervous tissue. These cells are stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers during the fight and flight response and release the catecholamine hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
A liver cell responds to insulin by A.) Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. B.) Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. C.) Releasing glucagon. D.) Releasing insulin. E.) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
E.) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Insulin stimulates liver cells to store glucose in the form of glycogen. This helps to lower blood glucose levels.
The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. A.) phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm B.) adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane C.) water-soluble hormone in the blood D.) plasma membrane receptors E.) cytoplasmic second messengers such as cAMP
E.) cytoplasmic second messengers such as cAMP Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding to the plasma membrane receptor. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling mechanism is one example of a second messenger signalling cascade that can be activated by a water soluble hormone binding to a plasma membrane receptor. The hormone is considered the "first messenger" and binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane. This initiates a cascade of events which ultimately leads to the production of more second messenger molecules in the cytoplasm, such as cAMP, which greatly amplifies the effect of the original hormone.
All of the following hormones are released from anterior pituitary cells EXCEPT: A.) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) B.) thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) C.) growth hormone (GH) D.) prolactin (PRL) E.) oxytocin (OXY)
E.) oxytocin (OXY) Oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, or ADH) are the two hormones that are produced in neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and are transported down long axons to the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. When the neurons in these hypothalamic nuclei are stimulated action potentials travel down the axons and reach the synaptic terminals, either oxytocin or ADH are released from their respective nerve terminals into the bloodstream. All of the other listed hormones are secreted from anterior pituitary cells, in addition to the gonadotropins, FSH and LH.
GnRH or gonadotropin releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus and regulates the release of _____________________ from anterior pituitary cells. A.) FSH and LH (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) B.) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) C.) GH or growth hormone D.) TSH (thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone)
A.) FSH and LH (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are known as the gonadotropic hormones, or gonadotropins because their function is to stimulate the activity of the gonads (male and female sex organs). In the male, the gonads are the testes, and in the female, the gonads are the ovaries. You will learn more details about the functions of these hormones and the ovaries and testes in lecture block #4, when we talk about the Reproductive System.
Where are the parathyroid glands located? A.) In the neck, on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland B.) On the superior edge of the kidneys. C.) In the central part of the adrenal gland. D.) It is a butterfly shaped gland, in the neck, just inferior to the larynx.
A.) In the neck, on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland The parathyroid glands are 4-6 tiny glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, usually hidden from view.
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? A.) Liver cells. B.) Muscle cells. C.) Intestinal cells. D.) Cells in the pancreas.
A.) Liver cells.
What is the role of activated protein kinases? A.) Phosphorylate proteins. B.) Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. C.) Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation D.) Degrade cAMP to AMP. E.) Activate adenylate cyclase.
A.) Phosphorylate proteins. Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.
All of the following are roles of thyroid hormone EXCEPT: A.) stimulating storage of glucose B.) promotion of growth and development C.) synergism with sympathetic nervous system D.) regulation of metabolic rate and temperature control
A.) stimulating storage of glucose Effects of TH include: 1) increasing basal metabolic rate and body heat production, by turning on transcription of genes related to glucose oxidation - this actually leads to increased glucose catabolism (breakdown, not storage) and increased oxygen consumption. Since heat is an important by-product of metabolic activity, this leads to thyroid hormone's calorigenic effect. 2) regulating tissue growth and development: TH is critical for normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation and for reproductive capabilities. 3) synergism with sympathetic nervous system: maintaining blood pressure by increasing the number of adrenergic receptors in blood vessels. Storage of glucose is promoted by the pancreatic hormone insulin when blood glucose levels are high. When blood glucose levels are low, the hormone glucagon promotes the release of glucose from glycogen, the storage form of glucose.
The clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas are known as the pancreatic islets, or Islets of Langerhans. Which is the cell type that secretes insulin? A.) Duct cells B.) Beta cells C.) Alpha cells D.) Acinar cells
B.) Beta cells Beta cells secrete insulin when blood glucose levels are high.
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? A.) Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells. B.) Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. C.) Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. D.) Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. E.) Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells.
B.) Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. The blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body.
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) is released from the A.) thyroid gland B.) hypothalamus C.) posterior pituitary D.) anterior pituitary
B.) hypothalamus It is absolutely critical that you understand the difference between the "regulatory or releasing hormones" and "stimulating hormones". We use the term "releasing hormone" to refer to the group of hormones that are secreted from hypothalamic neurons and travel down the hypophyseal portal system to regulate the release of hormones from anterior pituitary cells (this could be either increasing release or inhibiting release). The "stimulating hormones" or "tropic hormones" are released from anterior pituitary cells and stimulate the release of hormones from other endocrine glands. In the case mentioned in this question, "thyrotropin" refers to the hormone released from anterior pituitary cells. Thyrotropin stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones (T3 or T4), so thyrotropin is also called thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH. In contrast, TRH, or "thyrotropin releasing hormone", is released from the hypothalamus and causes anterior pituitary cells to release thyrotropin (also known TSH). Unfortunately, in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, there are many hormones that sound alike. If you are having trouble with this concept, please ask one of your professors for help!
Which cells release calcium from bone? A.) osteoblasts B.) osteoclasts C.) chief cells D.) follicular cells
B.) osteoclasts You learned about osteoclasts in ANPS19. Osteoclasts are related to macrophages and are responsible for breaking down bone and releasing calcium into the blood, a process called "resorption of bone". Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of osteoclasts, and calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity.
Which of the following enzymes is important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? A.) G proteins B.) phosphodiesterase C.) adenylate cyclase D.) AMP E.) protein kinase
B.) phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP. The increase in cAMP levels is usually short-lived because the enzyme phosphodiesterase is constantly present in the cytoplasm of the target cells.
Which type of cell secretes glucagon? A.) Liver cells B.) Beta cells C.) Alpha cells D.) Islet cells
C.) Alpha cells Special cells in the pancreatic islets called alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels.
Which cells produce thyroid hormone (TH)? A.) chief cells B.) parafollicular cells C.) follicular cells D.) beta cells
C.) follicular cells Follicular cells line the follicles of the thyroid gland. When follicular cells are stimulated by thyrotropin or TSH from the anterior pituitary gland, they retrieve and secrete stored thyroid hormone from the follicular lumen, or they synthesize more thyroglobulin to restock the follicle lumen. Here are the details: The thyroid gland is composed of hollow, spherical follicles. The wall of each follicle are formed largely by cuboidal epithelial cells called follicular cells, which produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin is stored in the lumen of the follicle and forms a sticky material called colloid which consists of thyroglobulin molecules with attached iodine atoms. The thyroid hormones are derived from this iodinated thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone is actually two iodine-containing amine hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 is the major hormone secreted by the thyroid follicles, but most T4 is converted to T3 at the target tissues, because T3 is the most active form. Both hormones are constructed from two linked tyrosine amino acids, but T4 has four bound iodine atoms and T3 has three bound iodine atoms, which is how the thyroid hormones get their names (T3 and T4).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by all of the following EXCEPT: A.) promotes activation of calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin D, which increases absorption of calcium in the intestines B.) stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bones C.) inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and the activity of calcitriol D.) enhances reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
C.) inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and the activity of calcitriol PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating 3 target organs: the skeleton (bone), the kidneys, and the intestine. PTH release stimulates osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) to digest some of the calcium-rich bony matrix and release ionic calcium and phosphates into the blood; enhances reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys; promotes activation of Vitamin D, thereby increasing absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosal cells. Vitamin D is required for absorption of calcium from food, but first the kidneys must convert it to its active vitamin D3 form, calcitriol. Parathyroid hormone stimulates this transformation.
The disease diabetes mellitus is caused by either the hyposecretion or the hypoactivity of which hormone? A.) thyroid hormone B.) cortisol C.) insulin D.) glucagon
C.) insulin Diabetes mellitus is caused by a problem with the hormone insulin.
Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? A.) ACTH and TSH B.) growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) C.) oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) D.) cortisol and thyroid hormone
C.) oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) are manufactured in neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These hormones are transported down long axons which extend through the infundibulum into the posterior pituitary. The hormones are stored in the axon terminals until sensory stimuli reach the hypothalamic neurons and cause action potentials that propagate down the long hypothalamic-hypophyseal axons and release the hormones into the blood supply. Understand that these two hormones are stored in different neurons and different stimuli cause release of these hormones. Oxytocin causes milk ejection, or "letdown" and is released in response to the suckling reflex during nursing. Oxytocin also is responsible for strong uterine contractions during childbirth. In contrast, vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the body maintain water balance and is released when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense that the solute concentration in blood is too high.
All of the following are secreted from the thyroid gland EXCEPT: A.) calcitonin B.) T3 and T4 C.) parathyroid hormone D.) thyroid hormone
C.) parathyroid hormone The thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and they are secreted from follicular cells. Calcitonin is released from parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone is released from the chief cells of the parathyroid glands (not the thyroid glands). The parathyroid glands are 4-6 tiny glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, usually hidden from view.
Which lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of neural tissue instead of glandular tissue? A.) adenohypophysis B.) hypothalamus C.) posterior pituitary D.) anterior pituitary
C.) posterior pituitary The posterior pituitary is made up of neural tissue (axons) that extends from the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary. Because of this, the posterior pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis. The anterior pituitary is made up of glandular tissue (endocrine gland), so it is also known as the adenohypophysis. The hypothalamus is made up of neural tissue, because it is part of the brain (diencephalon), but it is not part of the pituitary gland.
The outer part of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal cortex. The cells of the adrenal cortex are arranged into three zones that secrete steroid hormones called corticosteroid hormones or corticosterones. All of the following hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex EXCEPT: A.) the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone B.) the glucocorticoid, cortisol C.) the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine D.) the androgens (male sex hormones)
C.) the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine The catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine are not secreted from the adrenal cortex. They are secreted from the cells of the adrenal medulla, which is the middle part of the adrenal gland. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are secreted from the cells of the zona glomerulosa, glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens are secreted from the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.
Cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete A.) the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. B.) the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. C.) the glucocorticoid cortisol. D.) ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin).
C.) the glucocorticoid cortisol. Cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete the glucocorticoid cortisol when stimulated by the anterior pituitary hormone. ACTH (adrenocorticoptropic hormone or corticotropin). Glucocorticoids such as cortisol mediate the body's response to stress and ensure the body has access to adequate blood glucose (which is why they are called "gluco"-corticoids). The cells of the zona fasciculata and reticularis also secrete androgens, or sex steroids, which we will learn more about in the reproductive lectures.
