ANS 110 Exam 2
True or False: Sheep and goats are far more productive and efficient than beef cattle and camelids
True
Describe a Gelbvieh
Golden colored; horned or polled. very high growth, germany, maternal
What is the role of the state veterinarian?
Protect, regulate, and promote animal health
What is the value of added milk products?
It increases the cost/profit
Nanny
female goat older than 1 (meat)
Doe
female goat over 1 year of age (dairy)
Kid
goat from birth to 6 months
What is the difference between organic and traditionally produced milk?
there is no statistically significant difference
Describe a Limousin
Terminal breed, not enough fat to be maternal, red, highly muscled beef cattle, Bos Taurus Very high lean, low marbling, low milk, late puberty
The number #1 dairy state for number of cows is?
Texas
What are the largest sheep producing states in the US? (5)
Texas, California, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah
Leading states in beef cattle
Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri
Beef quality grading
Segregates beef into groups based on palatability Based on... -juiciness -flavor -tenderness - Marbling in the ribeye = Palatability Degrees of marbling: 1. prime -slightly abundant 2. Choice -moderate/small 3. Select -small/trace 4. Standard -traces/devoid
Wether
castrated male goat
What is in concentrates?
corn, wheat, milo - high energy soybean meal, cotton seed meal (worth well into rations) and other meals - high protein,
On average, the annual net income per Michigan dairy cow is?
$350
Beef production cycle
-9.5 months - Conception 0 months - Birth of calf (70-90lb) 8 months - Calf is weaned and sold to a backgrounder (500-600lb) 13 months - Backgrounder sells yearling to feedlot for finishing (700-800lb) 18 months - Packer harvests animals and breaks chilled carcass into primal/subprimal cuts, packaged in boxes (1350-1450lb) 18-19 months - Boxed beef is shipped or further processed into portion-controlled products for sale to food service and retail.
What should a TMR consider? (7)
-Intake -Feeding the Rumen Bugs -Forage/Concentrate Balance -Energy - starch -Protein -Minerals/Vitamins -Water (40-50 gallons)
What is the consumption of protein in milk?
3.2%
What is the consumption of fat in milk?
3.7%
What is the consumption of lactose in milk?
4.9%
How many dairy cows in MI?
430,000
On average, the annual net return on investment for a Michigan dairy farm is?
5%
What is the consumption of water in milk?
87.5%
How many dairy cows in US?
9,400,000
What is in roughage?
Anything with a stem (corn silage, hay silage (haylage), hay
Sheep (Mutton)
A sheep that has its second pair of incisor teeth
What reproductive tools are used in the dairy industry?
AI, Dairy Herd Improvement (Record Keeping), and Genomic Testing of DNA
Provide examples of dairy goat breeds
Alpine, Oberhasli, Saanen, Sable Saanen, Toggenberg, Lamancha, Nubian, and Nigerian Dwarf (more pet than production)
Describe an Angus
All black, some white on belly, low lean, high marbling, moderate milk, moderate puberty; maternal breed, Bos Taurus
Describe a Charolais
All white, Very high lean, low marbling, low milk, late puberty, Bos taurus, very high growth
Top 3 Beef Cattle registrations
Angus, Hereford, and Red Angus
Describe a Brangus
Black and polled predominate, although there are Red Brangus which is a separate breed. U.S. breed developed around 1912—3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus. Moderate growth
Provide examples of meat goat breeds
Boer, Spanish, and Kiko
What is sexually intact male bovine called?
Bull
What is a young bull or bull castrated after sexual maturity called?
Bullock
What can churning create?
Butter
What is the most important mineral in milk?
Calcium
What countries lead the world in sheep production?
China, Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey
What is a bovine female that has produced a calf?
Cow
Describe a Hereford
Dominant white face w/ red body and they have white stockings or white feather on neck. Low lean, high marbling, moderate milk, moderate puberty; maternal, Bos Taurus, can be polled
What is the purpose of Heat Treatment of milk ?
Destroy pathogens (Primary), Destroy spoilage organisms , and Destroy endogenous enzymes
Describe the Milking Shorthorn
Developed in British Isles, dual purpose (not good at anything), small numbers in US,
What is a female sheep of any age called?
Ewe
The largest cost associated with producing milk annually is?
Feed (40-50%)
What does the Northwest produce regarding sheep?
Fine wooled sheep, mountain and meadow grazing, government leases, range lambing
What do the Great Plains produce regarding sheep?
Fine/medium wooled sheep, cool and warm-season grazing, range and shed lambing
What is a bovine female between birth of first and second calf? (yes, she should be called a cow)
First calf heifer
What is a bovine female born twin to a bull (usually infertile) called?
Freemartin
Describe the Guernsey
From Guernsey Isle, weigh 1100 lbs, light red and white, not much milk but it has lots of fat, milk is gold/yellow, calves have no will to live, lots in WI
Describe the Holstein
From Holland, weigh 1400 lbs, black and white, highest milk production (25,639 lbs), good reproductively
Describe the Jersey
From Jersey Isle, weigh 1000 lbs, fawn, blackish-brown, handles heat well, efficient (less feed than most),
Describe the Ayrshire
From Scotland, weigh 1200 lbs, not much milk produced (19,500 lbs), mahogany and white, not in MI
Describe the Brown Swiss
From Switzerland, weigh 1500 lbs, blackish-brown or silver, known for best foot and leg, eat a ton but don't produce much milk (22,500 lbs), popular in Brazil
What does the Southwest produce regarding sheep?
Generally fine wooled sheep. Dry, sparse pasture. Range lamb.
Describe a Red Angus
Hair coat makes it different from angus (double recessive will give it the red color), low lean, high marbling, moderate milk, moderate puberty; maternal breed, Bos Taurus
What happens when milk is pasteurized?
Heated up to kill pathogens
What is a bovine female that has not produced a calf?
Heifer
What is a heifer that has calved once, then fed for harvest called?
Heiferette
What are some of the major dairy breeds? (7 )
Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Gurnsey, Ayrshire, Red and White, and the Milking short-horn
Describe the Red and white
Improved guernsey breed, Red and white, polled, lots of milk production, 23,637 lbs
Leading countries in cattle/buffalo
India, Brazil, and China
Identify diseases of concern in goats (4 )
Johne's, Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE), Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL), and overreating
What is a sheep that has not cut its first pair of permanent incisors called?
Lamb
Describe a Simmental
Large size, High lean, moderate marbling, high milk, moderate puberty; multi-purpose (very high growth)
What can Fractionation and concentration create?
Non-fat Dry Milk Solids (powder) and Whey concentrates and isolates
What does the Midwest produce regarding sheep?
Medium and long wooled ewes, markets (spinners/hand weavers, halal), club lambs, purebreds
The number #1 dairy state for number of milk production is?
Michigan
Top states with cattle on feed
Nebraska, Texas, And Kansas
What happens when milk is heat treated for 15 seconds at 72 C?
Pasteurized
When would you embryo transfer?
Purebreds, cost prohibitive for commercial producers, extremely good cows only,
Name 3 reportable diseases of concern to Michigan's State Veterinarian
Rabies, Avian Influenza, Bovine Tuberculosis, Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
What is male sheep of any age called?
Ram
What are the potential issues with consuming raw milk?
Raw milk is inherently dangerous. Raw milk may contain a whole host of pathogens, including E. coli , salmonella, Campylobacter jejune, Listeria, etc
Describe a Short Horn
Red, white, or roan in color; horned and polled. moderate growth
What is a dairy cow's nutrition?
Relative proportion of roughage to concentrate to affect the overall health of the rumen and milk components. They need TMR (total mixed ration)
What is the fluid milk processing?
Separation and Standardization, Heat Treatment, Homogenization, and Value-added process
What is a bull castrated after sexual maturity?
Stag
What is a bovine male that is castrated before sexual maturity?
Steer
What happens when milk is heat treated for 2 seconds at 140 C?
UHT Pasteruized
What happens when milk is heat treated for 4 seconds at 140 C?
UHT Sterilized
Top countries in beef/buffalo milk production
US, Brazil, and China
Top countries in beef consumption
Uruguay, Argentina, Hong Kong
Describe a beef master
Various colors; horned. Developed in the United States from Brahman, Hereford, and Shorthorn breeds. Selected for ability to reproduce, produce milk, and grow under range conditions. Moderate growth
What is a castrated male sheep called?
Wether
The number #1 dairy state for number of farms is?
Wisconsin
What is a sheep that has had its first pair of permanent incisors cut (but not its second) called?
Yearling
What can fermentation create?
Yogurt, buttermilk, kefir, Cheeses
Maternal sheep meaning/breeds
a breed that excels in reproductive efficiency, wool production, and milk ability. ex. Rambouillet, Targhee, Merino, Finnsheep, Katahdin
Cattle
bovine animals, especially domesticated members of the genus Bos.
Terminal sheep meaning/breeds
growth, carcass characteristics. ex. Suffolk, Hampshire, Dorper
What happens when milk is homogenized?
it breaks the fat globuals down and are already suspended and you don't have to worry
Buck
male goat older than 1 year (dairy)
Billy
male goat older than 1 year (meat)
What is a TMR?
ration is mixed to provide all that the animal needs in one complete form
Bovine
refers to the subfamily Bovinae (includes cattle, buffalo, and kudo)
Doeling
young female goat under 1 year
Buckling
young male goat older than 6 months
What are some advantages to raising goats and sheep?
Breeds are hardier and more resistant to disease, production systems which keep labor requirements to a minimum and let sheep and goats produce naturally, early puberty, a 5 month gestation, usually give birth to twins and triplets, and have the potential to wean more than 100% of their body weight.
True or False: Dairy farming as a business provides a good way of life
True, Dairy farming as a way of life may not be a good business