Ansc 107 Nutrients and Feedstuffs, ANSC Final Exam

Heritability of Trait

% expected to be inherited

USDA official pork mutability equation

(4x last rib backlit thickness in.) - (1.0 x muscle score) -muscle score: thin=1 average=2 thick=3 (Thin will always be rounded to US grade 2, not group 1)

Shorthorn

(Beef cattle) England red white or roan excellent milk production dual purpose

Aging Beef

- Beef can be aged for 11 days - Gives a stronger flavor to the meat -must be in a clean high humidity environment - 30-35 degrees F - Can absorb off-flavors - usually with high quality carcasses

Changes in marketing

- In the past - whole animal. - Currently: whole carcass vs. specific cuts or products. Global marketing, ethnic marketing and online sales. - Changes in advertising

Media Misconceptions

- Pink slime (lean finely textured beef) - Grass fed vs grain fed - Hormone free - Free range chickens

Brangus

- United States - 5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman, black and naturally polled - Excellent mothering ability, moderate size, early sexual maturing, heat tolerance and forage ability result from the two parent cross - Intermediate in carcass merit between the two parent breeds - Most "widespread" composite breed in the U.S.

Halal meat

- Use the Quran - Objection to pigs (filthy, fatty, prone to trichinosis) - Strict laws for slaughtering (saying Allah's name) - Effect on prisons - Sheep and goat market

Bacteria provide rumen

- VFAs - Microbial CP - Vitamin K - B Vitamins - Combine N from dietary protein or non-protein N source with a carbon skeleton from carbohydrate sources to form their own body protein

Components of Animal Feed

- Water - Dry Matter: inorganic matter (minerals), organic matter (carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins).

3 major protein commodities

- beef (24 months to market ready) - pork (10 months to market ready) - chicken (6 weeks to market ready)

differences in protein commodities

- cattle are less uniform/consistent - chicken and swine are uniform- vertical integration

Calcium and Phosphorus

- interrelated in the development of skeleton -important to balance in rations

Health and Welfare

- success of livestock producers requires proper animal husbandry - animals will not produce efficiently under undesirable conditions - producers work on ways to reduce animal stress

Factors evaluated in yield grading: 2. kidney, pelvic and heart fat

-% of carcass weight -As the amount increases, the percentage of retail cuts decreases

Esophageal Groove

-A passage way extending from the cardia (esophageal opening) to the abomasum, formed by two heavy muscular folds. -Functions to allow milk consumed by the suckling animal to bypass the reticulo-rumen and thus escape bacterial fermentation.

Jejunum

-Active site of nutrient absorption >Amino acids >sugar molecules >fatty acid >Glycerol -Villi - increase absorptive area

Calculi prevention

-Ammonium chloride .5 to 1.0 % / ton of feed 10 - 20 # ac/ton of feed 0.6 -.75 % best rate -Ammonium sulfate Same levels Not as efficient for calculi prevention

Natural

-As required by USDA, meat, poultry and egg products labeled as ______ must be *minimally processed* and contain *no artificial ingredients*. -does not include any standards regarding farm practices and only applies to processing of meat and egg products

classes of pork carcasses

-Barrow* -Gilt* -Sow -Stag -Boar

Fibroelastic Penis

-Boar,bull,ram -Fibrous hard sheath of connective tissue all the way through penis -Penis does not expand in diameter during erection, it becomes rigid and extends

Common problems

-Caseous Lymphadenitis (sheep and goats) -tetanus

Chocolate poisoning

-Chocolate contains theobromine* -The darker the chocolate is, the more theobromine it contains -Dogs can't metabolize this product -Four ounces can kill a small dog

Grass fed beef

-Cows that have been raised that have only been fed natural grass -USDA regulated -does not limit the use of antibiotics, hormones or pesticides

Appaloosa

-Developed in the Palouse River country of the northwest -Highly Versatile -Strong trail horses -Easily identified by spotted coat; can range from entire coat to a "blanket" covering the hip

Water sources

-Drinking water -water in feed -metabolic water

Lamb Sex Determination

-Ewes have udder fat, appear smooth in texture, teat cistern evident -Wethers- cod fat appears rough -Ram- possess a heavy muscled neck and shoulder, less fat deposited over the shoulder and leg, very little cod fat deposited, Brownish-colored soft fat

Abomasum (true stomach)

-First glandular portion of the ruminant GIT -Essentially the same as the stomach in non-ruminants

Feeder Pigs Grades

-Grades Correspond to slaughter pigs -U.S. # 1, 2, 3, 4, and utility -Rarely used because the swine industry is commercialized

Reticulum

-Honeycomb -Not completely separated from rumen -Walls are lined with mucus membrane containing many intersecting ridges which subdivide the surface into a honey-comb like surface

Information consumers want

-Humane -Growth Promotants -Healthy -Value for Dollar -Safe -Fast -Tasty

Roundworms

-Large round worms* that live in the intestines of animals. Are zoonotic* and the most common human infestations are found in children. can cause blindness due to migration of worm into the optic disk -Signs: Dull har, pot bellied*, weight loss, coughing, vomiting of adult worms, diarrhea -Treatment: Several rounds of dewormer containing pyrantel pamoate 2-3 weeks apart

Stomach (horse)

-Larger than other species -Two regions: glandular and non-glandular (squamous) which are divided by the margo plicatus >Ulcers

By - products

-Major portion of value of slaughter animals ~Hogs (7%), Cattle (13%), and Sheep (9 - 12%) -Hides are highest value ~Brands cause discounts ~Scratches cause discounts -Large % of liver loss from feed yard cattle due to abscesses

Ruminant

-More than one stomach compartment -Sheep, cattle, goats, llamas

Plant Toxicity

-More toxic in cats -Easter lilies -Tiger lilies -Day lilies

Heartworms

-Parasite that live in the right chamber* of the heart where CO2 is removed and O2 is added to the blood -Microfilaria(baby worms) are passed from host to host by mosquitoes. -Signs: deep chest cough, fatigue, lethargy, wight loss, labored respiration, abdominal distention or bloating -Treatment: Very risky and expensive. consists of drug administered through IV for several days in a row to slowly kill the worms. No treatment in cats

Male cattle carcass sex characteristics

-Scrotal fat -pizzle eye -Jump muscle -crest

Modified Monogastric

-Single stomach but specialized components that aid in digestion -Horse, birds

Vascular Penis

-Stallions and humans -penis increases in diameter and length when aroused -bells out to plug cervix of female during ejaculation

Mouth Differences

-Swine: secretion of salivary amylase -Ruminants: no enzymes are secreted. Provides source of N, P, and K

Factors affecting water intake

-Temperature -Feed type -Pasture -Water type (quality) * -Stage of production -water accessibility

minimum choice conformation

-Tend to be slightly wide in relation to length -Tend to have slightly plump and full legs -Tend to have slightly wide and thick bones -Tend to have slightly thick and full shoulders

Disadvantages of AI

-Time required to detect estrus -Percent of cows in estrus during the breeding season -Trained personnel required -Overuse of inferior sires

Vitamin E

-Tocopherols -Intra and intercellular antioxidants >free radical scavengers >prevent oxidation of lipids within membranes -Associated with selenium -Help protect cells from phagocytosis and associated byproducts -Deficiency= muscular dystrophy in ruminants, affects nerves and muscles

Duroc

-U.S swine -Reddish brown (range from light red to dark red) with drooping ears -Excellent growth rate and feed efficiency, generally considered a sire breed -Average carcass merit, tend to be fatter than Hampshire sired pigs

Santa Gertrudis

-United States - 5/8 Shorthorn and 3/8 Brahman, dark red, both polled and horned -Developed on the King Ranch in Kingsville, Texas by founder Robert J. Kleburg* -Breed traces back to one single sire -Noted for maternal ability, productivity under hot, adverse conditions, and overall hardiness -Composite breed -Santa Cruz developed at King Ranch

Beef Master

-United States -Developed by Tom Lasater in 1930's in Falurias, Texas -50% Brahman, 25% Shorthorn and 25% Hereford, composite breed -No set color pattern -Developed based on the "6 essentials" as described by Lasater- weight, conformation, fertility, hardiness, disposition, and milking ability -Noted for longevity, hardiness, rapid growth, and maternal ability

AM/PM Rule for Cattle

-Universally accepted time for insemination -Cows detected in estrus in the morning are bred that same afternoon, those found in estrus in the afternoon are bred the next morning

Kosher Meat

-Use The Holy Bible and Torah as guidelines -Clean animals -Sciatic Nerver -ritualistic slaughter -Meat and Dairy -Passover

UDP - Undergradable protein

-Wider array of AA -No limiting AA -more efficient growth

Functions of Uterus

-Womb -incubator for fertilized ovum* -aids travel of sperm -secretory organ -has two horns or branches and a single body

Organic

-a labeling tern that indicates the food or other agricultural product has been produced through *approved methods*. -the product is certified as ______ if it has 95% or more ______ content

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

-activates pespin -constitutes the majority of gastric acid -secreted by parietal cells

pH in muscles

-after death drops due to lactic acid content -ideal level is 5.6

Feed

-any material, after ingestion by the animal, is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized -not all feed is utilized

Pet food price

-associated with quality* -grain v.s meat based

Relationship between Marbling, Maturity and Carcass Quality Grade Chart

-assumes that firmness of lean is comparably developed with the degree of marbling and that the carcass is not a dark cutter -Maturity increases from left to right

Cecum

-bacterial fermentation (breakdown of fibrous ingredients into VFAs) -Synthesis of water-soluble vitamins and vitamin K -proteins considered of limited value to horse

Operation Health Programs: Nutrition

-balanced rations - specie specific -proper Body condition score (BCS) -Fresh, clean water -reduce metabolic problems

Eructation

-belching of gas -microbial fermentation in the rumen produces large amount of CO2 and methane* -if these gasses are not released, the animal will bloat which can result in death

Liver

-bile salts- emulsify fats, activate lipase -Cholesterol -bile salts that emulsify fats and neutralize acidic chyme are stored in the gall bladder*

Parturition

-birth marks the end of pregnancy* -parturition is initiated by the release of the hormone, cortisol from the fetal adrenal cortex -progesterone levels decline, whereas estrogen, prostaglandins and oxytocin levels rise resulting in uterine contractions. The hormone relaxin*, helps to relax cartilage and ligaments in the pelvic region*

Fleas

-blood feeding insects with hind legs developed for jumping -Signs: itching, scratching, chewing, hair loss -Treatment: Monthly prevention or another form that interrupts the plea life cycle. Usually paired with flea control in animal's environment

Oxymyoglobin to Metmyoglobin Formation

-bloom time= penetration of oxygen(30 mins)

Beef quality grading is based on:

-carcass maturity (lean, skeletal) -degree of marbling (Type, amount and distribution of intramuscular fat)

Dressing percent

-carcass weight/live weight x 100 -animals often excessively flattened when this plays a major role in pricing equation

Cat diet

-cats need taurine, can't utilize beta carotene from plant forces* -can't metabolize propylene glycol. -cats also need arginine -cannot metabolize preservatives used in dog foods

Sow Uterine body

-cervix has many interdigitating pads -does not have fornix vagina

feed additives

-chlortetracycline -oxytetracycline -lasalocid (bovatec) -decoquinate (Deccox) : coccidia control -rumensin -rabon: fly control

Functions of the Cervix

-composed of cartilage surrounded by soft tissue -openings are external or internal Os* -passageway and storage for sperm following breeding -secretes mucous, seals off uterus during pregnancy -passageway for fetus

Operation Health Programs: Management

-consult specialists -stay current on new management systems

High quality proteins

-contain complete balance of essential AA -animal protein is high quality -plant protein are not always high quality

Protein

-contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen -structure of proteins composed of amino acids -expensive to feed -need declines with age

Antifreeze toxicity

-contains ethylene glycol, *a sweet substance* causing it to be consumed -one teaspoon can kill a small dog or cat -metabolites of ethanol glycol causes rapid destruction of cells in renal tubules

Factors affecting maintenance requirements

-degree of cold and heat stress -genetic propensity for milk production -exercise -weight

market classes and grades

-designed to "accurately" describe livestock that are being sold around the country -encompasses carcasses and products -descriptive terms for understanding of different groups or buyers*

Pork Grading

-developed by the USDA to provide segregation according to class, as determined by the apparent *sex condition of the animal at the time of slaughter*, and grade, which reflects the quality of pork and the relative proportion of lean cuts to fat cuts in the carcass

Feed Analysis

-digestibility -percent crude protein -percent fat -percent fiber -calcium/phosphorus

Muscle color

-directly correlated to the acidity or pH level of the meat and signals the water holding capacity of the meat

New and Emerging Technologies in Embryo Transfer

-embryo freezing -embryo splitting -gene transfer -embryo sexing -cloning -semen sexing -in-vitro fertilization

Factors used to assign USDA pork cutability grades

-fat opposite to the last rib or last rib backlit thickness -muscling score

Feedstuffs roughages

-feed materials low in energy and containing >18% crude fiber -pasture, hay, silage, straw, and stover -variable in protein content (4-22%) -needed for bull in ruminant rations -greater in calcium and trace minerals than most concentrates* -better sources of fat soluble vitamins than most concentrates -limited or excluded in swine rations -microbial activity*

Dystocia Causes

-females are too young -abnormal presentations -abnormally small pelvis in the female* -fetus too large

factors influencing dressing percent

-fill -when fat increases DP also increases -when muscle increases, DP also increases -mud

Factors assessed to determine pork quality

-firmness of fat and lean (at least slightly firm) -color of lean (grayish-pink to moderately dark red) -amount of feathering (at least slight) -Belly Thickness (At least slightly thick 0.6 inches

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

-first federal consumer protection measure

Vitamin A

-found in green leafy forages -70-90% stored in the liver -Deficiency= night blindness -decrease in spermatogenesis and fetal reabsorption

Animal health issues with the digestive system

-founder -colic* - equine -acidosis -ketosis -milk fever -urinary calculi -thiamine deficiency

Feeder Cattle Grades

-frame size (small, medium, large) -muscle thickness (1-thick, 2-average, 3-thin, 4-inferior)

Poultry grade A

-free of deformities -well developed covering of flesh -well developed layer of fat -no feathers -no broken bones

Grades for slaughter animals

-generally fall into quality or cutability >quality denotes eating quality or "palatability" >cutability refers to leanness or trimness (yield)

Advantages of AI

-genetic improvement through increased use of superior sires* -disease control -improved record keeping* -eliminates need for keeping bulls

proteinaceous concentrates

-greater than 20% protein* -less than 18% fiber -relatively high energy

The Healthy Animal

-healthy = free of disease -disease: state other than complete wellness (can be caused by: virus, bacteria, internal or external parasites, broken bones, biochemical problems with body) -Clinical signs - outward appearance or symptom that is not normal

Estrus detection aids

-heatwatch -k-mar -bovine beacon -estrus alert -paint stick -gomer bull -pedometer

carbonaceous concentrates

-high in energy and low in fiber -low in protein -protein quality is variable and generally low -fair in phosphorus, low in calcium -low in vitamin A and D, high in thiamin and low in riboflavin, B12 and pantothenic acid

Gastrin

-hormone that causes release of digestive enzymes

Types of Genetic Gain

-improvement in livestock through selective breeding -production of improved strains of livestock -production of animal models for research -treatment of human fertility -prevention of endangered species

Potasium

-intracellular fluids, osmotic pressure -Deficiency=listlessness and stiffness -grazing animals rarely have problem unless in mature or droughty forages -most problem seen in feeding areas

Male reproductive system -know locations of: epididymis scrotum testis penis vas defines urethra ampullae prostate sigmoid flexure

-know locations of: epididymis scrotum testis penis vas defines urethra ampullae prostate sigmoid flexure

Unlabeled Male reproductive system -know locations of: epididymis scrotum testis penis vas defines urethra ampullae prostate sigmoid flexure

-know locations of: epididymis scrotum testis penis vas defines urethra ampullae prostate sigmoid flexure

feeder lambs Grades

-less than 100 lbs

Companion animals provide:

-love and tactile reassurance and pleasure without criticism -we provide care which allows humans to fell needed and valued -improved quality of life regardless of type of pet -reduced blood pressure

artificial selection

-management(decisions to regulate opportunity-culling, castrating, specified mating, Artificial insemination)

lamb quality grades are determined by

-maturity -fat streaking in the flank -firmness of lean -conformation

Factors evaluated in yield grading: 1.Fat thickness

-measured 3/4 of the way up the ribeye perpendicular to the chine bone -preliminary yield grade (PYG)

Factors evaluated in yield grading: 3. Ribeye area

-measured in sq. inches -between 12th and 13th rib interface -An increase in ribeye area indicates an increase in the percentage of retail cuts

Large Intestine

-microbial digestion (VFAs, MCP) -absorption of water -Synthesis of B vitamins

Pesticides

-more common in cats due to lower activity of liver enzymes

Live weight basis

-most livestock sold on this -based on carcass merit -Beef cattle and sheep- most of the time -Swine- all the time (grade and yield) -Buyers must estimate: dressing percent, carcass quality grade and yield for bid

Sulfur

-most need in wool producing animals* -can have toxicity problems over .4%

Dressing percent industry

-moving to grid system -sold on average- we would like to sell them on value based marketing -heifers generally discounted due to possibility of pregnancy -at same weight bulls are leaner than steers, but have lower QG

Popular pet food brands

-name brand recognition -moderate to high quality -highly palatable* -sometimes concerned with cost versus ingredients

Tapeworms

-narrow, long, flat parasite that use an intermediate host. Most common form of tapeworm infestation is caused by ingestion of fleas. -signs: intestinal cramping and diarrhea, but often go unnoticed -Treatment: hard to treat due to reinfestation*. Treated with several rounds of dewormer such as espirantel

Ram Effect

-natural synchronization method -synchronizing females spontaneously (surge in LH)

Vitamin K

-needed for normal blood clotting -watch some types of legumes, specifically clovers that produce dicoumarol -sources are green leafy plants -some production by gut bacteria

Iodine

-needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones -common sign of deficiency is goiter >swelling under jaw >using iodized salt generally eliminates problems

Copper

-nervous system, pigmentation of skin -sheep need 7-11ppm, goats 10-25 ppm, cattle and swine 15-20 ppm -Co levels influenced by 5 and Mo levels -diff. breeds are more or less susceptible -toxicity major problem in show lambs

Mare uterine body

-no obstacles in mare after fornix vagina -opposite of other species as cervix is soft and pliable during estrus flattens on floor of vagina. during pregnancy is tight and closed

Monogastric

-one stomach -humans, swine

Common feeding problems

-overfeeding or underfeeding (30-40% dogs and cats overweight) -feeding the wrong food* -feeding high sugar snacks not enough clean water(especially cats) -feeding chocolate to dogs* -feeding canned dog foods to cats(cannot metabolize preservatives used in dog foods)

Stomach (Swine and Horse)

-pH around 2-3 -Storage of ingested food -Muscular movements cause physical breakdown -Secretes digestive juices (gastrin, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and rennin)**

Good and bad of pet food

-palatability -additives(dyes added for humans) -not all are completely balanced

Functions of Vagina

-passageway for urine -receptor for penis -expands for parturition -tissue is keratinized to protect against abrasion -secretory -provides barriers* A.copulatory organ -fornix vagina site of semen deposition(cow and ewe) -no glands-secretions come from passage of plasma components as well as cervix -provides lubrication* -pH is acidic 5.7 -stimulates glans penis of bull- temperature and pressure* B.Birth canal* -Dilates for fetus

Passive immunity

-passed from mother to offspring during gestation or from colostrum -short term immunity and protection from organisms the dam was exposed to

Gastrin is inhibited by

-presence of acid in stomach (HCl) -Somatostatin

Pespinogens

-proteolytic enzyme that begins protein digestion -released by the chief cells* -degrades food proteins into peptides

after death

-purple color becomes species specific due to final pH level -glycogen becomes lactic acid

Operation Health Programs: quickly identify sick animals

-quickly identify sick animals -Quarantine -Diagnose, treat, document treatment -identify cause of sickness

duodenum

-receives secretions from >brunner's gland - alkaline secretion >pancreas- secretes majority of digestive juices with hormone secretin

Omasum functions

-reduction of particle size -absorption of water

Selenium

-regulated by usda* -needed for cardiac and skeletal muscle function, early embryonic development and tooth development -goes hand in hand with vitamin E -areas of US with low levels most effected -old cotton fields where arsenic was used

Types of stimulation

-scent -visual/auditory/tactile

reasons for synchronizing estrus

-schedule -more heats per breeding season -problem cows are identified -early conception increased heifer management -facilitates the use of A.I

Inhibin

-secreted by follicle -acts upon anterior pituitary causes a reduction in FSH production by the anterior pituitary*

operation health programs: isolation/quarantine

-seperate new animals for 6-8 weeks -test animals for any disease -perform soundness exams on horses

Muscle Tanderness

-short v.s long sarcomeres* -Locomotive vs Support muscles* -breed -quality grade -degree of doneness

Magnesium

-skeletal maintenance and enzyme systems -grass tetany is most common problem* >lush pastures with fast growing forage >low blood Mg >Convulsions, salivation, frothing at mouth

Immune system: levels of protection are provided by

-skin, mucous membranes -lining of the GI tract -Antibody production

Poultry Grade B

-slight deformities -moderate covering of skin and fat -occasional pinfeather -disjointed bones but no broken

Hookworms

-small parasite found in the intestines that feed by puncturing blood vessels that line the intestinal wall. -free living larvae can live in damp soil or grass for several weeks -can penetrate intact skin of human or animal -Signs: diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weakness, pale mucous membranes, anemia, death Treatment: Several rounds of a dewormer containing pyrantel pamoate 2-3 weeks apart

Whipworms

-small parasite that only affect dogs* -feed by burying head into the wall of small intestine -Signs: Diarrhea, weight loss, electrolyte abnormalities that may cause seizures -Treatment: Dewormer contains fenbendazole once a day for three days. Dispose of any food or toys that may contain whipworm eggs

Salt

-sodium and chloride - mature animals consume .25 to .5 oz per day -provide free choice -can provide complete mineral package or just salt -good way to medicate animals

Premium pet food

-sold through specialty stores or veterinarians -high quality with different formulas for different stages of pet life -higher priced, fixed formula diets

Proteinaceous concentrates examples

-soybean meal -cottonseed meal -linseed meal -peanut meal -corn gluten meal -brewers dried grains -meat and bone meal -blood meal -dried whey

Common signs of Estrus

-stands to be mounted -persistent trailing of other animals -licking other animals -nervous and restless behavior -red and swollen vulva -mounting other animals -clear mucus discharge

Rumen functions

-storage -soaking -physical mixing and breakdown -fermentation chamber- provides ideal environment for microbial activity*

Pathology

-study of the essential nature of diseases

Feeder Grades

-subjective and utilized less frequently >feeder cattle are described as OKIE or CROSSBRED (genetics or breed) >number indicates muscling (1,2,3,4)

natural selection

-suitability(injured or weak) -opportunity(exposure to more potential mates)

Nutrition

-the study of *how the body uses* nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes -50-80% of total cost in livestock production is feed related

Vitamin D

-thought to be provided by sunlight >Cholecalciferol- animals >Ergocalciferol- plants -very little stored in body -acts as a type of hormone

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

-three main energy sources in the ruminant diet* -not utilized efficiently in swine and horses because of location of synthesis - propionate, acetate, Butyrate*

Operation Health Programs: Animal identification

-traceability of animal -Good record keeping >ear tag >microchip >Tattoo

Water Functions

-transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste* -chemical reactions -regulation of body temperature

female cattle carcass sex characteristics

-udder -pelvic activity -Hip

routes of water loss

-urine -feces -vaporization from lungs and dissipation through the skin -sweat through the sweat glands

Lamb Yield Grading

-used to predict the percent of semi-boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from the leg, loin, rack and shoulder -based on external fat measured opposite the ribeye and the 12th rib -USDA yield grades are 1,2,3,4,5

Rumen provides bacteria with

-warm, moist, dark anaerobic conditions -proper pH (6.8) -Substrate

Ticks

-weakens host by sucking blood* and transmitting disease such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -Signs: Visibility of the tick itself, appearance of feeding cavities where the tick has detached -Treatment: Amitraz collars or fipronil or permethrin(toxic to cats) spot treatments or sprays. Usually paired with tick control in the animal's environment

Lowly Heritable traits

0-0.2 Ex. reproductive traits

semen ejaculation concentration billion/m-horses

0.15

semen ejaculation concentration billion/m-swine

0.2

Moderately heritable traits

0.2-0.4 Ex. Growth traits

Highly heritable trait

0.4-0.6 Ex.carcass merit traits

Monosaccharides

1 sugar molecule glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

USDA grades of pork

1- 60.4% or greater 2- 57.4-60.3% 3- 54.4-57.3% 4- less than 54.4%

USDA Cutability grade pork

1- <1.00 in 2. 1.00-1.24in 3. 1.25-1.49 in. 4. 1.5in or greater

semen ejaculation volume- sheep

1-2

Beef yield percentages

1. > 52.3 2. 52.3-50.0 3. 50.0-47.7 4. 47.7-45.4 5. <45.4

7 principles of HACCP

1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Determine the critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish verification procedures 7. Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures

Small intestine sections

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

Spermatazoa

1. are geminal cells at the outer edge 2. mature to become spermatocytes 3. mature to become spermatids in the center of the seminiferous tubules

Requirements of an infectious disease

1. organism must be able to enter body of host (skin, cut, mouth, nose) 2. must be able to adapt to host environment and reproduce 3. must be able to exit body 4. complete cycle by attacking another host

Penile Configuration in body

1. retained in body until ejaculation 2.compressed into sigmoid flexure by retractor penis muscle(horses do not have sigmoid flexure) 3.at excitation the retractor penis muscle relaxes to extend penis for mating

semen ejaculation concentration billion/m-beef

1.0

semen ejaculation concentration billion/ml-dairy

1.2

Factors evaluated in yield grading

1.Carcass Weight Lbs. 2.Fat thickness in. 3.Ribeye Area in.^2 4.Kidney, Pelvic and heart fat %

Muscle fibers order

1.Muscle fiber 2.Myofibril (2,500) 3. Sarcomeres (8,000) 4. Myofilaments

Five influences on temperature regulation of testis

1.location- testis outside and *away* from body for air circulation 2.insulation-*thin* scrotal skin with subcutaneous fat 3.Sweat glands-for evaporative cooling 4.Tunica dartos muscle-smooth muscle under scrotum that can contract ti move testis closer to or relax to help testis move away from body 5.Blood supply to testis-warm arterial blood is cooled before entering testis by crossing over cooler veins leaving testis

Ovary follicle transition order

1.primordial, primary, secondary and tertiary follicles 2.Graafian follicles ***ovulation 3.corpus hemorrhagicum(CH)* 4.Corpus Leteum(CL)* 5.Corpus Albicans(CA)*

Of the 25 different amino acids ___ are essential

10

Dry pet food

10-12%

Animal body temperature: Horse

100 F

Bull time of testicular descent

100-105 days

Boar time of testicular descent

100-110 days

Animal body temperature: Cat and Cattle

101.5 F

Animal body temperature: Sheep/goat, pig, Dog

102 F

Porcine gestation period

113 days

Gilts AI time

12 hrs after detection of estrus

Monogastric Passage rate

12-20 hours

Caprine gestation period

147 days

Sheep inestrus intervals Estrus duration ovulation time

17 days 24-36 hours 18-24 hr

Cattle inestrus intervals Estrus duration ovulation time

21 days 12 hours 10-18hr

swine inestrus intervals Estrus duration ovulation time

21 days 48-54 hours 30-36 hr

horse inestrus intervals Estrus duration ovulation time

21 days 6 days 2 days

semen ejaculation volume-swine

225-400

Sows AI time

24 hrs after detection of estrus

semi-moist pet food

25-35%

Bovine gestation period

283 days (9 months)

semen ejaculation concentration billion/m-sheep

3.0

stallion time of testicular descent

300 days

Horse gestation period

340 days (11 months)

semen ejaculation volume- beef

4

Carbohydrate density

4.2 kcal/g

Stomach Volume: Reticulum

5%

Protein density

5.65 kcal/g

Leading counties-Texas Dairies

558 total dairies Erath county accounts for 27% Castro Parmer

semen ejaculation volume- Dairy

6

Large intestine (Horse)

60% of GIT gastrointestinal tract (cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum)*

semen ejaculation volume- Horses

60-100

Stomach Volume: Omasum

7-8%

High moisture pet food

70-75%

Stomach Volume: Abomasum

8-9%

Stomach Volume: Rumen

80%

fat density

9.45 kcal/g

ruminant passage rate

96-120 hours Rumination occurs 6-8 hours a day

Low accuracy

<0.4

High accuracy

>0.7

secretions of salivary glands

>Water- moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms >Mucin- lubrication aid for swallowing >Bicarbonate salts- act as a buffer to regulate stomach pH*

Gastrin is released in response to:

>stomach distension >presence of partially digested proteins especially amino acids >Hypercalcemia

Nutrient

A component of feed that aids in the support of life

concentrate

A feed high in energy, low in fiber content and highly digestible -must be fed in appropriate levels

Roughage

A feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy. Such feeds as hay, straw, silage, and pasture are examples.

Esophageal groove

A groove present in young ruminants that allows milk to bypass the rumen, avoiding fermentation.

Accuracy

A measure for reliability ranges from 0-1 increases with increased information males and older animals more accurate*

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

Poultry Grading

A,B,C

Overall Beef Maturity

A: 9-30 months B: 30-42 months C: 42-72 months D: 72-96 months E: > 96

Mating

Act of mating in chicken

Nubian

African goat -Most popular breed of registered dairy goat in U.S -large in size, have distinctive long drooping ears and roman nose -any color is accepted with black and white, tan and white, and red and white being common colors, also have spotting -noted for higher butterfat than other dairy breeds

Farrow to Finish Operation

All stages of production Breeding herd is maintained Offspring are sent to market Emphasis: -maternal traits -number born alive and litter weaning -growth and carcass traits

Calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C from 15 to 16 C

Estrous

An adjective meaning "heat" that modifies such words as "cycle". Estrous cycle is the heat cycle, or time from one heat period to the next.

Clone

An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Ex. Male Hh-horned female Hh-polled

Bos Tauras

Angus Hereford & Polled Hereford Shorthorn

Beef Cattle Industry

Animals have changed according to what the consumer wanted

breed

Animals having a common origin and characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species

Light Horses

Appaloosa Arabian American Paint horse thoroughbred American quarter horse

Arabian

Arabia horse -blood carried in most light horse breeds -general purpose light horse with unsurpassed reputation for endurance -distinct head and neck, long arched neck set high in shoulders, small dished triangular head -solid colors are preferred: bay, brown, chestnut, gray and black

water soluble vitamins

B and C

Vitamin B

B1- thiamine B2- Riboflavin B3- Niacin or Nicotinamide B5- Pantothenic Acid B6- Pyridoxine, pyridoxal or pyridoxamine B7- Biotin B9- Folic Acid B12- Cyanocobalamin

Angus

Beef Cattle Scotland dark, black naturally polled * excellent marbling early maturing excellent maturing breed largest number of annual registrations in U.S

Draft Horse Breeds

Belgian Clydesdale

Belgian

Belgium horse -from 10-30s became most popular breed -predominant color is light sorrel with flaxen mane and tail -Easy to handle and very strong, but less leg action than other breeds

Pietrain

Belgium swine -Black and white spotted with erect ears -Terminal sire breed -Extreme muscularity and leanness -Early maturing -Can carry gene that makes it susceptible to porcine stress syndrome

EPD traits include

Birth growth maternal-milk production terminal-carcass merit reproduction behavior

Codominance

Both alleles are expressed. -shorthorn cattle Roan(R) and White(W)

Basis for calculations

Breeding value Expected progeny difference(EPD)

Dairy Cattle Breeds

Brown Swiss Holstein-Friesan Jersey

Calf health issues

Calf scours - caused by bacteria Pneumonia Both are prevented by maintaining clean and sanitary conditions and insuring adequate colostrums intake

Canine infectious diseases

Canine distemper canine hepatitis canine parvovirus canine coronavirus rabies

Scientific name : Goats

Capra hircus

common sex classes for cattle and swine in grading

Cattle: heifer, steer Swine: barrow, gilt

Bos Taurus continental (European) breeds

Charolais Chianina Limousin

Sheep and Goats leading by Countries

China- 173,899,210 Australia- 100,100,000 India-62,850,000

2 protein substrates in Duodenum

Chymotrypsin Trypsin

Dark Cutter

Color of the lean in the carcass. Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter.

Tunica Albuginea

Connective tissue surrounding testes found below scrotum and associated fat tissue

Rectocervical AI

Cow AI -manipulation of the cervix over the insemination gun via the rectum -utilize AM/PM rule for timing

DHIA (Dairy Herd Improvement Association)

Dairy herds participate in keeping records

Consumer driven industry

Decisions of the consumer drive each of the choices throughout the production process and the outcome of the product. -media misconceptions -what the consumer wants, the consumer will get- supply/ demand/ price

Landrace

Denmark swine -white in color, huge drooping ears -most prolific swine breed that is longer bodied than other breeds because of an extra vertebrae* -More confinement adaptable than other breeds

Lamb quality grade maturity

Determined by: -Condition of the trotter -shape of the ribs -color of the lean -texture of the lean

Specialty breeds(sheep)

Dorper Finnsheep

Operation Health Programs: genetics

Eliminate animals with problems -sheep/goats(scrapie, entropion, spider lamb syndrome, footnote, internal parasites -Cattle (curly calf syndrome-angus) -Swine (PSS) -Horses (Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis defense, Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy)

Deposition of Embryos into the Recipient Reproductive Tract

Embryos deposited* into the recipient uterus with extreme care. The technician is careful to place the embryo in the same uterine horn* as ovulation occurred in the donor female. A mature corpus luteum indicates the ovary upon which ovulation occurred

Collection of embryos

Embryos should be collected 7 days post estrus in the bovine -epidural block given to prevent rectal contractions by the donor -Foley Cather inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus held in place by inflatable cuff

Hereford/Polled Hereford

England Beef Cattle red w/ white face moderate size, adaptable to many environments poorest marbling of British breeds

White cornish

England chicken -Used as the sire line in broiler production* -Large, fast growing chickens that are marginal egg producers* -Broad breasted, heavily muscled -Tougher meat and stronger connective tissue

Yorkshire

England, swine -Called the "Mother Breed", white with erect ears; -In UK referred to as the large white -frequently part of crossbreeding programs -noted for large litters, relatively lean carcasses and good feeding conversion

Thoroughbred

English horse -without equal for speed at intermediate distances* -nearly 90% trace to Eclipse -ideal cannot be described -Kentucky, california and florida leading states in production -can be registered with american jockey club if it is result of a live mating

Dorset

English sheep -horned and polled strains -medium sized breed known for its ability to breed out of season and for their prolificacy and milking ability* -Mature early both sexually and compositionally -White faced sheep produce a light sheering, open fleece*

Southdown

English sheep -one of oldest breeds, imported to US in 1803 -medium to large sized with light brown face and legs -farm flock breed used to produce meaty, light weight carcasses -low maintenance breed with average prolificacy and milk production

Hampshire (sheep)

English sheep -sire breed known for rapid growth and muscularity -face legs and ears dark brown to black, wool cap on head -one of two most popular sire breeds in commercial sheep production -genetics have been infused with suffolk genes in the past 20 years

Suffolk

English sheep -very old breed, one of two most popular sire breeds in commercial sheep production -free of wool on head and legs, with a black head and legs -alert active sheep that grow fast and produce lean, muscular carcasses -Ewes are prolific and heavy milking but produce poor fleeces

Vitamin D function

Enhance intestinal absorption mobilization and retention of Ca and P into the body

Increase in demand

Ethnic populations more animals sold via non traditional channels non traditional; markets have an impact on normal production schemes little marketing in the industry variation in product that is desired by different consumers

Super Ovulation

FSH is the hormone used to induce super ovulation -estrous cycles of donors and recipients must be synchronized

Swine Industry Phases

Farrow-wean Feeder Operations Farrow-finish

Feeder Operations (Swine)

Farrowing to nursery Breeding herd maintained Offspring sold at market High labor requirements minimizes feed inputs

Feline infectious diseases

Feline infectious peritonitis feline rhinotracheitis feline leukemia virus rabies

Finnsheep

Finland sheep -most noted for prolificacy (3+ lambs) -ewes noted for milking ability, easy lambing with maternal instincts -poor fleeces, slow growing, light muscled -require intensive management

Beef Cattle Issues and Misconceptions

Food Safety BSE (Mad Cow Disease) Hormonal Implants/Growth Promotants Feed Additives Antibiotics Organica vs. Natural Grain vs. Grass Fed Industry integration imports

Alpine

French Alps goat -most numerous variety of alpine in the U.S -medium to large in size, have erect ears and a number of distinct color patterns -does are good milkers*

Limousin

French Beef cattle *originally reddish gold w/ pink pigmentation *currently black coat w/ black pigmentation moderate size < 1200lbs produce extremely lean, muscular carcasses but difficult to grade choice below average maternally, somewhat lacking in milk production

Charlais

French Beef cattle cream color fast growing, muscular, fast maturing large framed, heavy birth weights lean muscle carcasses, marbling can be a problem below average maternally

Rambouillet

French sheep -Descended from spanish merino, but larger and faster growing -White faced breed that is hardy, not extremely prolific under range conditions -prominent range ewe in west U.S and Texas -in US used as dual purpose sheep

Breeds of Beef Cattle identifiers

Genetic origin Geographic origin Goals/Traits -maternal, sire, specialty

Capra

Genus of goats

Ovis

Genus of sheep

Sus

Genus of swine

Breeds of sheep identifiers

Geographic Origin Goals/traits -meat, wool, dual purpose, specialty

Structure of fatty acid

Glycerol backbone with one, two or three fatty acids attached by an ester linkage -monoglyceride -diglyceride -triglyceride

Breeds of Swine identifiers

Goals/traits -maternal, sire, specialty Ear Configuration Color

Speculum AI

Goat AI -tube-like instrument that spans vulva and posterior vagina allowing for visual inspection of cervix

Meat Breeds

Hampshire Suffolk Dorset Southdown

HACCP 1997

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point -a systematic presentative approach to food safety that identifies *physical, chemical and biological hazards* in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level -Every processing plant must have a HAACP plan specifically designed for that plant*

sperm travel through the epididymis in the order of

Head, body, tail

Beef Cattle Industry - Feedlot

High energy (concentrate) diet Located in dry areas near resources 120-150 days on feed to read 1100 lbs. Profit Potential: Average Daily Gain Feed efficiency Health/death loss* Don't want them to walk a lot Confined for weight gain and marbling Factors influencing value: Quality, Yield, Dressing % 87% commercial (>1000 head)* (<1000 head - Farmer)

Sheep and goat operations

High-dry and semi-arid land* Feed costs are main expense in production Sheep prefer forbes Goats prefer browse Efficient use of land in all species Texas is the leading state Predators are a problem Internal parasites Utilization of guard animals China is world leader in production

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Brahman

Indian beef cattle *american is cross of three indian breeds red and grey strains exist both w/ black pigmentation large hump and ears Heat tolerant, disease and insect resistant and crossing ability poor marbling, slow sexual maturity

artificial insemination

Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means -method for enhancing genetics

Jersey

Isle of Jersey -small refined animal with feminine appearance -vary from light tan to dark fawn with darker shadings around head and lower legs. Some white patches may be present -Early maturing, highly fertile -Highest percentage of Butterfat -Heat and Humid tolerant- many in Texas

Chianina

Italy Beef Cattle One of worlds oldest breeds originally white haired- today black hair extremely large framed, late maturing, fast growing lean, muscular carcasses, marbling problematic below avg. maternally

Waygu

Japan -refers to all japanese cattle -Origin of asian breeds crossed with british and european -Horned with black or red coast color* -prized for marbling and tenderness -has elevated levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as conjugated linoleum acid -Early maturing, highly fertile, calving ease -increased imports in the 1990s

Sheep age with maturity

Lamb(A)- 3-8 months Lamb(B)- 8-14 months Yearling Mutton- 14-24 months Mutton- over 24 months

Lamb maturity classes recognized for grading

Lamb, yearling mutton, mutton

Sheep and goat - Feedlot

Lambs high concentration diets - 90% whole corn* Colorado is #1 in lamb feeding Lambs enter at 70-90 lbs Lambs are out 120-150 lbs Major diseases Overeating / Enterotoxemia / Pulpy kidney disease Clostridium perfringens Urinary calculi Lambs sold based on dressing% and carcass weight 50%* Goats gaining popularity

Poultry breeds

Leghorn, White Cornish, Broad Breasted White Turkey

horse breed classifications

Light draft ponies

Portein color Lamb

Light red

Ram

Male of breeding age

Bull

Male of breeding age(bovine)

Vaginocervical AI

Mare AI introduction of the insemination gun into the cervix via the vagina

Ovarian shapes

Mare: single ovulation from interior cortex Sow: multiple ovulations from cortex located on exterior -grape cluster appearance

Cow Health Issues

Mastitis - inflammation of udder caused by bacteria Ketosis - Energy shortage due to metabolic problems Milk fever - Low blood calcium causing muscle weakness near calving Rebreeding difficulties during lactation

Sow

Mature female pig

Cow

Mature female(bovine)

Organic products

Meat, eggs, poultry, Dairy -comes from animals that are given no antibiotics or hormones Produce -Made without conventional pesticides -fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge -Bioengineering or ionizing radiation

Leghorn

Mediterranean Chicken -Most prolific egg laying breed* -Most commercial egg-type pullets are produced by crossing inbred lines of birds that originated from this breed of poultry -Small hens that lay large white eggs

Wool Breeds

Merino and Rambouillet

Dairy Cattle Industry

Most Highly specialized industry Confinement, large investments in equipment Leading States: California (40.6 Bil lbs/yr) Wisconsin (26 Bil lbs/yr) Idaho (12.7 Bil lbs/yr) New York (12.2 Bil lbs/yr) Texas is 7th in dairy production

GAIT

Most horse breeds perform specialized functions dependent upon their...

Tender Loin

Most tender muscle on the beef carcass

Ruminant Tract (unlabeled)

Mouth, esophagus, omasum, rumen, duodenum, reticulum, abomasum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, large intestine

Ruminant tract (labeled)

Mouth, esophagus, omasum, rumen, duodenum, reticulum, abomasum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, large intestine

Holstein-Friesan

Netherlands -dominant breed of dairy cattle -Black and white color pattern, large framed, easy going -unparalleled milk producing ability 20,121 lbs 305 days -Lowest percentage of butterfat 3.6%- milk not valuable for cheese

Calf

Newborn(bovine)

Dorper

Originally form south africa -Hair sheep that do require intensive management -Highly fertile -fast growing -Hardy, known for existing in harsh terrain

Scientific name : Sheep

Ovis aries

Generally genetic information typically includes

Parentage Genetic abnormalities Birth parameter Growth parameter Trait of value(carcass, milk, speed, etc.)

Epididymis

Passageway of sperm from testes to vas deferens

Prevention of disease

Pasteurization of milk, eggs, etc. -salmonella, E-coli Inspection of meat products -trichinosis Proper sanitation procedures Vaccination of animals -rabies Elimination of infected animals in herds

Rumen

Paunch -Large, hollow, muscular compartment which extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity in a large dairy cow -Walls of rumen lined with papillae and secrete no enzymes

The essential amino acids are

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine PVT Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine TIM Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine HALL

Portein color Pork

Pink

Sex determination in Pork

Pizzle eye Semimembranqsus muscle (barrow small, square shaped) castration scar -Bulbo-cavernosus muscle Barrow has all these present, gilts do not

Testes

Produce sperm and testosterone

Zoonosis

Rabies salmonella lyme disease giardia cat scratch fever ringworm toxoplasmosis

Beef wholesale cuts: Rib

Right behind Chuck, Top-middle of cow ribeye steaks ribs

Vertebrae A ratings

Sacral - Distinct seperation Lumbar - No ossification Thoracic - No ossification Thoracic Buttons- 0-10%

Clydesdale

Scottland horse -"budweiser hitch" made up of these -Extensive white face and leg marking together with the feathering on the lower legs are very distinctive and crate a bell bottomed effect* -Lighter weight than the percheron and belgians though just as tall -considered more nervous than other breeds, too difficult for most american farmers to handle

Uterus

Secretory organ; incubator for embryo and placenta

Gene

Segment of Chromosome composed of DNA

Factors in calculating heritability

Selection differential Heritability of trait

Farrow to wean operations

Sell weaned pigs to nursery-grow-finish farms -10-15 lbs, 21 days old Breeding herd maintained High Labor requirements Desire for stress free pigs

Poultry Reproduction

Sexual maturity at 18 weeks 21 days to hatch- chicks 28 days- turkey poultry

Laproscopy AI

Sheep, deer, goats AI -surgical introduction of semen directly into the uterine horns

Beef Cattle Industry - Cow-Calf

Sold at 6-10 months of age 90% of bulls are used instead of A.I.* Efficiency is based on pounds of product produced per cow Product = calf low quality forage yields high quality protein 1-2 months after giving birth cow needs to be pregnant again Animal has to fit the environment Selection Factors: Fertility, weaning weight*, cow efficiency*, adaptability, quality product produced efficiency

South African Boer Goat

South african goat -Hardy, fast growing meat-type goat -good meat-type confirmation with superior spring of rib, body length and muscling -medium size with prominent horns and broad drooping ears -generally brown head and neck with white body and legs, having short to medium hair*

Cervical AI

Sow AI -introduction of the spirette with a counter-clockwise rotation in cervix

Spanish Goat

Spain, caprine -Term used in the U.S to refer to goats of mixed breed origin* -very prolific and hardy -generally males and females are horned -highly variable in appearance and performance as little planned selection occurred

Merino

Spanish sheep -most dominant breed in all of sheep industry -typically smaller than other wool breeds and slower growing -very hardy, fertile, long lived, *excellent flocking instinct* -white faced breed -generally fine fleeces (Australian a bit coarser)

Beef Cattle Industry - Seedstock

Specialized cow-calf system* Calves developed to breeding age High investment in facilities and management Advertise (show rings, magazines, etc) Producing genetics for commercial producers Marbling and muscle is highly heritable

Genetic disorders

Spider lamb Curly calf syndrome Porcine stress syndrome Hyperkalemic Periodic paralysis-horses

Feeder Cattle grades: Frame size medium

Steers: 1000-1200 lbs Heifers: 850 - 1000 lbs

Feeder Cattle grades: Frame size small

Steers: <1000 lbs Heifers: <850lbs

Feeder Cattle grades: Frame size large

Steers: >1200 lbs Heifers >1000 lbs

3 step method summary carcass

Step 1. Fat thickness Step 2. Ribeye to HCW Step 3. KPH

Myoglobin

Stores oxygen(color determining)

Brown Swiss

Switzerland -large docile breed from swiss alps -Hair is brown with various shades from light boon with gray or silvery tones to very dark brown -border of muzzle is very light and often a light colored dorsal stripe is seen -average lactation 305 day of 16,135 lbs

What has improved dairy industry?

Tech savvy efficiency via DHIA** -most fresh cows give 150-180 lbs milk per day -production per cow 22,000 lbs per lactation Genetics Feed (high concentrate) Health Management

Bovine

Terminology for cattle

Gallus

Terminology for chicken And Genus for chicken

Caprine

Terminology for goats

Specialty Breeds(cattle)

Texas Longhorn Waygu

Texas Longhorns

Texas, of Spanish origin -long distinctive horns -lived as cattle for 300 years -used in 1800 cattle drives -began to improve longhorns with british bulls in 1800s, by 1900s diluted nearly to extinction -Restored as specialty breed

Sheep and Goats leading by states

Texas- 740,000 California- 550,000 Colorado- 365,000 Wyoming- 355,000

Beef wholesale cuts: Round

The butt of the cow roundsteak, round beef. Jerkey

Colostrum

The first milk given by the female following delivery of her young. Contains high levels of antibodies which are absorbed by the young for quick immunity.

Anestrous Period

The time when a female is not in estrus. The non-breeding season.

Estrus/heat

Time periods when females are receptive to mating

T.D.N

Total Digestible Nutrients. -includes the total amounts of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat (multiplied by 2.25) all added together. Approximates energy content.

Synchronization methods: Gonadotropins

Trade name: Cystorelin Utilization: mature females -stimulate the anterior pituitary to promote ovulation

Synchronization methods: Prostaglandins

Trade name: Lutalyse Utilization: Cycling females -shorten current estrous cycle starting every animal at same stage* -will only work on cyclin females(must have CL present)*

A key principle of breeding systems

Transmission of traits from parent to offspring

Angora

Turkish Goat -Produces mohair* -sheared twice a year -managed primarily under range conditions, utilize a great amount of browse in their diet -over 90% of the nations _______ goats reside in Texas, primarily the edwards plateau

Pork bipartite system

U.S 1,2,3,4 -pork meets minimum requirements U.S Utility -Unacceptable >soft fat or lean, pale or dark lean color, thin/soft bellies

Broad Breasted White Turkey

U.S. poultry -Developed by crossing the Bronze and White Holland strands* -The industry has emphasized muscularity, growth rate and white feathers in the development of these birds* -Birds are so heavy and muscular they are no longer capable of natural reproduction, also have problems with leg structure

American Quarter Horse

US horse -developed as saddle horse with great speed over short distance* -multiple coat color and face markings -the working cow horse of the southwest and west* -Early genetics trace to thoroughbred type stallions used on mares of spanish breeding -has well documented history in U.S

American Paint Horse

US horse -original registry established in 1963 for quarter horse with too much white -may have quarter horse or thoroughbred parent if one parent's pant and color qualifies -Two basis colors: tobiano(white over dark color; white crosses back) and Over (dark over white; no white crosses back)* -perform in most events in which quarter horse competes

Hampshire(swine)

US swine -one of oldest breeds in U.S -likely origin is UK, but brought to US and expanded -black with white bely around shoulders, erect ears -Known for lean, muscular carcasses, used primarily as sire breed

Lamb Carcass Grading

USDA quality and Yield grades -quality grades predict the tenderness, business and flavor of the cooked product -yield grades predict cutability or percentage of semi-boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts

Federal programs

USDA's inspection programs ~(APHIS) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service -Protects and promotes US Agriculture ~Animal welfare ~Customs ~Emergency management and Homeland Security -National Animal Identification System ~Trace back program to quickly identify and trace sick animals

Steer

Unsexed male(bovine)

Protein Substitutes

Urea and Biuret -will only work with high concentrate rations

Lamb Grading

Used to sort lamb carcasses into homogeneous groups to facilitate marketing -sorted within sex classes (Ewe, and Wether)

Propionate

VFA -energy(glucose), higher in grain fed animals

Acetate

VFA -high in grazing animals

Butyrate

VFA -no change

Horizontal testes

Vascular penis with belling glans -stallions

Ways to identify Beef Maturity

Vertebral Column Classification -Sacral Vertebrae -Lumbar Vertebrae -Thoracic Vertebrae ** Condition of Bones Size and Shape of Rib Bones -Young-red and round -Old- White, wide and flat

Thiamin

Vitamin B1 found in whole grains and starchy roots

Beef Cattle Industry - Stocker

Weaning weight: 600-850 Roughage based diets* Cheap-inexpensive gains Small profit margin Want thin cattle with potential to grow Selection factors: Price, health, growth potential*

Lamb yield grade equation

YG= .4 + (10 X Fat Thickness, in.)

Beef Quality Grading

a composite* evaluation of factors that affect palatability of meat -tenderness -juiciness -flavor Using carcass measurements to predict palatability of a carcass

Rennin

a natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk

Contemporary Group

a set of animals of the same sex and breed that have been raised under similar environmental and management conditions

Omasum (manyplies)

a spherical organ filled with muscular laminae which are studded with short papillae (spherical and dense)

Tupping

act of mating in sheep

Calving

act of parturition in cattle

Foaling

act of parturition in horses

Lambing

act of parturition in sheep

farrowing

act of parturition in swine

Illeum

active site of nutrient absorption

Homozygous Alleles

alleles match at a specific location(AA) or (aa)

ad libitum

allowing animals to eat all they want at all times

simple carbohydrates

alpha linkage of glucose molecule -amylose (plant starch) -glycogen (animal starch)

Alleles

alternate forms of a gene that affect the same trait

Meat inspection act 1957

amendment putting the poultry industry under federal regulation

Beef Yield Grading

an estimate of the yield of boneless, closely-trimmed retail cuts from the round, loin, rib and chuck* (75% of the carcass wt.) -YG 1.0 - 5.9 -assigned by USDA grader-in plant

feeder

animals which need further feeding prior to slaughter

Lean quality in lamb

assessed by evaluating the fat deposition on the primary and secondary flank muscles and the firmness of the fat and lean in the flank region

Foal

baby horse

Extender solution: antibiotics

bacterial infection

Grades for Barrow and git carcasses

based on 2 factors -quality- indicating characteristics of the lean -Expected combined yields of the four lean cuts >ham >Loin >Boston Butt >Picnic Shoulder

Pork Cutability

based on the percentage yield of bone in: Ham, Loin, Boston Butt and Picnic Shoulder -Only U.S acceptable is eligible to be cutability graded

Beef wholesale cuts: Loin

behind rib, Sirloin is top back part of loin of cow Tbone, Porterhouse

complex carbohydrates

beta linkage of glucose molecules -cellulose -Hemicellulose -lignin (indigestible)

Macro Minerals

calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine

Turkey semen

cannot be frozen

Large intestine sections

cecum, colon, rectum

Portein color cattle

cherry red

Qualitative Traits

classified into groups -clearly visible -typically controlled by a few genes

Sheep and goat - farm flock

club-lamb operations- raised and fed to reach market weight 25-100 head More intensively managed than range higher lamb crops 180-200% Oriented towards lamb production Main predators are coyotes

Inspection

completed by an inspector who provides the first line of defense against adulterated meat and poultry products. They are responsible for inspection of animals before and after slaughter -government regulated and can happen at all stages of development

Carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -formed by photosynthesis

Estrus Synchronization

controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time

Sarcomere

controls basic contractile unit which influences tenderness

common examples of carbonaceous concentrates

corn* sorghum grains oats barley wheat molasses animal fats

Consistent product

created through vertical integration as seen in poultry and swine industries

Application of genetic information begins with

data collection

Grades

designed to group animals according to relative merit within a market class -designed to provide an estimate of palatability -combination of quality and yield

Grading

determination of a quality grade through a composite evaluation of carcass maturity, firmness, texture, color of lean, and the amount and distribution of marbling within the lean

Lamb preliminary grade

determined based on maturity, flank streaking and flank firmness -this with conformation score are used to determine final quality grade

Selection

determining which individuals reproduce -how producers make money

Ca metabolic problems

develop rapidly -tetany and urinary calculi -normal ratio of 2:1 (Ca:P)*

points of interest in data collection

differ between species

dystocia

difficult birth

Extender solution: Glycerol

displaces water

Composite/cross breed

displays desirable traits from multiple breeds, fast growing

Maternal breed

early maturing sexually, inherently fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to moderate size

Genotypes can be expressed as

economically important traits

Extender solution: Fructose

energy source

Breeding value

estimated value of an individual as a parent -based on performance of individual and close relatives

conformation

evaluated as carcass width in relation to carcass length and include acceptable fat

Vertical Integration

facilities ability to own and control all parts of industry chicken industry #1 Swine industry #2

Functions of the ovary

farm animals have 2 -surrounded by connective tissue called tunica albuginea* -2 main regions >cortex-produce female gamete >medulla

Sire Breed

fast growing, muscular, late maturing, low milking

Vulva/vagina

female organ of copulation; birth canal for parturition

Penis

fibroelastic or vascular type

Pendulous testes

fibroelastic penis with pointed glans in bull and a small projection in sheep -bulls and rams

Inverted testes

fibroelastic penis with spiral shaped glans that will lock into sow >prone to hernia -boars

Linebreeding

form of inbreeding using repeated crossings to ancestors -goal is to maintain influence of an outstanding ancestor

Beef wholesale cuts: Chuck

front-top of cow Ground beef, roast, steak

Sex-linked

genes found only on the X or Y chromosome -majority are X linked(can go to either males or females) -Y linked-males only

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism/ animal's blueprint

Bos

genus of cattle

Goat identifiers

geographic origin goals/traits -meat, milk, dual purpose, specialty

healthy animal

goal of animal producers is to enhance the animals resistance to environmental or man-made pathogens -vaccinations -facilities -genetics

Herd

group of cattle and group of horses

Band

group of goats

Flock

group of sheep And group of chicken

Drove

group of swine

Market classes

groups of animals separated according to use -slaughter* -feeder* -bred heifers* -pairs* (cows with calves, ewes with lambs) Subclasses -age -sex -weight

Haploid

half the normal number of chromosomes found in sperm and ova

pork wholesale cuts

ham-ham loin-pork chops boston butt-country ribs picnic shoulder- ground pork/ sausage

microbial protein

has always been assumed to be balanced for the essential amino acids, but recent studies indicate that some amino acids may still be limiting

Forages

high in Ca low in P -alfalfa is high in Ca

Beef Lean Maturity

higher age = darker lean

Equus

horse genus

Esophagus differences

horse- only one way peristaltic waves ruminants- two way movement that allows for regurgitation of bolus for chewing of cud*

Classied as pony

if < 14.2 hands

Classified as Horse

if > 14.2 hand

Heterozygous Alleles

if alleles differ (Aa)

Heifer

immature female(bovine)

Heritability (h^2)

impact of additive genes -the variation in phenotype from parent to offspring(0-1) >influenced by environment >indicates potential genetic progress with each generation

Mediastinum

in center of testes, transport spermatozoa from lobules within testes to epididymis

Cat foods

includes amino acid Taurine -cats also need arginine

Growth

increase in bone, muscle and fat

Goals of program

influence information used to make mating system decisions -making choices on one trait not advised* -goals are complex and often correlate to simpler traits Ex. feed efficiency(product made per unit of feed) is complex* Ex.Rate of gain(lbs. gained over given time) is simple to calculate and correlates to feed efficiency

Esophagus

ingested material moves via muscular contractions known as peristaltic waves

Rodenticides

inhibit production of clotting factors resulting in animals bleeding to death

IBS

integrated breeder services

Micro minerals

iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, selenium, chromium

unilateral

is fertile -reduce sperm producing capacity

Bilateral

is sterile -no spermatogenesis -testosterone is produced

Labeled Female Reproductive System know: vulva vagina cervix ovary oviduct

know: vulva vagina cervix ovary oviduct

unlabeled female repro system know: vulva vagina cervix ovary oviduct Uterus

know: vulva vagina cervix ovary oviduct Uterus

Cryptorchidism

lack of testis descent into scrotum and thus thermoregulation is absent

Chromosome

large molecule containing DNA; made of genes

Rate of gain

lbs. gained over given time -simple goal to calculate and correlates to feed efficiency

Lamb Wholesale Cuts

leg- butt - leg loin- in front of leg- loin chops rack- rib chops- in front of loin Shoulder- in front of rack

Grains

low in Ca and high in P

2 categories of nutritive requirements

maintenance and production

Production requirements

maintenance nutrient requirements must already be met

Stallion

male breeding horse

Rooster

male chicken of breeding age

Billy

male goat of breeding age

Boar

male swine of breeding age

Polysaccharides

many sugar molecules -simple carbohydrates -amylose (plant starch) -glycogen (animal starch)

#1 Health Problem in dairy cattle

mastitis

Outbreeding

mating less closely related individuals than the general population -can include crossing within a breed or between breeds -increases heterosis -increases hybrid vigor and performance

Inbreeding

mating of closely related individuals -increases homozygous gene pairs -decreases variation -decreases vigor and production* -increases expression of potentiality

Hen

mature female chicken

Doe

mature female goat

Mare

mature female horse

Ewe

mature female sheep

Selection differential

mean advantage of parents over mean value of population Ex. Litter size of 11 when mean is 7 = differential of 4

Digestion actions

mechanical, chemical, microbial

Urea cycle

mechanism that takes nitrogen across the rumen wall back to the salivary glands in order to *preserve nitrogen in the system*

Monogastric Tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, cecum, large intestine, anus

Monogastric Tract (labeled)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, large intestine, anus

Monogastric Tract (unlabeled)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, large intestine, anus

embryo transfer

moving an embryo from one female animal to another of the same species

Boar and Stallion semen

must be shipped fresh

kid

newborn goat

Lamb

newborn sheep

pig

newborn swine

incomplete dominance

no dominance, so heterozygotes appear as an intermediate rather than combination Ex.sire-black coat, dam-white coat, calf=grey coat

sperm maturation in seminiferous tubules 3. Differentiation

no further cell divisions; results in a fully differentiated immature sperm that is released into the lumen

dry

non-lactating female

open

non-pregnant females

Quantitative traits

numerically measured -requires instrument to measure -typically controlled by many genes -frequently additive in nature

maintenance requirements

nutrients required must include those used to: -repair body tissue -control body temperature -provide energy for the vital organs to function -maintain water balance

Extender solution: egg yolk

nutrition and elasticity

Kidding

parturition in goats

Oviduct

passage for ovum and sperm; site of fertilization

Cervix

passageway for sperm following breeding; seals off uterus during pregnancy

Inheritance

passing traits from parent to offspring

Lactation period

period that female produces milk

Sex-influenced

phenotype expressed differently between sexes

Expected Progeny Difference(EPD）

predicted difference in performance between individuals offspring and offspring's *contemporary group*

Interferon tau(cattle and sheep)

pregnancy recognition signal -produced by fertilized ovum -received by uterus -blocks leuteolysis

Operation Health Programs

prevention is the key to keeping animals healthy -management -nutrition -genetics -isolation/quaratnine -animal identification -quickly identify sick animals

Lamb quality grades

prime, choice, good, utility

Ovary

produces female gamete and female sex hormones(estrogen and progesterone)

feed efficiency

product per unit of feed -complex goal

Scrotum

protection and temperature regulation

Antibodies

protein molecules that are able to recognize harmful organisms and prevent them from harming the body

infundibulum

region of oviduct -surrounds ovary

Ampulla

region of oviduct -transports oocyte

Isthmus

region of oviduct -transports sperm

Vitamin roles

regulators of metabolism and are involved in antibody synthesis whereby animals require immunity to disease

sperm maturation in seminiferous tubules 2. Meiosis 1 & 2

replication of DNA to produce haploid spermatids

Key economic traits in swine production

reproduction Growth rate feed efficiency Carcass Traits - loin eye area, Back fat

Gametes

reproductive cells that carry half the parents genetic code; only a single allele for each gene -sperm and Oocyte

Flehmen response

scent stimulation -exposure of nasopalatine duct to absorb pheromones

Accessory sex gland

secrete components of seminal fluid

Progesterone

secreted by: Corpus Luteum "hormone of pregnancy" responsible for: -maintenance of pregnancy* -final maturation of th mammary gland -reduced excitability of smooth muscle fibers -negative feedback of the hypothalamus*

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

secreted by: Hypothalamus acts upon: anterior pituitary stimulates release of FSH

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

secreted by: anterior pituitary acts upon: ovary -induces ovulation and development of the corpus luteum* -aids in maturation of the follicle and spermatozoa -stimulates testosterone production in the male

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by: anterior pituitary acts upon: ovary needed in very small amounts* -induces follicular development -induces estrogen production -stimulates spermatogenesis

Estrogen (estradiol)

secreted by: follicle is responsible for : -estrus -influence mobility and secretory function in the reproductive tract -uterine milk -early stage development of mammary gland

Oxytocin

secreted by: posterior pituitary, corpus luteum acts upon: smooth muscle responsible for: milk let down* -uterine contractions during parturition -contractions of smooth muscle in uterus and oviducts during mating

Prostaglandin

secreted by: uterine lining* acts upon: corpus luteum responsible for: -regression of corpus luteum* -uterine contraction -gives pregnant or open signal

libido

sex drive(males)

Scurs

small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animals

seminiferous tubules

source of spermatazoa

Leydig cells

source of testosterone

Epididymis body

sperm gain motility

Epididymis head

sperm not capable of fertilization or motility

sperm maturation in seminiferous tubules 1.Mitosis

spermatogonia undergo multiple mitotic divisions to generate a large number of spermatocytes

Colostrum

starts digestion in abomasum

epididymis tail

storage site until ejaculation; sperm fertile and mobile

Nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, and one of the 4 nitrogen bases

Steps in ET process

super-ovulation insemination synchronization of donors and recipients collection of embryos location, grading, and storage of embryos deposition of embryos into recipients reproductive tract

Weaning

taking a young animal from its dam (mother)

Temperature for testes (thermoregulation)

temp. should be 4-6 C less than body for spermatogenesis to occur

gestation period

term of pregnancy

Equine

terminology for Horses

Ovine

terminology for sheep

Porcine

terminology for swine

immune system

the body's ability to prevent sickness

Digestion

the breaking down process of food to allow absorption - a continuous precise along *alimentary canal*

Fertility

the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction

Etiology

the cause of disease or the study of the cause of disease

Fill

the contents of the digestive tract

Crossbreeding

the mating of two individuals from different* breeds -goal is for offspring to outperform the average performance of the parents

The greater the value of heritability

the more likely the trait will be passed on

Embryo Transfer

the movement of pre-implantation embryos from the reproductive tract of the genetic mother (donor) to the reproductive tract of the surrogate mother (recipient)

Beef Grading

the purpose of grading is to sort carcasses from large, heterogeneous groups into smaller, homogeneous groups of similar sex

Spaying

the removal of the ovaries from the female reproductive tract

castration

the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

Carcass Merit

the value of a carcass for consumption

Sheep numbers peaked during

the war (1880-1940)

Volatile fatty acids

three fatty acids that are the end products of carbohydrate digestion in the ruminant, produced by microbial fermentation. -Acetic acid -propionic acid -Butyric acid -energy source for ruminants

Cull

to eliminate from the breeding population

Governments role

to regulate producers in order to provide a safe, wholesome, environmentally friendly product tailored to the consumer's wants and needs through programs such as HACCP

Sex-limited

traits unique to one sex-both sexes carry the genes Ex. Milk production

Vas deferens

transport sperm from testes to penis

Hemoglobin

transports oxygen from the lungs to the muscles

90%+ of lamb carcasses grade choice or higher.

true

functions of oviduct

tube that connects the ovary to the uterus, has 3 distinct regions: -infundibulum -Ampulla -isthmus

DNA

two strands of sugar phosphate backbone with bridges of nitrogen bases

Disaccharide

two sugar molecules -sucrose (glucose + fructose) -Lactose (glucose + galactose) -Cellibiose (glucose +glucose)

Spayed

unsexed female sheep

Capon

unsexed male chicken

wether

unsexed male goat And unsexed male sheep

Gelding

unsexed male horse

Barrow

unsexed male swine

Extender solution: double distilled water

volume

USDA grades

voluntary

Active immunity

when antibodies are produced by the animal from exposure to an organism or vaccination

Doe Kid

young female goat

Filly

young female horse

Gilt

young female pig

Ewe Lamb

young female sheep

Billy Kid

young male goat

colt

young male horse

Chick

young male or female chicken or newborn

Ram Lamb

young male sheep