ANSC 301 - Exam 3

Ideal Protein - Ideal amino acids have all essential amino acids around ______ - It is much better to be _______ 100 than ______

100%, over, under

Viscera and Vital Organs make up ____% of body weight, and ___% of O2 consumption. - The _____, ______, ___ ____, _______ and ____ make up most of the O2 consumption --> ______ also

15, 68, Liver, Brain, GI tract, heart, muscle

General Properties of AA - Contain ___% - ____% N - _________, _________, _________ and _________ structures of proteins is important - ___ to ___ AA found in common dietary proteins - Chemically diverse but have a common general ________ - Mostly ______ _______

15-18, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, 20, 25, formula, water soluble

Fatty acids up to ___ carbons can be synthesized in the de novo pathway.

16

______ and _______ ___ may be key to the Mediterranean diet that has lower ______ and _____ ______ --> Industrially produced trans fatty acids increase ______ _______ - Some ruminant derived trans fatty acids reduce ______ and benefit ___________

18:1, 18:3 n-3, obesity, heart disease, cancer, cholesterol

General Equation of the Urea Cycle

2 NH3 + CO2 + 3ATP --> Urea

Ketone Synthesis - Need __ _______ ____ to form ___________ - Make __-___________ which is a ______ ____ --> Made by _____, sent to other ________ for ________

2 acetyl-coAs, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, ketone body, liver, tissues, energy

Biosynthesis of Non-Essential AA - Nonessential makes up ____-____ of tissue protein - Not all must be __________, the _____ will provide most but does not have to - If in short supply, ____ will make up the deficit --> Provided that an adequate supply of _______ ___, ____ _______ and ______ are available

40-50, synthesized, diet, cells, amino N, C skeletons, energy

Lipids - ____ absorbed in the _______ - ______-_____ ____ or _____ are absorbed in the ______, ______ and _______ --> ____ carbons or less

80% jejunum, short-chain FA, VFA's, rumen, omasum, hindgut, 12

D-Methionine - _____ usable by the body - Takes it to the ___ form

80%, L

Brown Adipose - Instead of going into _____ _______, H+ flow back in and only ______ is generated - "Non-__________ ____________"

ATP Synthase, heat, shivering thermogenesis

Maternal Metabolism Coordination First Half = _________ Phase - _______ to ________ insulin sensitivity so that _______ can be stored as _____ --> Facilitated by hormones like ________ and __________ - _________ is _________ and then ______ in the _____ and ________ - __________ helps to build ____ ________ - Enhanced ______ ________ - Growth of ______, ______ and other essential musculature of the ________

Anabolic, normal, increases, glucose, fuel, estrogen, progesterone, glycogen, synthesized, stored, liver, muscle, lipogenesis, fat reserves, protein synthesis, breasts, uterus, mother

We use Catecholamines in feed additives: - __-___________ _______ or __-________ are used to ________ _____ ______ --> Compound that _________ _______ for ___________ --> _________-like mode of _______ but are not _________

B-adrenergic agonists, B-agonists, increase lean gain, activates receptor, catecholamines, hormone, action, hormones

Basal Metabolism and Species _______ is not appropriate within species. - Across all species the mean for basal heat production = ____ - There is considerable ______ variation

BW^0.75, 69, species

Maternal Metabolism Coordination Second Half = _________ Phase - Maternal _____ ________, so glucose uptake is diverted to ________ - Maternal utilization of _______ and ______ ____ ______ to allow _______ to fetus - Accelerated ______ of ______, ______ and ______ - Accelerated ______ to provide _____ to the mother, her own fat reserves - _________ _______ are responsible for ______ _______ and ______ ________

Catabolic, insulin resistance, fetus, glucose, amino acids, transport, growth, fetus, placenta, fluids, lipolysis, fuel, placental hormones, insulin resistance, lipid mobilization

Nutritional Value of D-Amino Acid Depends on the AA - ___ form converted to ___ form by ___________ and __________ - Must be able to be _____-_________

D, L, deamination, re-amination, trans-aminated

Methylated Mice - Maternal diet changes ___ ________ which can then change ________ _______ - Mice that do not have adequate donors are _______ --> Have high risk of ______, _____ and _____ --> Reduced ________ - Mice with adequate donors are _______ --> Have a lower risk of ______, _______ and ________ --> Prolonged ____

DNA methylation, animal phenotype, cancer, diabetes, obesity, lifespan, agouti, cancer, diabetes, obesity, life

Bioactive Fatty Acids have Implications for Health and Production - ______ and _____ are very long chain _________ - Essential for ______ and _____ ___________ - Reduces _________, benefits _______ ________, _________, ______ _________ and _____ ________ - Found only in ____ _____ ____ and _____

EPA, DHA, omega-3, brain, nerve development, inflammation, heart disease, arthritis, blood cholesterol, retinal degeneration, cold water fish, algae

EAA

Essential Amino Acids

Micelle Formation is Important - Need: ____ + ___________ + _______ ______ - Long-chain ________ _____ is ________ in the ________ interior of the ______ - Ruminants use _________ in place of ___________

FA + monoglyceride + bile salts, saturated FA, solubilized, hydrophobic, micelle, lysolecithin, monoglycerides

What is considered "good cholesterol"? - Why, going to _____.

HDL, liver

Brown Adipose Cont. - Nutrient goes to ________ - Stimulated by _________ ______ ______ (_________) -*Note _____ do not have brown adipose - Traditionally thought all disappeared before ___________

HEAT, sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine, Pigs, adulthood

What is considered "bad cholesterol"? - Why, going to ______ ______.

LDL, other tissues

You are getting a new dog and would like to decrease your carbon footprint. The carbon footprint of a dog with a mature body weight of 10 lbs would be what of that with a dog with a mature body weight of 100 lbs?

More than 10% but less than 50%

BV =

N intake - (fecal N + urinary N) / N intake - fecal N

Most of the ATP generated from oxidation of glucose comes from?

NADH in electron transport chain

Electron Transport Chain - _______ passes ______ through a series of ________ to _____ - As it is doing this, it ________ ___ into the ___________ ______ - ____ flow back into the _______ through _____ ________ and this "______" _____ _______ and makes _____ from _____

NADH, electron, proteins, oxygen, pumps H+, intermembrane space, H+, matrix, ATP Synthase, turns ATP Synthase, ATP, ADP

Series of Events Leading to Feline Hepatic Lipidosis - ______ mobilization from ________ tissue - Excessive uptake of NEFA by the ______ - Limited ability of the liver to _______ or _______ _____ ____ as ____ in _____ leading to ____ _______

NEFA, adipose, liver, oxidize, transport fatty acids, TAG, VLDL, fat accumilation

What predicts milk composition?

Nutrient requirements of the suckling animal

The Common Essential Amino Acids

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Methionine, Arginine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine

Carbon Footprint - _______ animals leave a _______ carbon foot print compared to _____ animals.

Smaller, smaller, larger

Thyroid Hormones ( ___ and ___ ) regulate Metabolic Rate - Secreted from the _______ ______ - Synthesized from ________ ( ___ ) and __________ --> Increased by ________ _________ ________ ______ ( ____ ) --> Increased by _____ ___________ Actions - Increases ________ ____ by most _____ - Required for normal _______ and _______ - Many other hormones will not _________ _______ without them

T3, T4, thyroid gland, tyrosine, AA, iodine, pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH, cold environment, metabolic rate, cells, growth, lactation, function properly

Temperature Regulation - Energy cost depends on the _______-________ Zone - In the thermal neutral zone, the heat from the __________ maintains _____ _______ without extra ______ or _______ needed

Thermo-Neutral, metabolism, body temperature, heating, cooling

VFA Absorption Determined By: - _____ _________ in rumen, most important for passive diffusion - ______ ______ ____ - _____ _____ ______ - ______ _______ _____ - _________ _______

VFA concentration, rumen fluid pH, VFA chain length, rumen papillae size, epithelium integrity

Lipoprotein Types Cont. - ______ get broken into _____ - These get taken up by ________ _______

VLDLs, LDLs, peripheral tissues

In Birds: Special lipoprotein called _______ is made in the _____ and deposited in the ____ ______. - _______ turns on the synthesis

VLDy, liver, egg yolk, estrogen

Biological Value of a protein - Is the _______ of a ______ ________ ______ to ______ _______ ______ in the relative ________ _________ for _______ _______ by _____ _________

ability, specific dietary protein, supply amino acids, amounts required, protein synthesis, body tissues

CHO and Fat Metabolism: Ruminant vs. Non-Ruminant - Ketone Production --> NR: --> R:

abnormal, any extent = ketosis, normal but if excessive is ketosis during extreme fat mobilization

What is the major substrate for fatty acid synthesis in ruminants?

acetate

Digestible Fiber - Digestible fiber produces more ______ than other _____ --> More ____ ____ _____ - Highly digestible fiber may include: --> High _______ ______ like ____ _____, ______ and ______ --> _______ _______ like _______, _________ _____, and _______ _____

acetate, VFAs, milk fat yield, quality forages, corn silage, haylage, pasture, fibrous byproducts, soyhulls, almond hulls, citrus pulp

What is the predominant source of energy in the ruminant? What is it used to do?

acetate, make ATP or synthesize fat

Ketone Synthesis Cont. - __________ also breaks down to ______ which causes a ________ smelling _______

acetoacetate, acetone, sweet, breath

Complete Oxidation Occurs After ______-____ Enters the _____ _______

acetyl-CoA, TCA Cycle

If used rbST saves: - ______ of __________ - _____ ____ to ____ households - ______ to _______ households We also reduce ________ ________.

acres of cropland, fossil fuels, heat, water, supply, carbon emissions

Numerous Metabolic Diseases Associated with Lipid Metabolism - Complex: multiple causes and contributing factors --> Examples: --> Failure to ______ to a ____ _________ ______ such as the _____ of _______ --> Very ____ _____ such as ___________ --> A _________ _________/________ like ______ type __ --> ________ like _______ _______ _______

adapt, new physiological state, start, lactation, low intake, hungerstrike, hormone deficiency/imbalance, diabetes, 2, obesity, feline hepatic lipidosis

Metabolism in Many Tissues ______ to support Lactation

adapts

Dairy Cows Cont. - Cows mobilize ______ ______ in early lactation to support _____ _______ which causes ________ ________ _______ - The body fat loss decreases ________ _______, leading to ________ ______ _____ and ______ _______ - Increasing _______ before calving can actually _______ these effects by causing more _____ ____ ____ earlier in _______ --> Causes more _________ diseases

adipose tissue, milk production, negative energy balance, leptin signaling, delayed estrous cycles, lower fertility, fatness, worsen, body fat loss, lactation, metabolic

NEFA released from _______ tissue and are transported in ________, bound with _______ _________.

adipose, blood, plasma albumin

1.) Nutrient Metabolism is also modified ______ ______ a.) Carbohydrate - Dietary source is _______ - Also now need _________ because before it was performed by _____ - ______ _______ ________ immediately after birth, but the ______ ______ ______ before birth, that way they do not have to _____ right after being born

after birth, lactose, gluconeogenesis, mom, liver glycogen mobilization, liver glycogen peaks, nurse

Composition of Gain also Changes by _____ and impacted by: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) ( ____________ and __________ ___________)

age, breed, genetics, gender, energy and protein intake, homeorrhesis, nutrient partitioning

Basal Metabolism and Age and Neuroendocrine Factors - ____ causing metabolic rate to ____ - ________ plays a role, ______ higher than ________ - _______ _______ - ________ animals, cause increased ______ to be constantly _______ - __________ decreases ______ __________ ____

age, drop, gender, males, females, thyroid status, nervous, stress, alert, castration, basal metabolic rate

Gonadal Steroids Actions: - Normally ________ - Increase _____ ________ - Increase ______ _________ - Increase _____ response to _____ - Many ______ _______ used in beef ______ this effect

anabolic, bone development, protein synthesis, IGF, GH, growth implants, mimic

Maternal Metabolism Coordination - Maternal metabolism shifts from _______ to _______ across pregnancy to allow for ______ ________

anabolic, catabolic, fetal growth

Biological Values - ________ proteins are GREATER than _______ proteins

animal, plant

What is the environmental risk of feeding too low protein in the diet?

animals are deficient and it takes more animals to meet demand for the product they are producing

Activity Differs if Made From Omega 3 vs. 6 - Omega 3 are more _____________ - Omega 6 are more _____________

anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory

Conditionally Essential - ____________ ____ can be synthesized from ______ - _____ and _____ can be synthesized from ______

arachidonic acid, C18:2, EPA, DHA, C18:3

Saponification Number - Indication of the _______ _____ _______ of the ____ - The longer the average chain length = _______ ________

average chain length, FA, lower number

Maintenance and Non-Reproductive Requirements are a combination of: - _______ __________ - _________ ______ - _________ ________

basal metabolism, muscular work, temperature regulatin

Fertility in Sheep - Fertility in sheep is regulated _______ the ___________ of _________ --> They need _______ ______ before mating --> Body _______ at mating effects the _______ of ______ shed --> If there is _______ ______ soon after conception, it could lead to _________ _____ --> Once established, the __________ in ____ _____ can affect __________ --> After birth, the ______ during lactation affects ____ ________ and _______ of baby

before, commitment, pregnancy, bodyweight recovery, condition, number, eggs, improper nutrition, embryonic death, feeding, late pregnancy, birthweight, feeding, milk production, growth

More rumen papillae =

better nutrient absorption

Fat Droplet Breakdown - Starting with a large fat droplet - Coated with ____ _____ - ________ _____ comes in and starts _______ them, ________ to them - Micelles comes into contact with ________ ______, they are absorbed as _____ ____ and ________________

bile salts, pancreatic lipase, digest, attaches, intestinal wall, free FA, monoglycerides

2 Main Agents to Break Down Lipids 1.) ______ _____ --> Increases ________ 2.) _______ --> Breaks down ___________

bile salts, solubility, lipase, triglycerides

Nonruminant FA Absorbed - "____________" converts the ____ to a _____ bonds before removing the _____ ______ - ____________ fat is toxic to microbes - Therefore most fat is __________

biohydrogenation, cis, trans, double bond, unsaturated, saturated

Protein Turnover Rates - Vary widely with __________ role - Enables a change in the _______ ___________ - Ensures proteins are __________ --> Turned over AA are __________ --> ____%-____% are __________ for new ________ ________ --> Remaining ___% - ____% have the _______ ______ removed - ___ ___________ are _____________ - __________ is ____________

biological, protein composition, functional, recycled, 75-80, reutilized, protein synthesis, 20-25, amino group, C Skeletons, metabolized, ammonia, detoxified

Largest deposit of protein in the body?

blood

1.) Nutrient Metabolism b.) Lipids - ______ ____ ___ increase rapidly _____ ______ from ___ cells - _____ ____ is important _______ _____ _____ - Body fat deposition __________ in the _________ period as a "_____ ____ _____"

blood free FA, after birth, fat, milk fat, dietary lipid source, accelerates, neonatal, rainy day fund

Ketones rise first in ______, then in _____ and then ______ - Liver is not meant to _______ _____ - An accumulation of __________ in the liver causes issues in liver _______

blood, urine, milk, store fat, triglycerides, function

All cells have _______ but we turn on ____ for what we specifically need.

blueprints, mRNA

Examples: Sheep Gain ____ ____ in ________ pregnancy and then lose it during ____ pregnancy when fetal requirements are very high.

body fat, early, late,

Body Protein in Multiple Places - Majority in _____ _______ - Followed by _______

body fluids, muscle

Sit-and-Wait Snakes - Uses ______ _______ to rebuild the gut - Microvilli increase ____ fold within ____ hrs after a meal is ingested

body reserves, five, 24

Basal Metabolism Affected by: 1.) ________ ______ 2.) __________ 3.) ____ and _________ Factors 4.) _________ Hormones 5.) ____________ Hormones 6.) ________ + ________ hormones 7.) ______

body size, species, age, neuroendocrine, gonadal, glucocorticoids, climate, thyroid, breed

Onset of Puberty - _____ _____ is more important than age - _____-_____ animals grow faster and reach puberty _______ - _______ onset is also related to ____ _____ but it is hard to separate the effect of ____ _____ versus ______ - Other factors are dependent by _______ including ______ and ________ to _______

body size, well-fed, earlier, puberty, fat stores, fat stores, weight, species, season, exposure, males

Basal Metabolism and Body Size - Relationship between _____ _____ and ____ ________, due to having ______ ______ to _________ - If you _____ _______ both ___ and ___ you get a _____ line - Big numbers more _________

body weight, heat production, more tissue, maintain, log transform, HP, BW, linear, scrunched

Studies in non-human primates fed a high calorie diet vs control shows age at first menstruation to be dependent on ______ _______. - Which females reached puberty first? --> These females also showed increased what?

body weight, high calorie diets, sex characteristics

Composition of Gain - First ______ growth, then _________, _____ comes last - But note early life need _____ deposition

bone, muscle, fat, fat

Sugar - Sugar produces more ______ than other _____ - Sugar Examples: - _________ - ____ _______ - ______ ______ - ______ ______

butyrate, VFAs, molasses, calf starter, bakery waste, citrus pulp

Fatty Acids are long ______ _____ with a ______ group at one end and a _______ at the other.

carbon chains, methyl, carboxyl

Phospholipid Biological Roles 1.) ____ ________ ________, _______ and _________ properties 2.) ___________ __________ in __________ ____________ (Signaling) of ________ actions

cell membrane structure, integrity, transport, second messenger, intracellular transduction, hormone

Essential Fatty Acids: Exact Mechanisms Not Known - Important to ____ ________ - Important to ________ of ______ ________ ( ____________ )

cell membranes, synthesis, regulatory compounds, eicosanoids

Lipids are Sub-Classified by their ________ structure

chemical

Classification of Amino Acids - ___________ Structure, i.e. acidic, basic, etc. - ____________ ( ___________/_________ ), meaning can make _______ or cannot (Makes keto body) - ___________ and ____________

chemical, metabolism, glucogenic/ketogenic,n glucose, essential, nonessential

Bile Salts - Are synthesized from _________ in the ______ - They aid in ________ and are efficiently __________ and __________

cholesterol, liver, digestion, absorbed, recycled

LDL, high in ________ and ________.

cholesterol, protein

Maternal ________ supplementation during pregnancy improves ________ performance.

choline, offspring

Plant feeds have ____ _______ bonds.

cis double

Choline Supplementation - Rodents: Mitigated _______ _______ _________ - Dairy Cattle: Increased ____ ______ and improved response to __________ challenges - Humans: Increased children's _________ in tasks requiring _________ ________

cognitive adversities, calf immunity, inflammatory, performance, sustained attention

Basal Metabolism and Breed - Bos Taurus for ____ - Bos indicus for _______ *Extra maintenance benefit for _____ environments, detriment for ____ environments - Beef cattle fed on ______ environments, low ______ - Dairy want productive, not worried about ___________

cold, hot, cold, hot, poor, rate, maintenence

Pregnancy - Is a _________ step - A ______ energy demand and a _____ energy supply could be _______ - Goal of reproduction is to ______ on _____, if the ________ cannot ______ ______ from the ______ ______ to ______, then there is no _____ in starting the process

committed, high, low, fatal, pass, genes, offspring, grow enough, mother's energy, survive, point

Glycolipids - Are _________ _________ ______ that contain a ____________, so is less energy dense than _____________ - Contains __________ backbone, __ _____ _____ and _____ or _____ _________ - Major lipid class in __________

complex structural lipids, carbohydrate, triglyceride, glycerol, 2 fatty acids, one, two sugars, forages

Phospholipids - Phospholipids are ______ _______ ______ that contain a ________ group - Also less energy dense than ____________ - Contains ________ backbone, __ _____ ______, ____ ______ ________ and a _______

complex structural lipids, phosphate, triglyceride, glycerol, 2 fatty acids, one phosphate, base

Fatty Acid Profile - Determine the actual _________ of _______ ____ ____ in the ___ using ____ ____________ - Which is _______ and _____ ___________

concentration, each fatty acid, oil, gas chromatography, expensive, time consuming

Proteins Need ____________ _________ = __________ _________ even in a well-fed animal

continuous replacement, metabolic turnover

Ruminants Sparing Glucose - Glucose _____ energy to make from _________, want to avoid using it to break down for more _______ - ________ shuttle allows carbons originating from ______ in the ____ cycle to be _________ for ____________ of ___ ______

cost, propionate, energy, isocitrate, acetate, TCA, utilized, requirements, fat synthesis

Animals During Pregnancy - Go from ______ _____ to basically running a __________

couch potato, marathon

Steroids - ______________ ____ is shared common structure --> Important to: --> _________ __________ --> _________ ___________

cyclopentane ring, membrane structure, endocrine functions

The metabolic impact of pregnancy on the _____ depends on _________ _____ and ____ ___ of ____ ____.

dam, gestational length, fetal %, dam BW

Age at menstruation in humans has _________ over time due to? Humans can reach their full ______ _____ sooner.

decreased, increased nutrition, body size

Glucocorticoid Actions - ________ ________ uptake by _____ and _______ tissues - _______ glucose ________ in ________ - _________ muscle ______ ________ - Long-Term creates _______ ________ and _________

decreases glucose, muscle, adipose, increases, synthesis, liver, increases, protein breakdown, insulin resistance, obesity

Complementary Feeds - Combining feeds that are both _______ in certain areas creates a _________ effect --> E.g. ____ and ______ meals

deficient, synergistic, corn, soybean

Lipid Catabolism: Lipid Stores make up for ________ in the ________ ______ ______

deficits, dietary energy supply

Leptin Cont. - Females will _______ ______ until they have accumulated _______ ______ _____ to _________ pregnancy and lactation in the face of _____ ________

delay pregnancy, sufficient energy reserves, sustain, food shortage

Pregnancy Toxemia (Sheep) - Can't keep up with ______ for ______ ______ in ewes carrying _____ or _______, lower incidents in _____ _______ - Low ______ ______, high _______ and ______ ________ - Decreased _______, _____ ______, body _____ - Increased _________ more often ______ - ___________ or death if not treated

demand, fetal growth, twins, triplets, beef cows, blood glucose, ketones, metabolic acidosis, intake, milk yield, weight, excitability, apathy, recumbancy

Lipoproteins vary in their ________ because of differences in ____ to ______ ___________.

density, fat, protein composition

Amino Acid Problems - AA Toxicity - Growth ________ from an _______ of one ___ that ________ be _________ by ________ a _______ ____

depression, excess, AA, cannot, reversed, adding, second AA

Amino Acid Problems - AA Antagonism --> Growth ________ from an _______ of one ____ that can be ________ by _______ a ________ ____ --> Unlike _________, the ___________ AA need not be ________ --> Example: ___ amounts of ____ which _______ with the other

depression, excess, AA, reversed, adding, second AA, imbalance, supplemental, limiting, high, one, competes

The Urea Cycle __________ __________ - Produces ______ from _______ - Detoxifies _________ - Occurs in _______ of _______ - Takes _______ to make

detoxifies ammonia, urea, ammonia, ammonia, liver, mammals, energy

Kangaroos - Nurse babies at two different _________ stages - Will make different ____ ________ for ______ vs. _______

developmental, milk composition, older, younger

Intestinal Absorption - Transport Systems in the enterocytes of the Small Intestine - For ___ and ____ peptides - Specific _____ _____ - Peptide transport requires ___ ______, AKA ________ transport, but some amino acids transport ___ _______ _______, AKA ________ ________ - Amino acids transported out of cell into body by ____ __________

di-, tri-, amino acids, no energy, passive, do require energy, active transport, AA transporters

Butyrate - ________ _____ cannot be digested by animal enzymes - _____ ______ instead digest fiber and produce _____ - Healthy microbiome + adequate dietary fiber allow for more ____ ________ - Butyrate improves ___ ________ ____ _______ production and ______ ______ to improve ___ ________ - Helps decrease ____ _________ - Fed to ____ and ________ in ________ to help improve ____ ______ - Potential to help fight against _____ _____ in humans

dietary fiber, gut microbes, VFAs, VFA production, gut epithelial cell mucus production, tight junctions, gut integrity, gut inflammation, pigs, chickens, capsules, gut health, colon cancer

May explain the many benefits of _______ _________. ( ________ to ________ ratio?)

dietary omega-3, Omega6, Omega3

Fetal Growth 1.) First Trimester: A lot of ________ but not as much _______ 2.) Second Trimester: ______ _______ and some _______ 3.) Third Trimester: A ___ of _______

differentiation, growth, finish differentiation, growth, lot, growth

How did we improve efficiency? - __________ of __________ --> AKA ________

dilution, maintenance, genetics

Primary Metabolic Disease - Symptoms _______ ________ to ______ _______ - e.g. Type 1 diabetes causes ________ _________ ________ of _______

directly related, primary dysfunction, inadequate pancreatic secretion, insulin

We commonly categorize fatty acids by the number of ______ ______.

double bonds

Oil Spoilage (Part 2) Oxidative Rancidity - _______ ______ of _________ ____ _____ ( ______ ) are attacked by ________ - ________ or _____ ______ are formed that ________ - Leads to ___-_____ and ______ - May reduce ___________ in animals and may ________ _______ Potentially ________!!! --> Prevented by: __________

double bonds, unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, oxygen, peroxides, free radicals, perpetuate, off-flavors, odors, performance, damage, tissues, dangerous, antioxidants

Generic Growth Curve - Rapid growth ______ in life that _____ over time - Growth drops off a bit after _______ as _______ is approached - But ______ ____ do still exist

early, slows, puberty, maturity, growth spurts

Dilution of Maintenance explains most of the increases in __________ in _______ __________

efficiency, modern production

Bile Salts - Important to ______ into small ______ and ________ - ___ and ___ ____ of bile acids - Secreted by _____ through the ___ _____ - Activate _________ ______ - Emulsify ____ to _______ - Recycled to ______ via the _______ ______

emulsify, droplets, micelles, Na, K salts, pancreatic lipase, fats, micelles, liver, portal vein

Excess Dietary Protein - Has an __________ _____ to the animal --> Because _____ is _________ - Contributes to ___ _______ in ______ --> They ______ into the ________ and ______ into ______ ______ - Contributes to _________ _________ --> ________ in the _______ creates ______ when mixed - Can contribute to _________ especially in _________

energetic cost, urea, synthesized, N pollution, water, leach, ground, runoff, surface water, ammonia emission, urease, feces, ammonia, infertility, ruminants

Income Breeders - Need to obtain ______ _____ ____ - Rely more heavily on ______ _______ for pregnancy and lactation - Example: _____ which eat about ___ of their body weight per day to support lactation

energy inputs daily, food consumption, mice, 50%

VFAs - Major source of _______ - Total rate of production and concentration of VFA are directly related to ________ of _________ _______ - Provide _______ amounts of energy for other non-ruminants through some ________ _______ such as a ____

energy, intake, fermentable feed, smaller, hindgut fermentation, pig

Lipids Important to a number of different processes in the body 1.) _______: ______ to make ____ 2.) ___________: for _______ of ______ and _________ 3.) __________, _______ and ________: for ____ _______ and are ________ of ____ _______ 4.) __________ _____ _____: ____ ________ and synthesis of __________ 5.) _________ of fat-________ ________

energy, oxidize, ATP, triglycerides, storage, energy, insulation, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, cell membranes, regulators, cell function, essential fatty acids, cell membranes, eicosanoids, carrier, soluble, vitamins

Butyrate is utilized by rumen wall not only for ______ but also for _______ ______.

energy, papillae growth

Resulting Fatty Acids Can Be: - ___________ ___ carbons at a time - _____________ by insertion of a ______ _______ - Most 18+ and polyunsaturated fatty acids come from the _____ - Cannot synthesize an ________ double bond

enlongated 2, desaturated, double bond, diet, omega-3

Lipase - The _______ that breaks down _________ to __________ and ____ _______ - Lipase comes from _______, _______ _______, the _______ and ________ ____

enzyme, triglycerides, monoglycerides, fatty acids, saliva, gastric secretions, pancreas, intestinal cells

Biological value is influenced mainly by _________ _____ ______ composition.

essential amino acid

Mammary Also needs considerable amounts of _________ _____ ______. - More essentials in the _______ going to the _______ _____ than _____ going away

essential amino acids, artery, mammary gland, vein

linoleic and linolenic

essential fatty acids

Nonruminant FA Absorbed = ______ - ___________ _____ ____ are first "________" to release _____ ______ ______ by _______ in the rumen (Use bacterial _______ ) - Make up _____ of diet

esterified fatty acids, hydrolyzed, free fatty acids, bacteria, lipase, 85%

Muscular Work - Effects of _______ on maintenance energy requirements depends on a.) ______ _________ b.) ______ __________ - Would be acceptable to account for _________ exercise here like _______ in a pasture.

exercise, work intensity, work duration, nonproductive, walking

Protein Synthesis requires __________ of ______ for the protein and then ________ of the protein on a __________.

expression, mRNA, synthesis, ribosome

If thyroid hormone isn't there, known as _________ to _______.

failure, thrive

Chylomicrons are high in _____. --> Since it is absorbing it

fat

Species differ in main site of ____ _______, main ______ _______ and source of ________. --> If fermenting use _________ and _______ pathway

fat synthesis, carbon, NADPH, acetate, isocitrate

VLDL, high in ____ and _______.

fat, cholesterol

Paylean Example - Redirects nutrients from ____ to _________ ________ - Nutrition, need to consider that there is a change in ________ _______ = _______ ___________ - Can pose some _______ _______ issues - Is more ________

fat, protein deposition, tissue deposition, change requirement, animal welfare, efficient

NEFA - Plasma NEFA is directly related to rate of _____ _____ ___________ and can vary from _______ to ________ - Turnover is very _______, ____ min - The concentrations reflect the extend to which _______ ______ is being ________

fatty acid mobilization, <100, >1500 umol/L, rapid, 1.5 min, body fat, mobilized

We have selected for different ____ ____ profiles, so we have more _______ today.

fatty acid, differences

NEFA, what we call _______ _____ when they come out of _________ tissue.

fatty acids, adipose

Birds and Reptiles - It is excreted in _____ as a ____ ______ --> Minimizes _______ in the ________ --> Minimal _____ _____ important ________ to a very ____ _________

feces, dry mass, water, bladder, water loss, adaptation, dry environment

Which animals most at risk for acidosis? - ________ cattle fed high grain diets - _____ _____ that "slug" feed, meaning eat _____ ______ _______ - High performance _______ fed grain to increase _______

feedlot, dairy cows, large meals rapidly, racehorses, energy

Ruminant Physiology - Rumen is a ___________ vat where ___ of digestible feed is fermented by _______ and produce _____ as _______ _____ products - Absorbed initially into ______ _______ - VFAs have different _________ _______ --> Acetate: _________ tissues --> Propionate: _______ _____ _____ to _______ tissues --> Butyrate: __________ to _____ _______ to _________ tissues

fermentation, 60%, microbes, VFAs, microbial waste, portal blood, metabolic fates, peripheral, hepatic glucose synthesis, peripheral, converted, 3-OH butyrate, peripheral

Once a pregnancy is established, the dam will prioritize supporting _____ _____ over ____ _____ ______. --> Even if they are underfed

fetal growth, her own tissues

The uterus and placenta are a major part of demand in the ____ ____ _____ while the fetal nutrient requirements ________ drastically in the ______ _______.

first two trimesters, increases, last trimester

Dilution of Maintenance - ______ costs are keeping the animal alive, known as ___________ - Dilution of maintenance increases proportion of ________ used for ________ and thus increases _________ of ______ to _____ (AKA ________) - Helps increase ________

fixed, maintenance, energy, production, conversion, feed, product, efficiency, profits

Efficiency - We should always look at efficiency on a ________ basis - CO2 per cow has ________ over the years - CO2 per kg of milk has __________ over the years - _____ and ______ are not meaningful units

food, increased, decreased, acres, cows

Northern Elephant Seal - Consumes no ____ or _______ during lactation - Wants to be somewhere _____ for the ______ - Loses ____ of BW

food, water, safe, offspring, 50%

Proteins are Principal Components of Organs and Lean Tissues - Enormous __________ ________ --> i.e. ____ _________ ________ - ___________ Support - ___________ _________ --> Using: ____________ and __________ - __________

functional diversity, cell membrane structure, mechanical, nutrient transport, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Nutrient Restriction during pregnancy can affect _______ _______ ( _______ ).

genetic potential, epigenetics

Dairy Cows Cont. - Using _______ ________ and _______ _______ to try to improve fertility

genomic selection, estrous synchronization

Monosaccharide Example:

glucose and fructose

To synthesize FA from Scratch (De Novo) --> Need _______ ______ to a _____ ____ ______ --> Need ______ ________ and ______ _______ such as ______ --> ______ goes to _________, for fatty acid esterification to __________ - Insulin increases __________

glucose carbon, fatty acid carbon, glucose metabolism, reducing equivalents, NADPH, glucose, glycerol 3-P, triglyceride, lipogenesis

CHO and Fat Metabolism: Ruminant vs. Non-Ruminant - Primary Substrate From GIT --> NR: --> R:

glucose, VFA

CHO and Fat Metabolism: Ruminant vs. Non-Ruminant - Primary Substrate for Fat Synthesis --> NR: --> R:

glucose, acetate

Ruminants spare _______ by using ______ to supply both the ______ and ________ needed for ____ ________.

glucose, acetate, carbon, NADPH, fat synthesis

Nonruminants and Ruminants differ in their carbon and NADPH sources: - Source of Carbon: --> Nonruminant: --> Ruminants:

glucose, acetate, ketones

Ruminants + Gluconeogenesis - Ruminants only use _______ where _________ like the _____ and _______ ______, especially in _____ producing dairy cows - ________ is utilized for most ______ _______

glucose, necessary, brain, mammary gland, high, acetate, energy needs

- Source of NADPH --> Both get some from _______ in the ________ ______ ________ --> Nonruminants: conversion of ________ ______ to __________ ______ by the ______ cycle --> Ruminants: conversion of ___________ ______ to ___________ _______ by the _________ cycle --> Serves to conserve _______ in the ruminant

glucose, pentose phosphate cycle, mitochondrial NADH, cytoplasmic NADPH, malate, mitochondrial NADH, cytoplasmic NADPH, isocitrate, glucose

Large amount of ______ is needed for lactose synthesis in a cow. --> Where is it coming from?

glucose, she must make it

What are two compound glycerol based lipid?

glycolipids and phospholipids

Rumen Papillae - High _____ diets _______ _____ ___ which ______ ______ ____ and causes ________ ( _________ )

grain, decrease rumen pH, reduces papillae length, scaring, parakeratosis

Consequences of Inadequate Dietary AA Supply - Adequate AA Pattern but Low Energy in Diet - Reduced _____ because ___ are ______ and used as ___ source

growth, AA, degraded, E

Puberty is only reached after a certain stage of ________. - First ______ and _____ ______ growth occurs - Then ____ _______ increase, eventually _______ hits - Finally ________ and _________ may occur

growth, skeletal lean muscle, fat reserves, puberty, pregnancy, lactation

Sit-and-Wait Snakes - The ____ is costly to ______, so they ______ the size of the ____ between ______ - Reduce ____ and ___________ _________ of the ___ _____ between _____ --> Shrinking ___ _____ ____, _______ ______ and ________ _______ ______

gut, maintain, shrink, gut, meals, size, biochemical machinery, GI tract, meals, GI tract, nutrient transport, digestive enzyme systems

Darwin's Take Homes: 1.) Only _________ ________ ________ 2.) _________ _________ requires _________ ________

healthy animals reproduce, optimum reproduction, optimum nutrition

Consequences of Inadequate Dietary AA Supply - Excess Protein - _____ ____ costs, ______ _______ but also _______ ______ and excess ______ ______ - Since so much _____ is made

high feed, normal growth, enlarged kidneys, water intake, urea

Feeds differ in AA Composition: % Protein - Microbial Protein = _____ ______ - Animals proteins ____ Plant Proteins

high quality, greater

rbST - A _______ supplement that safely _________ _____ ______ by ____ lbs per day

hormone, increased milk yield, 10

CHO and Fat Metabolism: Ruminant vs. Non-Ruminant - Importance of Gluconeogenesis --> NR: --> R:

important post-absorptive phase, always important

Barker Hypothesis or Fetal Programming - _________ _______ is a significant contributor to _____ ______ later in ______.

inadequate nutrition, adult disease, life

Hormones can ______ based on body size. - More fat reserves = more ________, produced by ________ tissue - More fat reserves = more ______, which is part of the response to _____ _______

increase, leptin, adipose, IGF-1, growth hormone

Basal Metabolism and Climate - Prolonged cold = _________ basal heat production - Prolonged heat = __________ basal heat production

increased, decreased

Secondary Metabolic Disease - Symptoms _________ _______ to ________ _________ - e.g. __________ _______ in dairy cows caused by ________ _______ due to milk fever, mastitis, etc.

indirectly related, primary dysfunction, secondary ketosis, decreased intake

Trans Bonds - Only found in ________ _______ ____ and ______ ____. - The ones in _______ sources are bad for humans but the ones in _________ __ are likely healthy for humans.

industrial processed oils, ruminant fat, industrial, ruminant fat

Amino Acid Catabolism - Breakdown is increased when: --> Dietary protein _______ _______ ____________ --> Composition of ___________ _____ _____ is ___________ - Example: _____ or more ______ _____ is ________ --> _______________ from ______ ______ is _________ - Example: ________ _______ or ____ _____ diet - Only ___________ ___ can be used!

intake exceeds requirements, absorbed amino acids, unbalanced, one, amino acids, limiting, gluconeogenesis, amino acids, increased, fasted animal, low carb, glucogenic AA

Lipoprotein Types - From dietary lipids in the _______ we have the _______ - The _____ will take up __________ - Liver takes __________, ________ and _________ to _____

intestine, chylomicrons, liver, chylomicrons, triaglycerols, cholesterols, cholesteryl esters, VLDLs,

Ruminants use the _________ shuttle that brings ________ out of the __________ without bringing out _______, helps conserve ________.

isocitrate, NADPH, mitochondria, carbon, glucose

Lactation Ketosis - Cannot ______ up with ______ for ________ - Normally occurs ______ in ________ before ______ _______

keep, demands, lactation, early, lactation,

What occurs in the liver when the TCA does not run?

ketone synthesis

Fetal Growth and therefore energy requirements accelerate in the _____ ________.

last trimester

1.) Nutrient Metabolism b.) Proteins - Very rapid rates of _____ _____ and _____ ______ synthesis - Milk protein is rich in ______ = _____ ________ value

lean growth, tissue protein, EAA, high biological

Improves Efficiency by Requiring - _____ cows to produce _____ amount of milk - But the energy required to produce milk ______ the ______

less, same, stays, same

Water Barrel Analogy - Concept of first _________ ______ _____ - You can only ______ to the __________ ____ ____

limiting amino acid, grow, limited amino acid

Polyunsaturated: _________ ______ ( ____ )

linoleic acid, C18:2

There are 2 Essential Fatty Acids - _________ ( ______ ) and ________ ( ______ ), meaning they ________ be _________ by animals

linoleic, C18:2, linolenic, C18:3

Catecholamines Actions - Increase ______ _______ - Increase _______ _______ and increase ______ _______ - Increase __________ ________ - Increase ________ ________

lipid mobilization, glucose synthesis, blood glucose, metabolic rate, protein synthesis

Steroids - Are also ______ and include _________, ________ __ and _________ __________

lipids, cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones

Three Major Processes (Catabolism) 1.) ___________ of ________ tissue, __________ break to ______ ______ 2.) ________ of _______ to other ________ 3.) ________ _____ uptake and _________ by these ________

lipolysis, adipose, triglyceride, fatty acids, transport, NEFA, tissues, fatty acid, oxidized, tissues

Chylomicrons - Chylomicron is a __________ ________ used to ________ ____ in _______ - Chylomicrons transported through _____ _______

lipoprotein molecules, transport FA, plasma, lymph vessels

Amino acids are broken down in the _______.

liver

VFA Metabolism VFAs Are Metabolized by the ______ differently depending on type.

liver

Bile Salts Cont. - Made in _______ - Stored in _______ - At meal time enter ______ ______ - Are not absorbed until the ____ of the small intestine

liver, gallbladder, small intestine, end

Ammonia Emissions in the US - Highest is _______ followed by ________ _______

livestock, fertilizer application

Optical Isomers: Amino Acids - L form found in all _________ ______, ________ occurs - D form from _________ __________ ____, helps ____________ rations, have benefit of __________ diet with _______ ______ levels, which is _______ --> Still meets ________ requirements

living animals, naturally, chemically synthesizing AA, supplement, balancing, lower protein, cheaper, protein

Lower the nutrition, _______ it takes to reach puberty.

longer

Lipid Catabolism: - Caused by ____ ______ ______ or ___ _____ ________ - Net release of ___________ ______ _____ ( AKA _____ ) from the _______ tissue represents __________ between rates of _______ _________ and __________

low feed intake, high demand, nonesterified fatty acids, NEFA, adipose, balance, lipid synthesis, breakdown

Fetal BW and Gestation Length Effects - Smaller animals generally have _______ gestation lengths - Litter size tends to _______ as size of dam ________ - Smaller animals have ______ ______ demands for a _____ ______ - Larger animals ______ _____ demands for a _______ ______

lower, decrease, increases, higher energy, short time, lower energy, longer time

Basal Metabolism is Affected by Previous Level of Nutrition - During fasting, body will ________ basal metabolic rate --> This is where _____ and _________ comes into play - Why is more poorly fed calf worth more than a well fed calf? --> Basal Metabolic Rate is _______ so the calf is more _________, and will grow ________, called _________ gain, in people dieting it is called ________ weight - Similar for __________ cows

lower, dieting, exercising, lower, efficient, quickly, compensatory, rebound, lactating

What acts as an emulsifier in ruminants?

lysolecithin

Nonessential Amino acids can be _______, essentials from _______.

made, diet

What will increasing intake from 10 kg to 40 kg do to a cow's maintenance and production?

maintenance same, production higher

Pregnant Animals - Most energy is ____________

maintenence

Requirements for Growth 1.) Temperature Regulation - A newborn has to make a number of _________ ________ after birth - Many animals born with little ___ or __________ and/or in _____ ___________

major adaptations, fat, insulation, cold environment

Nutrition can impact mature _____ __________ but rarely leads to complete _________. - __________ leads to excess _____ and _____ which can then cause: --> Lower _______ ________ --> Stress and _______ to cells in the ______ --> Negative effects on ______ _______

male spermatogenesis, infertility, overnutrition, insulin, leptin, testosterone production, dysfunction, testis, sperm quality

What is the most appropriate way to compare metabolism across species?

metabolic body weight

W^0.75 = _________ _____ _____ - Scales based on that each additional ______ has a _______ __________ requirement than the _______ _______

metabolic body weight, pound, lower maintenance, pound before

Fatty acid structure is important to how it is __________, how it is _______ and if __________.

metabolized, used, bioactive

Methylated Mice - Methyl Donor Examples: - ________ - _______ - _____ - ____ - ______

methionine, choline, folate, B12, betaine

The Microbiome The microbiome is all the _______ ________ __ and ____ a ______. --> Recently many _______ have been associated with ______ in the ________ and influenced by ___ ________

microbes living on, in, host, diseases, changes, microbiome, gut microbes

Net Nutrient Requirement for Lactation = _____ ______ x _____ __________ _______ - Example: composition of _________ _____ _____, that is what they are going to _____ to ______ it

milk yield, milk nutrient conc., holstein cow's milk, need, make

1.) Basal Metabolism is __________ _______ ____ measured as ________ _________ - Measurements require: 1.) 2.) 3.)

minimal metabolic rate, heat production, post absorptive state, minimal physical activity, minimal mental stress

Puberty occurs at a _______ size in cattle. - Faster growth = _______ _____ at _________ - Greater effect in ________ vs. ______ but size still affects both ________

minimum, earlier age, puberty, females, males, sexes

NEFA Cont. - B-Oxidation - Fatty acids transported into ___________ for __________ - Fatty acids are activated to ______ _____-_____ - The ____ carbon- ________ ____ is formed in each ______ of the ______

mitochondria, oxidation, 2, acetyl CoA, round, cycle

Metabolic Adaptations to Lactation - Dramatic increase in nutrient requirements during early lactation is met by: 1.) Rapid ___________ of __________ _______, especially ___, also some ________ and some _______ 2.) Slower _________ in _________ ______ _____ ______ in many animals

mobilization, endogenous reserves, fat, calcium, protein, increase, maximum voluntary feed intake

Polysaccharides Example: - Digested by _______, but not starch

more than three sugars, starch, cellulose, microbes

Leptin Cont. - Leptin acts on ______ ______ of the _____ to increase the ________ of _____ from the ________ --> Then GnRH increases release of ____ and ____ which act on the _______ - These Gonads release ____ _______ like _______ and _______ which then feed back to the ______

multiple neurons, brain, release, GnRH, hypothalamus, FSH, LH, gonads, sex steroids, estradiol, testosterone, brain

Synthesis of Very Long-Chain _____ ______ from ________ ____ ____ is _______ in most animals

n-3 PUFA, Linolenic Acid, n-3, limited

Dairy Cows - In dairy cows, there has traditionally been a _______ _________ between milk yield and reproduction

negative correlation

Adipose tissue: ________ ______ balance mobilizes _______, which is taken up by the _______. --> Breaks into ____, ____ and ______ in order to get _______ --> Liver takes up _________ amount of NEFA - Ketones are ___________

negative energy, NEFA, liver, TAG, CO2, Ketones, energy, proportional, exported

D-Lysine - _____ numbers, body cannot ________ to ___ form, cannot be ___________ - Slightly _______ - Absorbs something it _____ use and spends _______ to ____ rid of it

negative, convert, L, transamination, toxic, cannot, energy, get

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) - Helps keep _________ _______ - Has many ____ __________ - Abundant ___________ - _______ own _______ _____ --> This _________ is _______ from ____ _____ so we do not generate _____, we only make ____ to keep animal ______

newborns warm, fat droplets, mitochondria, oxidizes, fatty acids, oxidation, uncoupled, ATP synthesis, ATP, heat, warm

Proteins are ____________ compounds of _________ importance - All proteins contain _______ True Proteins - ______ ______ - Or ______ of ____ Non-Protein Nitrogen - __________ and ______ - Not ____ or _____ ________, cannot build _______ from it

nitrogenous, nutritional, nitrogen, amino acids, chains, AA, ammonia, urea, AA, true protein, structures

Gut Microbes can Influence Nutrient Absorption and Obesity - Mice raised in germ-free conditions have ___ _____ _________ - Colonization of gut with microbes from the lean mouse kept the recipient mouse ______ - Colonization of gut with microbes from the obese mouse causes _______ in the _____-_____ mice - If antibiotics are given and then colonized with lean-mouse microbes, the effect is _________

no gut microbes, lean, obesity, germ-free, reversible

Lipids - A diverse range of compounds that have ____-_______ ______ that make them relatively ________ in ________

non-polar groups, insoluble, water

Butyrate, beneficial for __________ too.

nonruminants

Fatty Acid Characterization 1.) _________ of _______, aka ______ ________ 2.) Number of ______ ________ 3.) __________ and _________ of those _____ --> Position relative to _______ ___ is ___________ important - ____ vs. ______ bonds are very __________

number, carbons, chain length, double bonds, location, orientation, bonds, methyl end, nutritionally, cis, trans, different

Carbohydrates Classified by the _______ of ______ in them.

number, sugars

Fertility in Sheep Takeaways - The level of ________ _______ determines the effect on _______ from ________ interference to ________ - Energy availability is most important for ________ but a lack of other ______ can also reduce ________ - Other example: _______ _____ limits the reproductive rate and thus _________ _____ in many _______ _______

nutrient inadequacy, fertility, minimal, sterility, cyclicity, nutrients, fertility, food supply, population size, wildlife species

Pregnancy requires coordinated _______ _______ and ________.

nutrient partitioning, delivery

Thrifty Phenotype - Low ______ while in utero causes ______ _____ and ______ _______ because body thinks limited ________ so it ______ them all

nutrition, obesity, insulin resistance, nutrients, stores

Leptin Mice Absence of leptin causes severe ______ and ________. - _____ mice lack biological ______ due to a mutation - Causes significantly increased _______ - These mice do not reach _____ ______ and they are ______ because the brain does not know it has significant _______ _______

obesity, sterility, ob/ob, leptin, appetite, sexual maturity, sterile, energy reserves

Feline Hepatic Lipidosis - Common in ______, _____ cats - Greater in _______ than _______ - Usually caused by prolonged _______, initiated by acute ________ Symptoms - Anorexia _____ - _________, _______ and therefore ______ ______/______ ________ - ______ ________

older, obese, females, males, anorexia, stress, >7d, depression, jaundice, weigh loss, muscle wasting, fatty liver

Monounsaturated: _______ _____ ( ______ )

oleic acid, C18:1

Generally forages are high __________ Corn are high in __________ Animal fat and palm are higher _______ and ______.

omega-3, omega-6, saturated, 18:1

Amino Acid Problems - AA Imbalance - Deficit of ____ or ________ ____ that can ______ ________ in _______ or _________ and can be ________ by _______ of ______ _______ of the ____

one, several AA, depression, growth, production, reversed, addition, small amounts, AA

Nutrition is key to both the ______ and _________ of __________. - Energy status determines ________ and _______ - Body size determines _____ at ________

onset, continuation, reproduction, cyclicity, fertility, age, puberty

AA are __________ _____ (Except ______) - 2 Optical Isomers --> ___ = ______-_________ --> ___ = _______-__________

optically active, glycine, L, levo-rotational, D, dextro-rotational

Maternal _____ OR ______ nutrition can affect _____ _________ in _____ and therefore ____ _______ in ________.

over, under, DNA methylation, utero, gene expression, offspring

Enterotoxemia from Rapid Fermentation - Called the "_________ _______" - Excess ______ supplemented to lambs to meet growing _______ ______ - Consumption of too much allows for rapid __________ and ____________ of ________ _______ ________ - These bacteria produce ______ which can be lethal - Can be treated with _______ and prevented through _________

overeating disease, starch, energy demand, fermentation, proliferation, clostridium perfringes bacteria, toxins, antibiotics, vaccination

We want to prevent extremes of both fat synthesis and mobilization: - Avoid ________ to prevent excessive _____ ________ in early pregnancy. - Feed _____ ______ in the _____ ______ to prevent ________ ______ and _____ _______.

overfeeding, fat deposition, extra nutrients, last trimester, excessive mobilization, fatty liver

Where is Maintenance Requirement coming from? - Energy needed to maintain individual organs can be measured using _______ ______ and ______ production, same principle as _________ _________. - ________-_______ ________, measuring _____ _____, _____ and _____ in an _______ going to an ______ and the ______ returning from the _______

oxygen uptake, CO2, indirect calorimetry, arterial-venous difference, blood flow, oxygen, CO2, artery, organ, vein, organ

Fatty Acid Composition Highlights - Palm oil is high in _______ ( _____ ) - Flax oil is high in __________ - Corn and soybean are high in ________ - Canola is a better balance with higher ________ and _______, with lower _______

palmitic, C16:0, omega-3, omega-6, omega-9, omega-3, omega-6

What increases absorptive surface area of the rumen wall?

papillae

Body Protein is rather constant as a ______ of the _____ on a _____ _______ basis.

percent, body, fat free

Sit-and-Wait Snakes have an interesting Adaptation, They have very long _______ between meals --> Pythons - Meals separated by ______, up to ___ - Extraordinarily ______ meals, ____ of BW not unusual, reports of up to _____ of BW - Meals digested and assimilated over _____ ( __ - ____ )

periods, months, 18, large, 50%, 160%, days, 5-14

Where is EPA not found?

plant sources

Differences in nutrient sources for ________ and ________ determine the level of _____ _______ needed to start reproduction.

pregnancy, lactation, body reserves

Metabolic Diseases - Can be ________ or ___________

primary, secondary

Why do we risk gastrointestinal disease by feeding more fermentable feeds? - Modern livestock bred for high _______ and ________, meaning they have high ______ ______ - Less fermentable diets = _________ ______ and _________ - Diets are a balancing act: --> We want ______ _______ of _____ ______ feeds that can animal can ______

production, performance, energy demands, limited growth, production, maximum amount, high energy, handle

Starch - Starch produces more ________ than other _____ --> Greater ____ ______ - High Starch Foods like: --> ______ ______ --> ______ --> ______ --> ____

propionate, VFAs, milk yield, corn grain, wheat, barley, oats

Ruminants rely on gluconeogenesis from _________ for __________ of _______ _______ --> There is an ________ _____ to build ______ from __________

propionate, maintenance, blood glucose, energetic cost, glucose, propionate

Eicosanoids Examples: - _______________ - _______________ - ________________

prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes

What is the most expensive ingredient (feeds)?

protein

Relation between _________ _______ and ____________ is tested with ______ ______ model.

protein intake, performance, broken stick

HDL, high in _____ and ________. --> Low in ___________

protein, cholesterol, triglyceride

Sperm Quality - Also affected by deficits in ______, ________, ________ or _______ causing lowered sperm quality - Ultimately it is hard to make a male animal completely infertile due to ________

protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, nutrition

Developmental Changes in Skeletal Muscle - Fast ______ synthesis as a _____, faster when __-__ days old, slows down around ___ days of age and during _______ - Highest protein synthesis is in ______ _____

protein, fetus, 2-7, 35, weaning, early life

Leptin: key to both ______ ______ and continuing _________. - Is a ______ produces by _________ that increases with _________ ____ ______ --> Functions to: --> _______ _______ and ________ ______ ______

puberty onset, cyclicity, hormone, adipocytes, increasing fat reserves, decrease appetite, increase metabolic rate

Sit-and-Wait Snakes - Need to ______ _______ ______ before a meal can be _______ and the _______ _______ - Metabolic Rate: cost of rebuilding gut after feeding amounts to _____ of the ______ ______ from the ___________ meal but is less than __________ it every ____

rebuild digestive processes, digested, nutrients absorbed, 32%, energy payoff, ingested, maintaining, day

rbST

recombinant bovine somatotropin

Bile Salts Cont. - Bile salts are _________, ( ____%) through the ______ ____ - The other ____% are excreted in the feces

recycled, 95, portal vein, 5,

How could we decrease plasma cholesterol?

reduce bile reabsorption so more is excreted and must be made into bile salts

Consequences of Inadequate Dietary AA Supply - Low Dietary protein - _________ _____ rate, increased ____, low _____ or ____ __________, poor _____ ________

reduced growth, fat, milk, egg production, feed efficiency

Consequences of Inadequate Dietary AA Supply - Severe Protein Deficiency - _________ _____ rate, ________ loss, _____ ____ and other standard _________ signs

reduced growth, weight, scruffy hair, deficiency

rbST Environmental Impact - 1 Million cows each producing 10 more lbs of milk daily _________ environmental impact of the milk by ____ annually - Basically eradicated by __________ and ________ which gave it a bad ____________

reduces, 9%, marketing, labelling, perception

Deamination - __________ of the ______ ______ from the ____-________ of an ___ - Occurs when we don't need the amino acid, have _____ ______, break it down for ______ - The ______ ______ enters the ______ ______ - ________ ________ is __________

removal, amino group, C-skeleton, AA, too much, energy, amino group, urea cycle, carbon skeleton, metabolize

Feline Hepatic Lipidosis (What do we do?) - __________ energy ______ by _____ ______ - And ______ reducing ________ of obese cats - Minimizing _______

restore, intake, tube feeding, slowly, weight, stress

Pregnancy and lactation fall under what aspect of net energy?

retained energy

Rapid Fermentation: ______ _______ - Highly __________ diet = rapid ________ and _________ of ______ - Causes decrease in _______ ___ - Increases ____ _____ due to __________ which drives ___ ________ - Production of bacterial ________ and _________ - Disruption of gut _________, absorption of _______, ________ ______ and _________ - A high _____ and _____ causes a low _____ ____ known as ________ --> Can also lead to _____ problems, _______ abscesses and poor ______

rumen acidosis, fermentable, fermentation, production, VFAs, rumen pH, lactic acid, bacteria, pH lower, toxins, histamine, epithelium, bacteria, bacterial toxins, histamine, VFA, lactate, blood pH, acidosis, hoof, liver, health

VFA Metabolism - VFAs are metabolized differently by the ______ ___ before being _________ into the _______

rumen wall, transported, blood

VFAs are absorbed across the ______ wall via _____ __________.

rumen, passive diffusion

cis = _____ side trans = _______ side

same, opposite

Capital Breeders - Rely on _______ in ______ ______ - Rely on ____ _____ for a large portion of ______ required for pregnancy and lactation - Example ______ and _____ which do not consume any food during ________

savings, adipose tissues, body stores, nutrients, whales, seals, lactation

Gonadal Steroids ( _____ ________ ) Impact ______ _______ _____ - Steroid hormones include _______ and _________ from the ________ or _________ from the ______ - Secretion is increased at ________ - Regulated by _____ and ___ from the ________ ______

sex hormones, basal metabolic rate, progesterone, estrogen, ovary, testosterone, testes, puberty, FSH, LH, anterior pituitary

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's) Are _____ _____ ___ derived from _______ _______ in the rumen or hindgut

short chain FA, microbial fermentation

Glucocorticoids built for _____ term stressed, but not built for _____ term stressors which can cause chronic issues.

short, long

Catecholamines Regulate ______ term _______ --> Including __________ and ___________ --> AKA __________ and ____________ - Secreted from the _______ ________

short, stress, epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, adrenal medulla

Eicosanoids are _________ _________ made from __________ _____ ( _________ )or _____ ( ________)

signaling molecules, arachidonic acid, omega-6, EPA, omega-3

The heat production per metabolic body size is pretty __________ between animals.

similar

Saponification and Iodine numbers are _______ methods to ___________ an ___. --> A full fatty acid profile is _____ but ________.

simple, characterize, oil, great, expensive

Signs of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency - _____ _______, _______ _______, ______ and ___________ ___________

skin lesions, reproductive failure, edema, subcutaneous hemorrhage

Biological Value - Will have a higher _______ if higher value _______ compared to low, takes more _______ to get same ________ - Biological value is not ______, but ______ with the ________ ______ of _______ _______ and __________ and ________ states

slope, protein, protein, growth, fixed, varies, varying needs, different species, physiological, nutritional

Who would you expect to have a larger heat production per pound?

small animals

Horses - Multiple mechanisms for digesting starch, can be broken up in the _____ ________, but also in the _______

small intestine, colon

Digestion and absorption of lipids occurs in the _____ ______. Must break down to ______ ____ and __________ and then _______ into ______ _______.

small intestine, free FA, monoglycerides, emulsify, small droplets

Dietary Proteins must be digested to ______ ______ and ____ before they can be ________.

small peptides, AA, absorbed

History of the Idea of: First Limiting Nutrients for Growth - Sprengel, 1842: - Von Liebeg, 1862: - Mitchell and Block, 1946:

soil nutrients can limit plant growth, law of minimum + cannot get a response to a nutrient if other is limiting, order of limitations + created barrel with staves

Milk Composition Differs by _________ - _______ and ________ utilize their own _______ tissue to provide ____ - Most of milk is ____ and ______, high amounts of _______ ______ as well

species, porpoise, whales, adipose, energy, fat, protein, total solids

Saturated: _______ ______ ( ____ )

stearic acid, C18:0

What are some non-glycerol based lipids?

steroids and eicosanoids

Protein Digestion Protein --> enters ________ - Encounters ______ from the ________ - Encounters _______ and __________ from the _______ --> Ultimately broken into _________ - Can become _____ _______ - OR encounters ______ from the _______ and ______ ______ to break into _______ _______

stomach, pepsin, stomach, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreas, peptides, smaller peptides, peptidase, pancreas, small intestine, amino aicds

Triglycerides - Used to _____ ______ in _____ and ______ - Has a _______ backbone and ___ _____ _____ attached - Major lipid class in _________ feeds - Major lipid ______ in animal _______ - Diverse because it contains different ______ _______ - The energy dense part is the?

store energy, plants, animals, glycerol, 3 fatty acids, concentrate, store, tissues, fatty acid, fatty acid

Glucocorticoids (Are ______ hormones) - Most common is ________ --> Secreted from the ______ ______ --> Secretion stimulated during ______ --> Has ___________ term effects ranging from ____ to ____ - Actions: Makes _______ available

stress, cortisol, adrenal cortex, stress, intermediate, hours, days, nutrients

Catecholamines - Secretion induced by many forms of ______ --> e.g. _____, _____, _____ or ________ - Are _____ term ______, _________

stress, fight, flight, cold, trauma, short, effect, minutes

Lipid Function in Cell - __________ - _________ - _________

structure, signaling, storage

Disaccharides Example:

sucrose and lactose

Some species have evolved to have ________ relationships with microbes to provide significant and beneficial ________ to their host. --> Ruminants utilize ______ ________ --> Hindgut fermentors utilize ______ and ______ ________

symbiotic, nutrition, rumen microbes, cecum, colon microbes

Changes in deposition can be achieved by different combinations of changes in ___________ and _________.

synthesis, degradation

Liver also ___________ many _______ including _______ _________.

synthesizes, proteins, serum, albumin

Methylation: _____ put on ____ which affects _____ _______. - Some tagging dependent on _______

tags, DNA, gene expression, utero

NEFA Cont. Most Tissues can ______ ___ and _______ _______ for energy. --> Exceptions include: ______, ______ _____ ______ and the ________ --> Uptake ________ as the _______ ______ ________ --> Complete __________ of ______-______ ______ _______ to ___ and ____ occurs in _________ by a two stage process called ___-__________

take up, oxidize NEFA, brain, red blood cells, testes, increases, plasma conc. increases, oxidation, long-chain fatty acids, CO2, H2O, mitochondria, B-oxidation

Ketone Measurement - Can measure quickly with _____ _______

test strips

A well developed papillae is like a piece of _____ ________, greater ability to _____ and ______ _____ while an underdeveloped rumen has a _______, _____ surface

thick carpeting, absorb, retain nutrients, smooth, flat

Trisaccharides Example: - Digested by ________

three simple sugars, microbes

What are micelles (fats)?

tiny droplets of mixed lipids and bile salts

Different Lipoproteins come from different __________ and have a different __________ because of what they are ______.

tissues, composition, doing

Rates of protein synthesis vary in different _________ - Is high in the ______ because of the number of _______ made and ____ because of rapid ____ ______

tissues, liver, enzymes, gut, cell turnover

Optimal Rates of Tissue Protein Synthesis - Adequate _____ _______ of _____ _____ - Need _______ of ________ _____ _____ that matches the ___________ of the _______ being _________ - The Dietary Protein Requirement is really an "_______ ______ _______ for _______"

total quantity, amino acids, mixture, essential amino acids, proteins, synthesized, amino acid requirement, tissues

Ruminant meat and milk have ____ bonds. --> Since _______ switched

trans, microbes

Transamination - Is the _______ of the ______ _____ of one ___ to the ___-_______ of a ______-_____

transfer, amino group, AA, C-skeleton, keto-acid

Lipoproteins - Required for the _______ of _____ _____ in the _______ - Lipoproteins: hydrophobic core, coated with _________ and ______ which are _______

transport, fatty acids, blood, phospholipids, proteins, hydrophilic

Intestinal Absorption of Peptides and Amino acids occurs through __________.

transporters

Lipoprotein Types Cont. - _____________, _________ and ______ ______ in peripheral tissues might be made into ______ and sent back to the ______

triacyglycerols, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, HDLs, liver

What is a simple glycerol based lipid?

triglyceride

Oil Spoilage (Part 1) Hydrolytic Rancidity - __________ are ________ down to _____ ______ ______ - May lead to _______ - The ____________ value is ______

triglycerides, broken, free fatty acids, odors, nutritional, fine

Cells do not take ____________ - _________ _____ breaks down _________ to ______ ____ _____

triglycerides, lipoprotein lipase, triglycerides, free fatty acids

Free FA and Monoglycerides are absorbed and reformed into _________ that are then _________ into __________ that then enter the ________.

triglycerides, packaged, chylomicrons, blood

Protein Breakdown - Is a ____ stage process, beginning in the _______ and then completed in the ______ ______

two, stomach, small intestine

Brown Adipose Cont. - In brown adipose tissue, ________ _______ __ allows ___ to ______ back into _______ without _________ _____ - Usually found in newborns by _______ and _______ - Recently found in _____ ______ in adults

uncoupling protein 1, H, flow, matrix, making ATP, kidneys, neck, deep muscle

Iodine Number - A measure of __________ of ____ - More unsaturated bonds = _______ ______ _______

unsaturation, fat, higher iodine number

Birds and Reptiles (Egg Layers) Have no _______ ______

urea cycle

Birds and Reptiles - They convert N to ____ ____ which is a _____ _____ structure - Uric acid is fairly _______ and ____-_____, desirable for the ______ while in the ____ --> Developing chick, issues because it cannot ______ ____ or have the chance to ___

uric acid, purine ring, insoluble, non-toxic, embryo, egg, make pee, pee

Undernutrition in _____ has _______ _______ on offspring. - Causes: --> _________ in ________ --> Increases _____ at the first __________ --> Increasing _______ and ________ ________ --> Explained by:

utero, lasting impact, decreases birthweight, age, conception, obesity, insulin resistance, epigenetics

Pregnancy - Nutrient Partitioning 1.) Nutrients are required by the _______, _______ and _____. 2.) Then _______ ______ which amount can differ depending on ________. --> The _______ and _______ volumes increase almost _____ to help ______ _______ and ______ as well as _________ ______ ____ from the ______ ______ and _______

uterus, placenta, fetus, mammary development, species, plasma, blood, 50%, deliver nutrients, oxygen, remove metabolic waste, growing fetus, placenta

CHO and Fat Metabolism: Ruminant vs. Non-Ruminant - Cellular Demand for Glucose --> NR: --> R:

very high, high

When might we run ow on OAA?

when running gluconeogenesis