ANT 100 Final Exam (Lacquement)
Which primates are brachiates?
gibbon, spider monkeys
the earth has experienced several ices or major advanced of continental ice sheets. These periods are referred to as
glacials
The increasing interdependence of nations in our world system linked economically through the ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world is referred to as:
globalization
Today, people in American culture, have access to foods, ideas, and trade from all over the world, causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent, this process is know as ________________
globalization
____________ refers to the theory that populations of birds and mammals living in warm, humid climates have more melanin than populations of the same species living in cooler, drier areas.
gloger's rule
The skeleton known as "Cheddar Man" indicates:
good preservation of the DNA in caves
The world's earliest evidence of monumental architecture is found at in southeastern Turkey at a ceremonial site consisting of massive megaliths, some of which were decorated. The tallest upright pillars were 18 feet high and weighed 16 tons. What is the name of this ritual center?
göbekli tepe
In ancient Egypt, the earliest writing is known as __________.
hieroglyphics
__________ focuses on how languages change over time
historical linguistics
Which of the following terms refers to humans and their immediate ancestors?
hominin
___________________ were the first hominin species to cooperatively hunt large animals, control fire, and colonize a range of climates outside of asia
homo erectus
______________________ is the name of a species of tiny humans that inhabited the isolated an Indonesian island from 700,000 and 500,000 B.P. and is distinguished by their unusually small stature and skull size, similar in nature to chimpanzees
homo floresiensis
The first hominin species to be found in association with stone tools is___________.
homo habilis
Shifting cultivation, or moving from one growing field to another after the ground becomes fallow, is another name for what type of subsistence strategy?
horticulture
The Yanomamö of the Amazon use simple tools like hoes and digging sticks and rely on slash-and-burn techniques to plant cassavas. What form of subsistence do they practice?
horticulture
former president barack obama has a father from kenya and a mother from nebraska. However, he is typically described as the first black president, not someone of two different ancestral populations. People of mixed unions are typically assigned to the same group as their minority parent, a process called
hypodescent
Which of the following is a biological marker of race?
race cannot be biologically defined
a society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification
ranked
Learning how to be human and exist in a the cultural world from friends, parents, and teachers is referred to as:
socialization
The study of the language variation based on social position and situation by observing real-world situations is known as:
sociolinguistics
A(n) __________ is an astronomical event that occurs twice each year when the Sun reaches its northernmost or southernmost extremes.
solstice
To put it in its simplest terms, phonology is the study of __________, whereas morphology is the study of ___________
sounds, meanings
Llamas, guinea pigs, potatoes, and manioc were all domesticated in which area?
south america
A form of social and political organization that has a formal, central government and a division of society into social classes
state
the presence of social divisions with unequal wealth and power
stratification
In Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, the __________site is a set of 3 large stone stabs that allow light to be projected onto spiral petroglyphs during specific times of the year, marking both solstices and equinoxes.
sun dagger
In anthropological kinship diagramming, what symbol is used to represent a male?
triangle
Anthropologists agree that religion exists in all human societies.
true
Evolutionarily speaking all humans are of African Ancestry
true
In a non-disease related catastrophic event, it is not important to allocate labor and resources for the sanitation and disposal/interment of the dead. In other words, leaving the dead unburied will not adversely affect the survivors.
true
Language includes speech, writing, symbols, and gestures.
true
Modern humans exhibit the same fight/flight responses as our Paleolithic ancestors
true
The Pentadactyl limb, the 'ancestral' terrestrial vertebrates limb plan, subsequently adapted by modification for different uses/habitats is an example of a vestigial structure.
true
The fact that the average human height has increased more than 4 inches in the last 150 years is an example of microevolution.
true
The mode of production is a specific set of social relations that organizes labor
true
racial classification in Brazil is far more fluid than in the U.S. or japan, there is over 500 reported________
true
Most Upper Paleolithic cave art sites were found in southwestern France and adjacent northeastern Spain.
true?
The Pope (Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church) recently held a press conference to deny the facts of evolution and encourage people to believe in the literal interpretation of the Genesis (first book of the Old Testament).
true?
We know now that Middle Eastern food production did being in marginal areas, sch as the piedmont steppe, rather than in the optimal zone like the hilly flanks.
true?
grey slender lorises are
prosimians
lesser mouse lemurs are
prosimians
ring-tailed lemurs are
prosimians
spectral tarsiers are
prosimians
Anthropologists can investigate social change, adaptation, and health by:
Anthropologists can investigate social change, adaptation, and health by:
In June of 2017, scientists announced the discovery and surprisingly early dating (around _______________ ) of several Anatomically modern human skulls, tools, and evidence for cooking, at the desert site of Jebel Irhoud in Morocco. These fossils are now the earliest known members of the human species
300,000 bp
How old is the Earth?
4.5-4.6 billion years old
Study of human behavior through material remains
Archaeology
Study of human biological variation through time and as it exists today
Biological anthropology
What are the four subfields of anthropology?
Biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event, an event which is believed to have killed off the dinosaurs and "paved the way" for mammals, marks the beginning of which geological era?
Cretaceous Period
Carolus Linnaeus is best known for:
Father of Taxonomy. system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms
south african australopiths break down into 2 groups ________________ and ____________ robust. One group has slightly less rugged features than the other including smaller teeth and face
Gracile, robust
in what areas do we find the earliest evidence of hominin evolution, including origin of bipedalism and the earliest stone tools?
Homo Habilis
Which is an example of microevolution?
Pesticide resistance, herbicide resistance, and antibiotic resistance
what was the name of the tool technology of homo erectus that consisted of symmetrical bifacial tools, mostly commonly a tear-drop shape hand axe?
acheulean
Based on the photograph, what type of subsistence is being practiced? Note that the steep hillside has been transformed to create a stair-step like area that is more productive and less likely to wash away by rain and melting snow.
agriculture
The authors of "Evidence for Mummification in Bronze Age Britain," use what criteria to suggest the presence of mummified bodies?
all of the above
_________ refers to the rule that states populations of birds and mammals living in warm, humid climate tend to have longer body protruding ( ears, tails, fingers, bills, limbs) while populations in colder
allens
Which of the following is NOT one of the four great early river valley states of the Old World?
amazon (inca)
The earliest form of religion was the belief in spiritual beings such as deities, ghosts, souls, or impersonal powers.
animism
__________ are an order of mammals, the members of which possess unique traits such as grasping hands, forward-facing eyes, opposable thumbs and rotating forearms, a reduced sense of smell, and relatively large brains.
anthropoids, hominoids, prosimians, hominins
_____________ is the study of modern human culture, which attempts to describe, analyze, interpret, and explain similarities and differences in human behavior.
anthropology
_________________ is the study of human species and their immediate ancestors focusing on the similarities and differences, both biological and cultural in human populations
anthropology
bonobo chimpanzees are
ape
gorillas, the largest living primate, they are terrestrial like other primate they are diurnal and eat foliage and fruit. This species is a _____
ape
black gibbons are
apes
chimpanzees are
apes
orangutans are
apes
the use of anthropology to solve contemporary problems
applied anthropology
__________ consists of traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of a group of people
culture
__________ is the study of the human past focusing on the recovery of material remains, observing changes in those remains, and providing possible explanations for those changes.
archaeology
A portable object made, used, or modified by human activity
artifact
The ancestors of Native Americans came to North America as migrants from _______________
asia
the laetoli footprints, discovered by the leakeys in tanzania are believed to have been created by which hominin?
australopithecus afarensis
_______________________ is a set of learned behaviors and ideas including beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or other social group.
culture
A ritual exchange in the Trobriand Islands of the South Pacific involves creating large boats and traveling to other islands in order to give necklaces and armbands to people. These items have no specific value, but they increase the prestige of the owner and they establish a connect between trade partners that might have different resources or food availability in the future. The basic idea is that giving someone an armband or necklace will ensure that person will trade with the giver and the expect the recipient will offer good deal on future trades. What type of reciprocity is begin practiced?
balanced
A _______________ is a social unit among foragers, with fewer than 100 people that may split seasonally
band
The branch of anthropology that is concerned with discovering what makes human beings different from other living organisms and what human beings share with other members of the animal kingdom is called:
biological anthropology
A central located foremen magnum, a dish-shaped pelvis, a lumbar curve in the spine, straight lower limbs, and non-prehensile feet are human traits related to ____________.
bipedalism
What was the crucial and defining change in early hominin evolution that occurred before any other of these changes?
bipedalism
what was the first crucial change in early hominin evolution the key feature that differentiated early hominins from apes?
bipedalism
The Upper Paleolithic traditions of toolmaking all emphasized tools for
blade tools? or bone? making other tools?
Measuring ____________ allows anthropologists to assess the impact of adaptation on health status, because it is associated with most of the major modern diseases.
blood pressure
Mound 72, at __________ in southern Illinois is a Native American burial mound that contains numerous burials, including sacrificial victims and elites with highly prestigious grave goods.
cahokia
If you were to live among another culture, you may at first feel alienated and confused. You may experience an aversion to of smells, insects, food, and climate. The rules of the culture would be confusing and odd. However, over time, you would slowly feel more comfortable and understand the motivation of values and behaviors. What is this initial feeling called?
cultural shock
The process of defining ____________ usually involves a group of people emphasizing common origins and language, shared history, and selected aspects of cultural differences such as a difference in religion.
culture
a ranked society with two or three settlement hierarchy
chiefdom
Which of the following abilities is NOT considered an advantage of bipedalism over quadrupedalism?
climbing trees
One of the first widespread tool traditions in North America consisted of large fluted projectile points attached to spears known as ________________
clovis
_____________________ are children of siblings of the opposite sex, such as a father's sister's children or a mother's brother's children
cross cousins
Study of human society and culture
cultural anthropology
Early Mesopotamian writing or __________ was formed by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus against a damp clay tablet.
cuneiform
When anthropologists try to understand the whole of a particular culture (or, realistically, as much as they can, given limitations of time and perception) by living and engaging in that culture, it is referred to as: _______________
ethnography
After studying plants, fossil animals, and varieties of domestic and wild species on his voyage around the world, ____________________ rejected the notion that each species was created at one time in a fixed form and instead claimed that similar living species must share a common ancestor or origin.
darwin
_______________, or tree-ring dating, is a method of absolute dating based on the study and comparison of pattern of tree-ring growth
dendrochronology
A gap in the dentition of the upper jaw between the canines and premolars which enables mammals with large canines to completely close their mouth is known as?
diastema
Marriage is:
difficult to define conveys various rights and obligations establishes legal parentage gives each spouse rights to the sexuality, labor and property of the other spouse
What region has yielded the earliest hominin fossils?
east asia
a natural item that is a by-product of human activity
ecofact
Which of the following terms refers to a system of resource production, distribution, and consumption in a community?
economy
a mature state that is large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive
empire
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations is called _________________
enculturation
If a cultural group has a preference for selecting marriage partners from within their own group (village, lineage, caste), what rule are the practicing?
endogramy
another basis for group identity is _____________ which usually involves a group of people emphasizing affiliation on common origins and language, shared history, and selected aspects of cultural differences in religion or political association
ethnicity
The systematic uncovering of archaeological layers of deposits and the recovery of material remains from those deposits is called __________
excavation
Certain congenital diseases, like sickle cell, only affect one racial group
false
Culture anthropologists do not follow any procedures before studying another culture or follow any particular guidelines while in the field.
false
Old World Monkeys are the only primates to have a prehensile tail.
false
Skin color is a good characteristic to use to divide people into races.
false
The existence of our earliest hominin ancestors briefly overlapped the age of the dinosaurs.
false
The term potluck refers to a competitive feast that occurs on the North Pacific Coast of North America, where the sponsoring community gives away food and wealth items (blankets, copper plates) to visitors from other villages in order to increase the prestige of the village hosting.
false
The calendar system used by the major of Christian world today is called the Julian calendar.
fasle
a non-portable human-made object
feature
__________describes a body placed in the ground in the fetal position - resting on one side with the legs bent towards the chest
flexed
What economy was humans only way of making a living for 99% of our existence until about 12,000 years ago? It consisted of a highly mobile lifestyle and relying on nature to get food
foraging
The term brachiation refers to which of the following abilities?
form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms
remains or impressions of ancient life forms
fossil
natural selection may favor production of the enzyme _________________, a genetic way of making milk digestible in populations far the equator
lactase
Study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society
linguistic anthropology
The use of supernatural techniques such as offerings, sells, formulas, incantations to accomplish specific ends is know as:
magic
A biological abnormality of the red blood cells, referred to as sickle-cell anemia, is also an adaptive response to what disease found primarily in Central and West Africa?
malaria
population of humans that live closer to the equator typically have darker skin to protect against UV radiation because of
melanin
what was the name of the tool technology of Neanderthals that consisted of a variety of tools designed for specific tasks like hunting, skinning, and sawing, and gouging?
mousterian
____________ is the process which increases the frequency or number of genetic adaptive traits through time and operates on the principles of variation, heritability, and differential reproductive success.
natural selection
A residency practice in which a newly married couple establishes new residence, as opposed to moving in with the family of the bride or groom, is known as:
neolocal
What period time is characterized by the presence of domesticated plants and animals as well as the widespread use of pottery and ground stone tools?
neothlithic
red faced bald Uakaris are
new world monkey
emperor tamarins are
new world monkeys
golden lion tamarins are
new world monkeys
rio tapajo sakis are
new world monkeys
white-headed capuchins are
new world monkeys
The descent group is a basic kin organization typically found among _______________. Unlike families, they last for generations and members share and manage a common estate
nonindustrial farmers and herders
Where are the Nacirema located?
north america
According to the article "Evidence for Mummification in Bronze Age Britain", two civilizations that mummified their dead during the Bronze Age (2200-700 BC) were the Egyptians and the people of _______________
northern Europe?
The ________ family is one kind of kin group that is widespread, although not universal, in current human societies. It consists of spouses (or domestic partners) and their children and generally does not include more than 2 generations, siblings of the spouses (aunts and uncles), or cousins
nuclear
Japanese macaques are
old world monkeys
doc langurs are
old world monkeys
golden faced snub monkeys are
old world monkeys
hamadryas baboons are
old world monkeys
mandrills are
old world monkeys
the earliest stone tools, created from both flakes and cores, and by homo habilis are referred to as ____________
oldowan
After migrating out of Africa, Homo sapiens began to live in a number of different geographic regions. What region did humans colonize most recently? In other words, which is the last place humans inhabit?
pacific islands?
Which is a research technique that is used by anthropologists when observing a culture?
participant observation, conversation and interviewing, tracing genealogies, collecting life histories
The BaThonga of Mozambique of southern Africa, practice lobola or bride price - a gift of goods or money from the groom and his kin to the bride's kin to compensate for her loss of companionship and labor, while making the children born to the bride full members of the groom's descent group. Among the BoThonga, the groom's family slaughters a cow, for the Inuit the cost is one seal. Which descent group type is bride price or lobola the most common?
partilineal
Children born in high altitude environments will develop larger than expected lung capacity in their formative years to compensate for the lack of oxygen. This process is irreversible but not hereditary. What type of adaptation is described above?
phenotypic adaptation ??
The marriage of one woman to more than one man at a time is known as __________
polyandry
__________ refers to a religion in which more than one high god is recognized.
polytheism
The study of a society's material culture prior to the advent of writing is known as:
prehistory
racism can be defined as
prejudice against a person based on the belief that one's own race is superior
Which of the following is an example of a cultural adaptation?
process of an organism adjusting to the condition of where they live
As the practice is found throughout history, archaeologists believe that to bury someone face down or in the _______________ position is a nearly-universal cultural insult.
prone
aye-ayes are
prosimians
One example of _______________ comes from the Cherokee, Native Americans in the Tennessee Valley. The Cherokee were productive farmers of maize, beans, and squash. Custom dictated that each family farm set aside a portion of its annual harvest to give to the chief, who would then use it to feed the needy, travelers, organize labor for community projects and hold feasts.
redistribution
_________ is used to determine the age of a specimen or deposit compared to another specimen or deposit. _______ is used to measure how old a specimen or deposit is in years.
relative dating, absolute dating
Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and rituals pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power rests in forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons is the anthropological definition of what?
religion
A deficiency of Vitamin D in children can cause what disease?
rickets
UV radiation stimulates vitamin D. Having dark skin while living in low UV areas or light skin living in high UV areas, can interfere with the manufacture of vitamin D and diminish the absorption of calcium, may lead to ______________ a nutritional disease which softens and deforms the bones and can affect childbirth
rickets
Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life, like graduation ceremonies, quinceaneras, and bar/bat mitzvah are called:
rites of passage
Unlike ancient Egyptian writing, which developed as a form of political propaganda, anceint Chinese writing initially developed for use in __________
ritual and divination
One approach to language is the idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought, known as the __________. An example would be that the English language uses past, present, and future tenses, while Hopi speakers do not use tense, and might therefore think about time and reality differently than English speakers.
sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Our earliest hominin ancestors acquired their food through?
scavenging
The boc mo is an example of a(n) __________ burial - a body interred in the ground then later removed and relocated to another location or cremated.
secondary
A __________ is a religious intermediary, usually part-time, whose primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, trance, and other means, and is sometimes referred to as a witch doctor by Western cultures.
shaman
a concentration of material culture
site
Religion establishes and maintains _______________ through a series of moral and ethical beliefs, and real and imagined rewards and punishments, internalized in individuals and can mobilize it members for collective action.
social control
Cultural relativism is:
the argument that one culture should not be judged by the standards of another
Matrilineal descent (tracing relatedness through the mother's side) and patrilineal descent (tracing relatedness through the father's side) are types of:
unilineal descent
The belief during the 19th century in anthropology that cultures develop in a uniform and unilinear, progressive manner, passing through the same series of stages and ultimately arrive at a common end is called __________
unilinear evolutionism
An aspect of culture, like marriage, religion, and language are _________ even though there is a lot of variation in these aspects, they exist in every culture
universal
Fired clay and ivory statues of anatomically correct women with large breasts and stomachs but no facial characteristics, have been found in France and Germany dating to the Upper Paleolithic between 30,000 - 22,000 years ago. What are they called?
venus figurines
Values represent_____; norms represent______
what is good and just, convictions that people hold to be true??
Why is sickle cell anemia more common in certain regions of the world?
where malaria is prevalent
_________ is usually impossible to prove because no physical objects are used in its practice.
witchcraft
