ANT 2410 Chapter 7

Which of the following are characteristic of bargaining?

Buyers and sellers do not need to meet personally. Negotiation between buyer and seller must remain open for a short time. Buyer and seller attempt to obtain the largest possible gain.

Irrigation is used in agriculture because

It makes it possible to cultivate a plot of land for many successive years. it establishes a unique ecosystem that enriches the soil. it increases the fertility of the soil and therefore the value of the land.

Which of the following are common divisions of labor in nonindustrial societies?

Men handle large animals, but in some cultures women do the milking. Women often play a major role in front production. For large jobs, some societies assemble teams, while others use small groups or individuals over a longer time period.

Which of the following are true of the world's foraging societies?

Some hunt and gather various animals and plants. Some hunt mostly big-game animals.

Why were critics displeased with the legal verdict that allowed the Basarwa of southern Africa to return to their ancestral lands?

The Basarwa were required to obtain permits for hunting. The Basarwa would be allowed to use only enough water for subsistence needs. Of the 2,000 Basarwa who wanted to return, only 189 were allowed to do so.

What event do critics claim turned the previously free Basarwa San Bushmen of Botswana in Africa into communities dependent on food aid and government handouts?

The government of Botswana forced them to leave their ancestral territory because it was being converted into a wildlife reserve.

How are today's foraging societies different from those of the past?

They are influenced to a greater degree by regional forces such as war and international policies. They all depend to some extent on government assistance. They maintain contact with neighbors who produce food.

In the capitalist mode of production, which of the following are true?

Workers are paid money for their labor. There is a social gap between the workers and the people who own and manage the enterprise.

Unrelated societies are most apt to resemble each other when they have similar

adaptive strategies.

A society's main system of economic production and its means of making a living is known as

adaptive strategy.

Cultivation that requires somewhat intensive labor and land and uses the land continuously is called

agriculture.

Redistribution involves goods or services

being moved from local people to a central collection point. being used by officials at the distribution center. finally being sent back out to the local people according to the dictates of the officials.

Terracing is a labor-intensive form of agriculture because

canals must be dug to divert spring water throughout the terraces. the retaining walls must be maintained each year. building the terraces requires great effort.

A woman spends money to pay for expenses associated with a ritual honoring her ancestors. This is an example of what kind of fund?

ceremonial

The pastoral economy of the Navajo in what is now the southwestern United States

did not exist before Europeans introduced domesticated sheep.

What type of society of people who "live off the land" by gathering resources from nature instead of cultivating crops or raising domestic animals?

foraging

In most foraging societies there were only minor differences in prestige, based on

gender. age.

A father who buys clothing for a daughter is engaging in

generalized reciprocity.

In slash-and-burn horticulture

grass and debris are burned in place. crops are cultivated in a plot of ground until the soil is exhausted or choked with weeds. trees and bushes are cut down to clear a plot of land.

In industrial economies, the term alienation is used to describe a situation in which a worker has produced something but

has no strong feelings about it because it does not belong to the person who made it.

Foragers are also known as

hunter-gatherers.

Most of the foraging societies in the world today are in locations such as

islands. deserts. very cold regions.

In a forager society a person might belong to multiple bands based on

kinship. age.

In agricultural societies

larger, more permanent, dense communities increase contact among the residents. permanent fields keep people tied to the land instead of being nomadic. governments are installed to keep order and to coordinate the use of resources.

Among Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest, the potlatch served the purpose of

linking villages together in a regional economic exchange system. gaining prestige. sharing surplus wealth with more needy people.

Horticulture is cultivation that does not make intensive use of

machinery. labor. land.

Bands in forager societies were exogamous, which meant people

married outside their own band.

Compared to simple horticulture, sectorial fallowing is associated with

more dense populations.

Horticulturalists who use slash-and-burn techniques typically

move their planting area from one plot of ground to the next.

Yehudi Cohen's five adaptive strategies included

pastoralism; foraging; agriculture

A farmer raises wheat and pays a portion of it as a tax that is collected by government agents and sent to a central storage facility. Government agents and their families consume some of the wheat. The remaining wheat is portioned out to people in villages and farms. The original farmer does not get back as much wheat as he paid in. This is an example of

redistribution.

North American society now engages in which exchange principles?

redistribution; reciprocity; the market principle

In what sort of environment is a foraging society most likely to continue, even in modern times?

regions where there are major obstacles to food production

Buying a gift for a friend, then expecting the friend to buy a gift in return, would not be customary in a foraging band because

resources would be shared communally.

Horticulture is also called

shifting cultivation.

Studies of societies often reveal correlations between what two factors?

social life; the economy

The foraging social unit called a band

sometimes split up for part of the year. consisted of fewer than 100 people. consisted of people related by kinship or marriage.

Agriculture often involves the use of

terracing. irrigation. domesticated animals.

The earliest known sites where people cultivated crops and domesticated livestock are in

the Middle East.

Before the Industrial Revolution, pastoralism occurred almost entirely in

the Old World.

The basic social organization of a foraging society was typically

the band.

In market exchange

the law of supply and demand dictates the value of things. money is used to buy and sell items. the goal is to maximize profit.

Intensive agriculture has caused

the loss of forests that are cut down to make room for fields. the proliferation of pollution and disease organisms in irrigation ditches and paddles. a loss of environmental diversity.

Peasants work their agricultural projects for which of the following reasons?

to sell their produce; to pay rent; to feed themselves

Before Australia became part of the British Empire, the aborigines there

were always foragers and never produced their own food.