Anth 1006
The earliest reliable date for a human presence in Australia is ________ B.P.
65,000
What percentage of surviving non-human primate species live in tropical forests in Africa, Asia, South America, and Central America?
90 percent
hominin
A bipedal ape
Rickets
A dark-skinned person in a cold, northern climate is at a higher risk (than a light-skinned person) of developing ______ (a condition that softens and deforms the bones) due to a vitamin D deficiency.
The type of tool associated with Homo erectus is the
Acheulean hand ax.
The early hominin species Ardipithecus had bipedal anatomy but still retained which characteristic of apelike anatomy?
Ardipithecus had a divergent big toe, like an ape's, and her feet lacked the archlike structure of later hominin feet.
True or false: Our knowledge of Au. afarensis is based on fewer than 10 fossil specimens representing only 2 individuals discovered at Laetoli and Hadar.
False
True or false: Some apes have tails.
False
How were Oldowan stone tools likely used?
For breaking open bones for marrow, and for digging up roots and insects to eat
The Homo heidelbergensis jaw was discovered in modern-day
Germany.
H. rudolfensis overlapped in time with which of the following hominins?
H. habilis H. erectus
Basic genetic units (genes or alleles) are located on chromosomes（染色体）
Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), one in each pair from father and other from mother
The stone-tool technology associated with Neandertals is called
Mousterian.
What is one characteristic of Neandertals?
Neandertal fossils have been found in a variety of places, including Siberia.
Which blood type has the highest frequency in most human populations?
O
The first representative of Homo habilis was found at
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
Archicebus achilles, the earliest definite primate so far discovered, lived during the late
Paleocene.
What is an anthropological term for early American Indians in North America?
Paleoindians
Which of the following are among the special risks for primates?
deforestation capture for use in labs capture to become pets human hunting
Almost all anthropoids are _____, which means they are active during the day.
diurnal
Which of the following have strepsirrhine nostrils?
dogs
The traditional view has been that modern behavior originated fairly recently and only after Homo sapiens pushed into Europe. What is the basis of this view?
evidence for human creativity 45,000 years ago in the form of ceremonial burials, jewelry, and symbolic cave paintings
Gene flow
exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species.
Phenotype（表现型）
expressed physical characteristics Some traits dominant and recessive forms
Among baboons, core groups tend to be comprised off
female
Among baboons, core groups tend to be comprised of
females.
Key hominin fossil discoveries announced in 2015 included
finds at South Africa's Rising Star cave of more than 1,500 bones, which have been assigned to the species H. naledi. a jaw fragment found in Ethiopia, dating to 2.8 m.y.a., that appears to be the earliest known member of the genus Homo.
What is the term for a body type that is slighter and less rugged?
gracile
The most notable aspect of the Nariokotome boy fossil was its
height.
DNA analysis shows that Native Americans descend from two major ancestral groups. The genome of a baby girl who died 11,500 years ago in what is now central Alaska places her
in neither of those branches, but rather with the ancient Beringians.
.the ethics of archaeologists and physical anthropologists require that they negotiate with local officials and colleagues to establish who owns bones, artifacts, and other materials recovered at excavation sites. These agreements between anthropologists and colleagues in the host countries are established through the procedure known as
informed consent
What are long warm periods between ice ages?
interglacials
Nyanzapithecus alesi is significant because it
is the most complete extinct ape skull known in the fossil record.
is the study of fossils and living apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, including their behavior and social life.
is the study of fossils and living apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, including their behavior and social life.
Which of the following are characteristics of primates
Primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping. Primates' most important means of obtaining information is sight rather than smell.
How did the first settlers of the Americas enter North America?
Some crossed Beringia, following big game animals such as woolly mammoths; others came by boat along the the Pacific coast.
As work that begin at Arembepe, Brazil, in the 1960s continued into the present
Team research has become longitudinal research.
The origin of anthropology as scientific pursuit can be traced to
The 19th century
Which of the following occurred as a result of glacial retreat?
The quantity and variety of edible marine life increased. The gathering of plants grew in importance.
Law of Superposition(1669 - Nicolas Steno)
The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.(底层更older)
In which of the following ways did the Neandertals deal with the frigid environment that characterized the Würm glacial?
They hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos. They wore clothes. They made more elaborate tools.
Which of the following statements about modern-day orangutans are true?
They live in Indonesia. They are endangered.
in 1692, a major earthquake caused part of the city of Port Royal, Jamaica, to fall into the Kingston Harbor, _____ archaeologits now study the submerged city
Underwater
Adaptation
a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment
What does the name Homo habilis mean?
able man
There are two major types of dating techniques: one type that establishes a sequence for recovered artifacts and a second type that establishes a numeric age for them. The name for the type of dating that establishes a numeric age is
absolute dating
What is the term used to describe any method of dating fossils which establishes a precise age range?
absolute dating
gene pool
all the genetic variants (alleles, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes) possessed by members of a population
Alleles（等位基因）
alternate forms of a single gene; biochemically different forms of a given gene
Similar traits can arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. These similarities are called
analogies.
Mutations
chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variations(positive, harmful or neutral)
There are dietary differences between chimps and gorillas. For example, --- prefer fruits and are omnivorous, but --- eat green bulk vegetation.
chimps or chimpanzees gorillas or gorilas
Australopiths
common term for all members of the Australopithecus (Au.) and Paranthropus genera.
Bipedalism causes changes in(直立行走引起的变化）
curve of spine Position of Foramen Magnum Position of Knee Structure of feet Pelvis structure
Which of the following is the broadest of the classificatory units of zoological taxonomy?
kingdom
Biological plasticity, or our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow, makes which of the following possible?
phenotypical adaptation
Which of the following is a term for adaptive biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime?
phenotypical adaptation
Genetic relatedness based on common ancestry is known as
phylogeny.
Gene
position on chromosome that wholly or partially determine biological traits
The most useful dating technique to establish the age of a fossil skull identified with Homo erectus, a species that originated about 1.9 million years ago, would likely be ______ of associated rock
potassium-argon (K/A) dating
Natural Selection
process by which nature selects forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment, and those forms do so in greater numbers than others in the same population.(not grant)(Not Artificial Selection)
The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus
split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs).
Migrations of AMHs out of Africa took place
starting around 80,000 years ago sometime before 270,000 B.P. between 194,000 and 177,000 B.P.
Which of the following best describes what set apart Upper Paleolithic technology from earlier tool traditions?
stone blades; special-purpose tools including chisels for engraving designs in bone and wood; and bone pins, needles, and fishhooks
What is the least inclusive classificatory unit within zoological taxonomy?
subspecies
The assignment of organisms to categories according to their relatedness and resemblance is known as
taxonomy
How did natural selection find a balance between upright bidepalism's need for larger-brained babies and the limits of expanding the human pelvic opening?
the birth of children whose brains and skulls grow dramatically after birth
Ardipithecus (5.8 to 4.4 m.y.a.)
the earliest widely accepted hominin genus; skeletal material indicates the capacity for upright bipedal locomotion.
Anthropology is
the study of humans around the world and through time
What aspect of the fossil remains of Nyanzapithecus alesi allowed placement of it as a new species?
the teeth
Scientists related the Denisovans to other groups by studying
their DNA.
the american anthropological association (aaa) has established a code of ethics that requires that anthropologists be guided by a principle that has been compared to a doctor's Hippocratic oath, which essentially says,
"first do no harm"
Laetoli Footprints(3.6 mya)
Believed to have been Au. afarensis due to arch in footprint
Which of the following statements about the behavior of chimps are true
Chimps are very vocal. Females are more likely than males to migrate and mate outside their natal group.
Which ability of Homo erectus provided protection against predators
Control of fire.
The largest primate that ever lived is
Gigantopithecus.
Which of the following statements about gorillas are true?
Gorillas live in social groups. Gorillas spend little time in the trees. Most of the gorilla's day is spent feeding.
Jiro is Japanese and cannot digest lactose very well. He decides to try to carefully increase his consumption of dairy products to see if he can increase his tolerance. What is likely to happen to his lactose tolerance?
He is likely to increase his lactose tolerance.
Evidence that AMHs lived on the shore of an ancient lake, where they hunted and fished using blades and hand axes, was found with the
Herto skulls in Africa.
The human ancestral species ______ is associated with the cave site in China known as Zhoukoudian, which contained hearths and a large collection of tools, animals bones, and the fossilized remains of more than 40 hominins.
Homo erectus
Which human ancestral species was the first to migrate out of Africa?
Homo erectus
Which of the following ancestral human species had an average cranial capacity of around 900 cm3?
Homo erectus
Which of the following human ancestral species is associated with the tool type known as Acheulean?
Homo erectus
The species named ______, discovered in Indonesia, had a cranial capacity smaller than that of a chimpanzee.
Homo floresiensis
Fossil remains from several sites in Europe, Africa, and Asia dating between 800,000 and 200,000 years ago may represent species transitional between Homo erectus and Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. What species name has been assigned to this group?
Homo heidelbergensis
What is the name of the ancient hominin species dating to 2.03-1.78 m.y.a., and associated with the skull labeled KNM-ER 1470, which has an unusual combination of a large brain (775 cm3) and very large molars?
Homo rudolfensis
The first hearths date back to no more than
500,000 years.
Average brain size of Paranthropus robustus.
540 cm3
Sahelanthropus(遗址）
7-6 mya Chad (central Africa)
Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons the AAA issued a statement disapproving of HTS—the Human Terrain System research
In an active war zone, it is much easier to obtain informed consent, because people feel grateful for the military presence
A significant amount of fossil evidence has been found that relates to the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. Which statement best describes the number of fossil specimens found?
One site yielded about two dozen specimens; another site yielded fossil specimens representing 35-65 individuals.
Which of the following statements best describes the cranial capacity (brain size) of Homo erectus compared with the australopithecine average?
The average cranial capacity of H. erectus at about 1000 cm3 was about double the size of the australopiths
Which statement best describes the cranial capacities of Homo sapiens and the australopiths?
The average cranial capacity of Homo sapiens is 1,350 cm3 and the cranial capacity of the australopiths ranges from 430 to 540 cm3.
What best describes how archaeologist survey sites
They excavate to reveal the layers in a site then systematically cover the region or use remote sensing to discover related sites or villages
In which of the following ways did the Neandertals deal with the frigid environment that characterized the Würm glacial?
They hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos. They made more elaborate tools. They wore clothes.
True or false: If the dating of the fossils in the Misliya Cave are correct, it is the earliest member of Homo sapiens yet found outside of Africa.
True
True or false: The Kanjera site provides the earliest, and very complete, evidence for persistent reliance on meat within the hominin diet.
True
True or false: The brain size or cranial capacity of Australopithecus afarensis was only slightly larger than the average chimpanzee brain size.
True
The Oldowan chopper was
a by-product of flaking.
Early Stone Tools(Lithic Technology)
Australopithecus garhi (2.6 to 2.5 m.y.a.),(Ethiopia along with the earliest evidence yet of animal butchery.)
Which of the following is true about the earliest human settlement of Australia?
Based on genetic dating, it happened around 50,000 B.P. Recent archaeological findings at Madjedbebe cave extends it back to at least 65,000 B.P.
Which of the following are reasons why food production favors infection?
Domesticated animals can transmit infectious diseases to humans Cultivation sustains larger, denser populations, making it easier for microbes to find hosts.
The ethnographers' "insider" perception based strictly on germ theory is called the ______ perspective.
Emic.
Cultural anthropology fieldwork
Ethnographic method,Participant-Observation,Record cultures in their natural settings
The ethnographers' "outsider" perception based strictly on germ theory is called the ______ perspective.
Etic.
stratigraphy
Evidence begins to build Fossil record grows Strains current thought
Which of the following statements about baboons are true?
Female baboons form the stable core of the terrestrial monkey troop. Male baboons typically leave their home troop for another near the time of puberty.
The platyrrhines include
New World monkeys
The early stone tools that date to about 1.8 million years ago that were found in Tanzania in the early 1930s by the Leakeys are called ____ tools.
Oldowan
The earliest human ancestors appeared during the geological time period called the ______, which began about two million years ago and endured until 11,700 years ago.
Pleistocene
The primate suborder ______ includes lemurs and lorises
Strepsirrhini
The primate suborder ______ includes lemurs and lorises.
Strepsirrhini
Which is NOT true about the American Anthropological Association?
The AAA has issued a warning that anthropologists should avoid studying terrorism and violence.
With a cranial capacity of 600 to 700 cubic centimeters (cm3), which of the following species was labeled the first tool maker and identified as the first member of the genus Homo?
Homo habilis
Which of the following statements about the diet of afarensis is true?
It was mainly vegetarian.
What are some characteristics of the oldest known hominin fossil in Europe?
It's from Spain. It's more than one million years old.
A fossil discovery known as "Lucy's Baby" was found in northern Ethiopia. Which statement best describes this specimen?
The toddler bones date to about 3.3 m.y.a. and, compared to Lucy, include more complete skull and skeletal material.
Which of the following accompanied the spread of angiosperms (flowering plants) at the start of the Cenozoic era?
This happened during a period of global warming. Primates spread along with the angiosperms.
The fact that Eskimos are not as pale as one might expect for people who would benefit from pale skin (to maximize their UV absorption and vitamin D) is an example of how.
a cultural can help overcome a disadvantageous biological trait.
What is a sagittal crest?
a ridge on the top of the skull where large chewing muscles attach, found in species such as Paranthropus boisei
bipedalism advantages
adaption to open grassland or savanna country. Advantage: the ability to see over tall grass and scrub vegetation, to carry items back to a home base, and toreduce the body's exposure to solar radiation.
People within a cultural community may say that a person is experiencing minor falls and accidents because of bad luck, perhaps because he or she walked under a ladder or saw a black cat. What is the term ethnographers use to describe this type of explanation?
an emic perception.
What does the abbreviation AMH mean?
anatomically modern humans
Fossil finds from Dmanisi, Georgia, are significant because they
are the earliest known ancestral hominin fossils found outside Africa.
What is the term for locomotion that involves just two feet?
bipedal
human Key hominin attribute
bipedalism(二足性）
What new kinds of tools (not made in Middle- and Lower-Paleolithic times) did Upper Paleolithic toolmakers create by hammering materials from a core?
blade tools
Thanks to studies by scientists such as Jane Goodall, we know a lot about the full range of behavior and social organization of what kind of apes?
chimpanzees
Which of the following comprise the great apes of the hominoid superfamily?
chimpanzees orangutans gorillas
Which of the following have longer legs than arms?
human
As the sea level rose during glacial retreat, southwestern European economies became
less specialized.
What physical characteristic of Homo erectus allowed it to hunt longer distances?
longer legs
In Oregon's Paisley Caves, scientists have uncovered coprolites, which are
fossilized feces
Both Au. africanus and Paranthropus probably descended from
Au. afarensis.
The oldest known evidence for AMHs in Europe stem from what skeletal remains found in England and Italy?
teeth
Baboons and many macaques are ______ monkeys.
terrestrial
Genotype（基因型）
hereditary makeup
Which term refers to the group that leads to humans but not to African great apes and encompasses all of the human species that have ever existed?
hominins
Which of the following tend toward orthograde posture?
humans apes
Real cultural
refers to their actua behavior as observed by the anthropologist.
This statement best represents the relationship between anthropological research and survey research:
survey research relies on questionnairres to gather data, but anthropological research relies on long-term firsthand observations of day-to-day life
What's the term for primates who live primarily on the ground?
terrestrial
Of particular relevance to humans is the study of which primates?
terrestrial monkeys the great apes
Which model was used by European scholars to explain biological variation prior to the discovery of natural selection?
the Bible, especially the Book of Genesis
Currently, there is/are ____ surviving, but critically endangered, species of orangutan.
two
The structure of the pelvic, hip, leg, and foot bones of Au. Afarensis suggests
upright bipedalism.
Announced in April 2019, fossilized teeth and bones from the feet, hands and thigh of at least three individual hominins, recovered from Callao Cave on the island of Luzon, Philippines, have been assigned to the species___ and____
母鸡
In what year was the Piltdown hoax revealed?
1953
What is the cranial capacity (brain size) of Australopithecus afarensis?
430cm^3
Which hominin species dates to between 3.8 and 3.0 m.y.a. and is associated with the sites of Laetoli, Tanzania, and Hadar, Ethiopia?
Australopithecus afarensis
The physical and biochemical similarities between humans and apes are recognized in which of the following?
zoological taxonomy
Some of the earliest likely members of H. heidelbergensis come from northern Spain's Atapuerca Mountains, where the site of Gran Dolina has yielded the remains of 780,000-year-old hominins. The Spanish researchers who excavated them call this group
Homo antecessor.
A discovery in 1908 of a Neandertal skeleton turned out to be an old man with osteoarthritis, but it gave us the popular image of a cave man who cannot walk upright. What is the name of the famous site where this Neandertal was discovered?
La Chapelle-aux-Saints
Significant Australopithecus afarensis discoveries have been made in
Laetoli, Tanzania, and Hadar, Ethiopia.
the characteristic of culture
Learned; Shared; Symbolic; Culture and Nature; Integrated; Adaptive and Maladaptive; Dynamic
Which of the following are characteristics of orangutans
Males typically climb, rather than swing through, trees. They live in jungles and feed in trees. Adult males weigh more than twice as much as females.
Which of the following are characteristics of orangutans?
Males typically climb, rather than swing through, trees. They live in jungles and feed in trees. Adult males weigh more than twice as much as females.
Which of the following statements about New World monkeys is true?
Many have prehensile tails.
Hominin status of Ardipithecus is more generally accepted than is that of either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin
--Orrorin Tugenensis
Average brain size of Homo sapiens
1,350 cm3
The fossils found at Dmanisi date to
1.77-1.7 m.y.a.
Paranthropus
Paranthropus robustus (1.9 to 1.0 m.y.a.) from South Africa. Paranthropus boisei (2.3 to 1.4 m.y.a.) from East Africa. Paranthropus aethiopicus (2.6 m.y.a.) from East Africa.
Which of the following happened during the Oligocene epoch?
Proto-monkeys became the most common primates.
which of the following is an example of the Ethnographic technique called participant observation?
An anthropologist goes to live in an Amazon river village, gets to know the people, and writes about it.
earliest known hominin.
Ardipithecus kadabba(Because of its probably upright bipedalism)
The fossil known as "Lucy" is a partial skeleton of a bipedal walker. A more recently discovered fossil skeleton predates "Lucy" by more than a million years and is an even earlier bipedal walker. What is the name of this earlier species?
Ardipithecus ramidus
which of the following are specialties within biological anthropology?
Human genetics, primatology, and paleoanthropology
Which statement best describes the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis?
The weight of adult males was likely twice that of the females.
Adaptations For Climbing(arboreal)
Long Arms Powerful Climbing Muscles Long Curved Fingers
Some _____ hominins evolved into a groups known collectively as australopiths.
Miocene
Adaptations for bipedalism
Pelvis= bowl shaped Hinge-like ankle In-line big toe
Mendel's experiments
1.Gregor Mendel discovered heredity determined by discrete particles or units. 2.Traits controlled by individual factors and then shuffled during reproduction creating new variations.
In the current timetable of primate evolution, the lineage of Old World monkeys diverged from the hominoid line about
30 m.y.a.
Average brain size of Au. africanus
490 cm3
Ardipithecus
5.4 - 4.4 mya Ethiopia (East Africa) 1) limited sample 2) Mix climbing & bipedal traits
How old is the possible human ancestor known as Sahelanthropus tchadensis?
7-6 million years old
Founder Effects
A particular form of genetic drift deriving from a small founding population not possessing all the alleles present in the original population
The oldest Homo habilis and Homo erectus fossils can be found on which continent
Africa
In addition to Europe, fossils of H. heidelbergensis have been found in which two other continents?
Africa Asia
Which of the following statements about bonobos are true?
Among bonobos, the strongest social bonds are among females. Bonobos are about the same size as members of the smallest subspecies of chimpanzee. Bonobos use sex to avoid conflict.
Which of the following statements about apes and brachiation are true?
Apes and humans likely had a brachiating ancestor. Apes have longer arms than legs, which is adaptive for brachiation. Young apes brachiate.
Which of the following best describes how the subfield of archaeology differs from that of biological anthropology?
Archaeologists study the past by analyzing objects from dig sites; biological anthropologists study ancient human skeletons or living humans.
Which statement best describes some important characteristics of Ardipithecus?
Ardipithecus had a transitional pelvis and lived in a woodland forest environment.
What is the name of the species that was reported in 2009 and dates to 4.4 million years ago?
Ardipithecus ramidus
Of Ardipithecus or Australopithecus, which genus was probably the ancestor?
Ardipithecus was probably ancestral to Australopithecus.
With the rising temperatures of the long period of global warming that began around 56 m.y.a., tropical forests spread throughout which of the following?
Asia North America Europe
Which statement best describes the brain size (cranial capacity) of Australopithecus afarensis?
Au. afarensis had a brain size of 430 cm^3, only slightly bigger than the average chimp brain size.
Which statement most accurately describes the teeth of Australopithecus afarensis?
Au. afarensis had pointed premolars that are somewhat similar to an ape's.
In the evolutionary sequence of hominins, which probably came first: Australopithecus afarensis or robust australopiths?
Australopithecus afarensis
What is the species name of the oldest fossil child, known as "Lucy's Baby"?
Australopithecus afarensis
In 1924, the skull of a child belonging to a new ancestral species was found in a quarry in Taung, South Africa. What was the name given to this new species?
Australopithecus africanus
What was the species name given to the famous "Taung child" discovery, and which anatomist named it?
Australopithecus africanus; Raymond Dart
What is the best explanation of why Homo erectus expanded out of Africa into Europe and Asia?
They were following the animals they hunted for meat.
Which of the following is true of some tools considered part of the Upper Paleolithic tradition of toolmaking?
They were found in the upper layers of sedimentary deposits
Hawthorne Effect
When people react in atypical ways to being observed.
Which of the following is NOT a site where early AMHS have been found?
Zhoukoudian
Which of the following statements best describes the time period during which Homo habilis and Homo erectus overlapped?
The species overlapped between 1.9 m.y.a. and 1.4 m.y.a., but after that only Homo erectus endured to perhaps 0.5 m.y.a. (or 500,000 years ago).
Which of the following is true of similarities and differences of the anatomical features of Au. afarensis with those of apes and humans?
The teeth and skulls were more apelike, while the pelvis and leg bones were more humanlike.
Which of the following belong to the hominoid superfamily
apes humans
The ___________ perspective is the interpretation given to a cultural event or behavior by the scientific behavior
etic
A new species of hominin was discovered in 1999 in Ethiopia that may have used stone tools to butcher animals earlier than any human ancestral species had been thought to use them. What was the name given to this early tool user from 2.5-2.6 million years ago?
Australopithecus garhi
In human evolution, the shape of the pelvis changed to accommodate two conflicting requirements. Which statement best reflects the nature of the change in the pelvis?
Birth canals had to accommodate larger skulls, but the demands of bipedalism restricted the size of the pelvic opening.
Traits jointly inherited from a common ancestor are called
homologies
Dominant traits(显性性状）
mask recessive forms in hybrid (mixed) individuals
Homozygous（纯合）
possessing two identical alleles
Which of the following traits are shared by apes as distinct from monkeys and other primates?
Body size tends to be larger. There is a tendency toward upright posture. There is a longer interval between births.
In primates, especially humans, the ratio of brain size to body size exceeds that of most mammals. More importantly, the ____ is relatively larger.
Brain's outer layer.
Population genetics
studies stable and changing population in which most breeding normally takes place
Upright bipedalism would have allowed early hominins to do which of the following related to tool use?
use weapons against competitors use tools against predators
Some 19th century creationists thought that fires, floods, and volcanic activity periodically wiped out life in parts of the world. After the dust settled, God would create new species to fill up the empty spaces. What is this creationist doctrine called?
Catastrophism
genetic drift
Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population and not based off natural selection(more rapid in small populations)
Which of the following sites is associated with Neandertal remains?
Chapelle-aux-Saints
Where is the oldest pre-Clovis site?
Chile
Which of the following are true of chimps?
Chimps are omnivorous. Chimps live in tropical Africa and range over a larger area than gorillas.
A type of spear point called a(n) ______ originated and spread throughout North America between 13,250 and 12,800 years years ago.
Clovis point
a branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources and involving surveying and/or excavating archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development
Cultural Resource Management
Catastrophism(灾变论）
Curvier (late 1700s) argues that geology changes due to a number of catastrophes that change the Earth (floods, earthquakes, etc.)
The research strategy that involves studying small-scale, relatively isolated societies with simple technologies and economies in order to understand the whole of a particular culture is known as
Ethnography
In 1891 the fossil find called "Java man" made ______ famous as one of the first scientists to identify a "missing link" between apes and humans
Eugene Dubois
Which of the following statements are true according to the "Mitochondrial Eve" hypothesis?
Eve's descendants eventually colonized the world. Eve was a resident of Africa whose descendants left for other parts of the world.
The process used in archaeology of digging through a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes over time is known as
Excavation
Ardipithecus ramidus
Fragmentary fossils (2009: Tim White, Gen Suwa, and Berhane Asfaw announce Ardi) Aramis, Ethiopia >4.4 mya Most complete early hominin! 50 kg (110 pounds) 120 cm tall (4 feet) Mixture of human and chimpanzee features Bipedal walking possible Arboreal adaptations still Long arms Divergent toe No arch in feet Strong hamstring muscles for climbing
_____ is the term used to designate the human line after its split from ancestral chimps
Hominin
Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter?
Homo erectus
The Acheulean hand ax, associated with the species ______, represents a type of tool that requires a mental template in the mind of the maker, a significant advance in human evolution.
Homo erectus
Which of the following species was a miniature hominin that lived on an Indonesian island until at least 60,000 B.P.?
Homo floresiensis
Which statement best describes the anatomy and characteristic movement of the possibly ancestral species known as Orrorin, which dates to about 6 million years ago?
The thigh bone suggests bipedal walking, and the upper arm bone suggests tree-climbing skills.
Which statement best describes the fossils belonging to the genus Ardipithecus and how they relate to the genus Australopithecus?
There are more than 100 fossil specimens enabling scientists to suggest that Ardipithecus was a plausible ancestor of Australopithecus.
How do the discoveries at Dmanisi compare to the Nariokotome boy?
There are notable skull similarities.
Which statement best describes the findings associated with the Herto skulls?
These three AMH skulls, dating to 154,000-160,000 years ago, showed signs of ritual use.
Which of the following statements about catarrhines are true?
They are sharp-nosed as opposed to flat-nosed. They include Old World monkeys, apes, and humans.
Which of the following statements about gibbons are true?
They are skilled brachiators. They are arboreal. They live in primary groups.
Which of the following statements best describes early anatomically modern humans (AMHs)?
They originated in Africa.
Which of the following statements best describes the behavior of Homo floresiensis?
This small-brained species hunted elephants, made tools with small blades mounted on wooden shafts, and controlled fire.
The findings at Israel's Manot Cave provides the first evidence that Neandertals and AMHs were living together in the area around 55,000 B.P. and suggest that inbreeding between the two species may have occurred in the Middle East.
True
Smallpox was once endemic in India and Africa, where there were low frequencies of the allele for type A blood. What did this suggest to scientists
Type A blood increased susceptibility to smallpox
The blade tool-making traditions associated with early anatomically modern humans (AMHs) in Europe are called ______ tools.
Upper Paleolithic
The surfaces of some microbes have compounds similar to ABO blood group compounds. How is that advantageous for microbes?
We don't produce antibodies to compounds similar to those on our own blood cells. Microbes are able to "trick" the hosts by appearing similar to the body's own biochemistry.
Digging through the layers of deposits that make up an archaeological or fossil site
Excavation
_____ is the term used to refer to the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors.
Hominid
A guide that is used to structure a formal, but personal, interview in which the ethnographer talks face-to-face with people, asks questions, and writes down the answers is referred to as
an interview schedule
The compounds on type A cells trigger the production of _____ in type B blood (and vice versa).
antibodies.
Which of the following are characteristics of H. naledi?
apelike shoulders adapted to climbing curved fingers on an otherwise humanlike hand a small brain
The primate suborder Haplorrhini includes which types of primates?
apes monkeys
What's the term for primates who live primarily in trees
arboreal
The genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus are both part of what hominin group?
australopiths
The specialty in archaeology known as ______ is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences
bioarcheology
four major fields of anthropology
biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology
Australopithecus africanus, discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart, was notable as an early _____ human ancestor.
bipedal
ethnology
branch of anthropology dealing with human races, their origin, distribution, culture, etc.
Genetic evolution
change in gene frequency (the frequency of alleles) in a breeding population from generation to generation.
Which of the following best describes the process by which similar traits can arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways?
convergent evolution
The position of the foramen magnum in australopiths is centered under the base of the skull, which indicates that Australopithecus
could move bipedally.
Marcellin Boule claimed that the Neandertal found at La Chapelle-aux-Saints
could not straighten the legs for fully erect locomotion.
Where was the first evidence of Neandertals discovered in 1856?
Neander Valley, Germany
Mousterian tools include a wide variety of stone scrapers and notched tools designed to make clothing from animal hides and to be used for sawing and piercing. Which hominin group made these tools?
Neandertal
Which of the following best explains why natural selection did not eliminate the A allele, considering its susceptibility to smallpox
Other blood types are susceptible to diseases that the A type is not susceptible to.
What is the name of the possible human ancestor that was discovered in Chad (Central Africa) in July 2001?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Which site in southern France is important because it yielded evidence dating to 300,000 years ago of the ability to build huts and establish seasonal camp sites?
Terra Amata
Which of the following distinguished proto-monkeys from other primates during the Eocene epoch?
The eyes of the proto-monkeys were rotated more forward. The brains of the proto-monkeys were bigger.
Which of the following statements is true about the skeletons of Homo erectus and modern humans?
The skeleton of H. erectus (below the head) was similar to that of modern humans.
Which of the following are true regarding the "Piltdown man"?
The skull and the jaw had unequal amounts of fluorine, and therefore could not be from the same individual. The find was a hoax perpetrated by attaching the jaw of a young orangutan to the skull of a modern human
How can life histories illustrate diversity in a community?
They can show how different people interpreted and dealt with the same problem
Which of the following is true of phytoliths
They do not decay
Which of the following correctly describe the hominins who lived at Terra Amata?
They used tree saplings to support huts. Their tools were made from local materials. There were hearths within their shelters.
In order to reconstruct ancient human biological and cultural features, anthropologists stidy ceramics, casts, metals and other manufactured items. .These manufactured items are know as
artifacts
Taxonomy
assignment of organisms to categories according to their relatedness and resemblance.
The most important early out-of-Africa site is Dmanisi, which is located
at the easternmost edge of Europe.
cultural relativism
behavior in one cultural should not be judge by the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
Becoming fully human, associated with evidence of symbolic thought and artistic creativity, may have occurred as much as 200,000 years ago or only 45,000 years ago. What is the term used by anthropologists for these abilities?
behavioral modernity
Blombos Cave and other sites in Africa dating from 70,000-100,000 years ago provide early evidence of human symbolic behavior and artistic creativity. Which of the following best describes this evidence?
bone awls and polished weapon points
Sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee,____live in the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
bonobos or bonobo
When construction sites reveal artifacts, impact studies may be required to assess the historical importance of the site. In this case, "salvage archaeology," also called ______, analyzes what is found at the site.
cultural resource management
ethnographic method
establish rapport; (biases:Cultural or subcultural factors,Personal characteristics ,Life histories,Stylistic factors)
Which of the following statements regarding apes and humans are true?
Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily. Humans and apes are more closely related to each other than either are to monkeys. Humans and apes share common ancestry.
What distinction does the genus Ardipithecus have?
It is the earliest widely accepted hominin genus
a dark-skinned person in a cold, northern climate are at a higher risk of developing _____ (a condition that softens and deforms the bones) due to a vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
which of the following statements about the cause of an illness best describe what ethnographers refer to as an etic explanation
I have the flu because I have been exposed to a flu virus
Lamarck（获得性遗传）
Inheritance of acquired characteristics： animals changed through time and that animals adapted to their environment. Species can develop necessary traits for survival and then pass these to their offspring
Which of the following are true about Homo luzonensis?
It has been dated to 67,000-50,000 B.P. Body size was likely small.
What is the foramen magnum and why is it important?
It is the hole through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain; its placement on the skull indicates whether or not a creature was bipedal.
Which of the following is true of a meat-rich diet?
It led to territorial expansion among hominins.
Which of the following is true about Au. anamensis?
It was a bipedal hominin from northern Kenya.
Which of the following statements regarding Gigantopithecus are true?
It was confined to Asia. It is the largest primate that ever lived.
The teeth of early hominins such as Australopithecus afarensis have been carefully analyzed to see if they are more like those of apes or humans. Which statement best describes the differences?
The canines of Au. afarensis were longer, sharper than in Homo and projected beyond the other teeth.
The place in the skull where the spinal cord joins the brain is the ______, and its placement in the species named "Toumai" or Sahelanthropussuggests that Toumai may have walked bipedally.
foramen magnum
Culture
refers to an ordered system of beliefs, expressive symbols, values and knowledge in terms of which groups of individuals define their world, express their feelings, make their judgments, and cope with their environment (Dr. Bee - recent)
What trait of the fossil remains uncovered in 2003 from a cave floor led paleoanthropologists to assign a new species, H. floresiensis?
small stature
What are the two most common types of relative dating techniques?
stratigraphy and fluorine absorption analysis
When cultural anthropologists do fieldwork in a community, they may rely on just a few chosen people who can provide special knowledge and details about community life. What is the term used for the people chosen?
Key informants
The species known as Homo habilis was first discovered and identified by which famous team of paleoanthropologists in 1960?
L. S. B. and Mary Leakey
Which of the following paleoanthropologists made Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania famous by discovering what then appeared to be the first tool maker and the first known representative of the Genus Homo?
L. S. B. and Mary Leakey
Ethnographic techniques
Life histories; Event analysis; Mapping of the community; Surveys; Genealogy Social network analysis; Sound and video recording, photography; Collecting stories; Formal organizational study; Cultural history; Studying documents; Interviewing key informants
Uniformitarianism（均变论）
Lyell (early 1800s) agrees that catastrophes happen, but the Earth also changes in a uniform fashion through time. This change can be read
Which of the following best distinguishes strepsirrhines from haplorrhines?
Many strepsirrhines are nocturnal
Hominoid fossils became abundant during which epoch?
Miocene
In which of the following epochs did hominoids become widespread?
Miocene
In a small population of finches, a single finch with red eyes is hatched. The red eyes confer no apparent survival advantage, but this particular finch has many offspring. Over a short period of time over 30% of the small population has the distinctive red eyes. Which of the following forces of evolution are happening in this example?
Mutation, random genetic drift
Dating Methods
Mya = million years ago (2mya) Ya = years ago (200ya) Kya = thousand years ago (2kya) BP = before present; basically means years ago (10,000 BP)
During the past 100 years, the skeletal remains and artifacts from many Native American burials excavated by archaeologists became the property of museums and universities. What is the name of the law that now requires that they be returned to the original tribal groups?
NAGPRA
The average cranial capacity of which of the following species exceeded that of modern humans?
Neandertal
Which of the following statements best summarizes the ethical guidelines of North American anthropologists?
North American anthropologists must establish cooperative relationships with colleagues in the host countries in which they do their fieldwork
Where did Tim White discover an important specimen of Homo habilis known as OH62 and identified as female in 1986?
Olduvai
Which of the following hominins had an anatomical feature called a sagittal crest?
Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei
Which of the following statements about primates are true?
Primates tend to be social animals, which live with others of their species. Learned behavior is an important part of primate adaptation.
Which of the following are characteristics of primates?
Primates' most important means of obtaining information is sight rather than smell. Primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping.
analogies
Produced via convergent evolution - species experiencing similar selective forces and adapt in similar ways biologically.(趋同进化）
The Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association (AAA)
Recognizes that anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly field, to the wider society, and to the human species, other species, and the environment.
Which of the following are traits of terrestrial, as opposed to arboreal, Old World monkeys?
Terrestrial monkeys are larger than arboreal monkeys. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more marked in terrestrial than in arboreal monkeys.
Which of the following are true of the discoveries from Egypt's Fayum deposits?
The Fayum fossils revealed the existence of different groups of proto-monkeys. The Fayum fossils show two distinctive dental formulas. The proto-monkeys of the Fayum lived in trees and ate fruits and seeds.
How does the brain size or cranial capacity of the australopiths compare with Homo sapiens and chimps?
The australopith brain size was only slightly larger than that of chimps and was roughly one-third the size of the Homo sapiens brain.
Which statement best describes the general shape of the pelvis and spine of Australopithecus?
The australopith pelvis is bowl shaped, while the spine is curved similar to that of humans.
The year 2015 was a particularly important one for announcements about which of the following discoveries?
The earliest stone tools, dated to 3.3 m.y.a., were discovered in Kenya. The earliest member of the genus Homo, dated to 2.8 m.y.a., was found in Ethiopia. A hard-to-reach cave in South Africa yielded a treasure trove of fossils.
What important information regarding Homo erectus was revealed by the fossil find known as the Nariokotome boy?
The find suggested that the boy as an adult might well have reached a height of six feet.
Which of the following is true about H. naledi?
The fossils have been dated somewhere between 335,000 B.P. and 236,000 B.P.
Average brain size of Au. afarensis
430 cm3
Orrorin
6 mya Kenya (East Africa)
What does it mean when scientists say that there was a high degree of sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis?
Au. afarensis males were taller and heavier than the females.
Why do we know relatively little about the specific ancestry of gorillas and chimps?
The humid conditions in which they live are not favorable for preservation and fossilization.
What do the teeth and jaws of Australopithecus afarensis suggest about its diet?
The large molars and thick lower jaw (mandible) accommodate the chewing apparatus required to process coarse, gritty savanna vegetation.
which of the following best sums up the hallmark of ethnography?
anthropologists get to know people via local life
Preliminary ethnography can help develop _____ questions for inclusion in surveys
culturally appropriate
which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad?
establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country; including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding
An anthropologist goes to live in a community to gather firsthand information to understand the way of life of that group. What is the name of this research strategy?
ethnography
The largest collection of H. erectus fossils ever found comes from which of the following important archaeological sites?
Zhoukoudian
Among the anatomical contrasts that distinguish H. erectus from modern humans are
a large brow ridge. thicker skull bones.
As reported in 2018, at Misliya, a collapsed cave in Israel, scientists found
a hominin's fossilized upper jawbone with teeth, which has been dated between 194,000 and 177,000 B.P. the earliest member of Homo sapiens yet found outside of Africa.
What is an anthropoid?
a humanlike primate
Which of the following Neandertal characteristics is/are considered adaptive in a cold climate?
a stocky build and long, broad noses
What evidence of bipedalism was discovered at a famous site in Laetoli, Tanzania?
a trail of ancient footprints preserved in volcanic ash
Which of the following are studied as part of taphonomy? a. the distortion of remains by natural forces b. the artifacts found in tombs c. the possible fossilizations of remains d. the scattering of remains by carnivores and scavengers
a. c. d
Sources of information for archaeologist studying sites primarily include
plant and animals remains, ceramics, and other artifacts
What do we know about extinct types of primates, based on the fossil record?
very little
ideal cultural
what people think or say they should do and what they say they do.
Humans have the ability to adapt environmental stresses using cooperative, learned, and shared behaviors. Some examples of these behaviors might include making bows and arrows, community farming activities, or the building of houses. Which of the following terms best describes these activities?
cultural adaptation
The location of which opening at the base of the skull of an ape or human ancestor indicates whether the species was bipedal or quadrupedal
foramen magnum
A mountain in Kenya is home to two populations of baboons. One population has yellow coloration, the other has black coloration. Periodically a bachelor of male from one of the two populations will move to the other population. As a consequence, both populations have a few black-yellow hybrids. What is the movement of bachelor males between populations called?
gene flow
Which of the following uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections?
genealogical method
What is a type of primate that is a skilled brachiator and lives primarily in trees?
gibbon
Which of the following are the smallest and most agile of the apes
gibbons
What is another term for ice ages?
glacials
Heavily enameled teeth suggest that the Au. anamensis diet likely may have included
hard, abrasive foods.
Hominin fossils found at the desert site of Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, as described in 2017,
have been dated to 300,000 B.P.
Some African populations are lactose tolerant, while others are not. Research has shown that those able to produce lactase and easily digest milk traditionally came from which of the following groups?
herders
What is the zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes?
hominoid
The similarities used to assign organisms to the same taxon are called
homologies.
Biological anthropology is the study of ____ in time and space
human biological diversity
The discovery of an early form of hominin called Ardipithecus revealed that bipedalism may have first appeared in which type of habitat?
humid woodland
What ability set apart Homo erectus from Homo habilis and Au. boisei?
hunting ability
Scientists in the 1920s dismissed Raymond Dart's claim that Australopithecus africanus was a hominin because
it looked too much like an ape. it had a small brain. it was discovered in Africa.
Instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. What is the term used to describe these few select individuals?
key informant or key consultant
Ethnographers routinely consider which of the following as data sources?
local people's answers to questions direct measurement of such things as rainfall, temperature, or crop yield government records or archives
Ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and may return to it several times to see how community life has changed. For example, Margaret Mead first described her fieldwork in Growing Up in New Guinea, detailing her study of the Manus, a New Guinea people still mostly untouched by the outside world when she visited them in 1928. She lived in their noisy fishing village of Peri at a pivotal time—after World War I was over but before missions and global commerce had begun to change their lives. She continued her relationship with this same village for 50 years until her death, and it helped her to describe how these villagers maintained their unique cultural values even with increasing global influence. What is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?
longitudinal research
The search for ____ is the most probable explanation for hominins to expand their home ranges
meat
Anthropologists measure eras by the term m.y.a. In what unit of years are does m.y.a. measure?
million
During the Eocene, ancestral simians (proto-monkeys) branched off from the tarsier line and became
more diurnal.
For bioarchaeologists, the remains of taller people can indicate
more fortunate members of a society
Speciation(物种形成）
occurs when populations of the same species are isolated from each other (lack of gene flow) and, as a result of genetic change, become incapable of interbreeding.
Each gorilla troop has a silverback, which is usually the ______ in the troop.
only breeding male
Bipedalism traditionally has been viewed as an adaptation to
open grassland. savanna country.
Thumbs that can touch the other fingers are known by what term?
opposable
Which of the following are the most solitary of the great apes?
orangutans
In Blombos Cave, an excavated 100,000-year-old workshop was the site of the world's earliest known
paint.
The study of ancient life through the fossil record is known as
paleontology.
Which of the following is the study of ancient pollen to identify the plant resources that were part of the ancient environment at a site being excavated by anthropologists?
palynology
One technique commonly used by ethnographers is______ , which means that they take part in community life, participating in the events they are observing, describing, and analyzing
participant observation
Microscopic crystals called ______ found at archaeological sites help identify wheat, maize, rice, or other early domesticated plants
phytoliths
Heterozygous（杂合）
possessing different alleles
Which dating technique was used to establish that the age of the volcanic ash at the Laetoli site was 3.6 million years old?
potassium-argon (K/A) dating
A form that used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents but that does not require face-to-face contact is a
questionnaire
.At an archaeological site you discovered a stone spear point in one geologic layer and a bronze ax head in another geologic layer. Because the layer containing the stone spear point is deeper than the layer containing the bronze ax head, you conclude that the stone point is older than the ax head. What kind of dating technique does this illustrate?
relative dating
What is the term for a body type that is more stocky and rugged?
robust
Recent analyses of fossil DNA suggest that the common ancestor of Neandertals, Denisovans, and AMHs
separated into two lineages around 460,000 B.P., one jointly ancestral to Neandertals and Denisovans, the other ancestral to AMHs. lived around 660,000 B.P.
What is the term for differences between male and female anatomy and temperament?
sexual dimorphism
Lucy's arms suggest
significant time spent in trees.
homologies（同源性）
similarities used to assign organisms to taxon（haring common ancestry）
What are some physical characteristics of Neandertals?
slanting foreheads heavy brow ridges
As archaeologists excavate the strata or layers at a site, they establish a time sequence for the materials discovered in each layer based on the idea that the lower layers are older than the top layers. This idea is known as
superposition
Sexual dimorphism is more marked in _____ species of Old World monkeys.
terrestrial
Which of the following is the largest and rarest subspecies of gorilla?
mountain gorilla
Information gathered on patterns of settlement over a large area; provides a regional perspective on the archaeological record
systematic survey
participant boservation
taking part in community life, participating in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing.
Which of the following is a cultural alternative that permits a dark-skinned person to live effectively in a cold, northern climate?
taking vitamin D supplements
The Gwembe study included which of the following?
team research research that spans decades a study of education and its impact
The three subdivisions of the Pleistocene reflect
the age of the fossils.
Which of the following was the reason why Eugene Dubois went to the Indonesian island of Java?
to find a transitional form between apes and humans
Which of the following do archaeological anthropologists study?
tools, animal bones, garbage
Independent assortment（独立分配）
traits are inherited independently of one another
Recessive traits（隐形性状）
traits would appear in later generations
The first firm evidence for hominin stone tool manufacture is dated to
3.3 m.y.a.
Core values of cultural
Cultures tend to share a set of characteristics that tie other aspects of their culture together
Member of this family
Hominid
True or false: The site known as Skhūl is located in modern-day southern Germany.
False
How is Homo erectus is like modern humans?
Both share a similar height and body shape.
A the the time that Neandertals were first discovered, what did scientists think of the discovery?
It was confusing; there was no framework for understanding evolution.
What was the physical location of the three important early hominin discoveries of 2015?
All were in Africa.
Where do New World monkeys live?
mainly in the forests of Central and South America
Evolution
marked by the changes in allele frequencies in populations
Great variation in mtDNA among Africans means that
they have been evolving for the longest amount of time.
A scientist observes that a particular species of bony fish presently lives in shallow, salty seas at the edges of modern continents. The modern fish are not observed to enter or live in any kind of fresh water and lack any lung- fish- like apparatus that would permit them to leave the water completely. The scientist also observes that numerous fossil skeletons of these fis may be found at an altitude of 2000 m in a mountain range that is over 300 km from the sea. The fossils are embedded in sedimentary rock that forms in the presenece of water. In keeping with the law of uniformitarianism, the scientist is likely to make which of the following observations?
the area that is presently a mountain range was once a salty, shallow sea
Which statement best describes why ethnographers collect life histories?
to learn about the personal experiences of a few community members over a long period of time, in order to understand responses to change
Which of the following have been found at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco?
tools and evidence for cooking the earliest known members of our species
Which of the following are cultural alternatives that permit a light-skinned person to live effectively in a tropical environment?
using sunscreen, staying indoors.
cultural ethnocentrism
view one's own cultural as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behaviors and beliefs of people raised in their cultural.
Which of the following is the smallest subspecies of gorilla and the animal you normally see in zoos?
western lowland gorilla
Fossilized remains indicate that Orrorin lived in what kind of environment?
wooded
foramen magnum.（枕骨大孔）
（hole that allows the spine into the skull）position of the foramen magnum helps paleoanthropologists know how bipedal a species was.
