Anth 103 Final

The work of Franz Boas at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries helped to undermine racialized views of immigrants in America.

True

Imagined community refers to a fantasy society that an individual dreams about when they are feeling alone and without a strong sense of community.

False

Participating in a social movements is a demonstration of an individual's hegemony.

False

Sexology is the scientific study of the best ways to have sex.

False

Which linguists are responsible for describing living languages in detail for the purpose of preserving them?

descriptive linguists

Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?

displacement

Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:

ethnocentrism

The comparison of ethnographic data across different cultures is called:

ethnology

In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide and international protest about issues of aggressive policing, police brutality, and anti-black racism. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?

framing process

What do we call the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action?

framing process

Believing that men are naturally less emotional than women is an example of which of the following?

gender ideology

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

genocide

What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?

genotype

Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:

has only existed since Word War I

Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?

hegemony

Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?

hegemony

Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer helped to improve infant mortality rates in the Cange community of Haiti by:

helping acquire clean drinking water for the community

Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution (the notion that different cultures represent stages of development), instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?

historical paricularism

As European immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes the result of this process of "blending in"?

melting pot

The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?

state

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

stratification

In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory?

structural functionalism

Anthropology has long studied the marginalized and remote segments of human society. Recently, a lot of research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, which can help us understand how the other marginalized groups come into being and exist at all. What is this process called?

studying up

Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It is also a symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote?

symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures

Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individual and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because:

systems of power, including the state, are never absolute

A historical linguist would be most likely to study:

the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.

What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?

the political violence of war can be resisted and defeated by attending to daily matters

In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes. This reflects:

the use of political power to control the prioritization of specific languages Correct

What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 50,000 people in the United States, led to?

there is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort

In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the Cold War, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?

they are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped

Arranged marriages are relatively common in each of the following areas EXCEPT:

Central America

Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the evolutionary theories of:

Charles Darwin.

What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?

England

According to the textbook, the war in Yugoslavia was only due to ancient ethnic hatred and struggle between Catholics and Muslims.

False

Because human activity is permanently reshaping our planet, many scientists have started referring to this geologic age by the term globalization.

False

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis contends that no matter where you are from, we all pretty-much think the same.

False

The Triangle Trade was a trade circuit between Europe, Asia and the Americas in which manufactured goods (Europe), spices (Asia) and sugar (Americas) were the primary goods dealt.

False

The framing process of a social movement refers specifically to the ways that lawyers discuss social movements in courts.

False

Which of the following is a gender ideology in the US that anthropologists have worked to undermine:

Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer

The term shaman comes originally from the seminomadic people of what geographical area:

Siberia

Since 1996, the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States has

The correct answer is: increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth and institutional pressure than medical necessity

According to Ferguson and Gupta, the "spatialization of the state" is produced through everyday practices that are interwoven in all aspects of life, such as: getting mail, following traffic laws, taxes, voting, jury duty, etc. (hint: Guest pg. 342)

True

All cultures around the world have some form of incest taboo, cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives.

True

Due to their ascription to matrilineal descent, women in Israel play a key role in defining and maintaining family

True

Enculturation helps produce individuals who can successfully participate in a given culture.

True

One of the results of the cultural construction of gender is that ideas about what is masculine and feminine change from one cultural community to another.

True

The Hazda are a small hunter-gatherer group in Tanzania that have no tribal or governing hierarchy. All members of the society are equal and share equal responsibility for governance. According to this description, the Hazda are an example of an egalitarian community.

True

The public school system in America allowed school districts to segregate their schools along racial lines until 1954. This is an example of institutional racism.

True

Unilineal cultural evolution is an outdated concept inspired by the work of Charles Darwin that proposes that cultures sit on a hierarchy between simple (undeveloped) and complex (developed).

True

Jonathan Marks uses an example to explain the inherent problem of racially dividing people. That example is:

Children sorting according to block size

According to the textbook, a clan is:

A group that believes that it shares a common ancestor but does not necessarily have genealogical documentation of their relations

In the 20th century anthropologists, specific Elman Service (1962) divided political organization into bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states. What is one reason anthropologists now believe that this typology is too simple?

Across human history, groups of bands, tribes, and chiefdoms were never as isolated or homogenous as Service supposed.

The hijra subculture:

Historically, has had a ritual role in Indian society.

Clifford Geertz discusses religion as a set of ideas that surround powerful symbols. Anthropologist Talal Asad's book Genealogies of Religion (1993) pushes our understanding of Geertz by asking which of the following important questions

How do religious symbols get their power?

Norms are best described as:

Ideas people in a society share about the way things ought to be done.

Which theorist put forth the idea of biopower (or biopolitics) to talk about cultural conventions and laws designed to discipline the body?

Michel Foucault

__________________ are defined as: common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion

Microagressions

Which of the following industries attempts to create a desire for goods and services?

advertising

In 2010 the US census changed its categorization of race by:

allowing census-takers to self-select racial cateogry

To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as?

alternative legal structures

Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and drinks horchata with his Mexican relatives the next day. In these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is:

applying situational negotiation of identit

Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as what?

bands

The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent". This movement specifically drew the public's attention to inequality in what social category?

class

The British empire had military, economic and political control over Canada, the Caribbean, Bahrain, India and many other countries. This was an example of:

colonialism

What do we call the British Empire's military, economic, and political control over Malaysia?

colonialism

Family gatherings that honor particular moments in our lives-weddings, special holidays, and so forth-are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." As a facet of culture and how we learn it, this reminds us that culture is a shared experience. It also reminds us that culture is:

constantly contested, negotiated, and changing

Which economic theory suggests that the underdevelopment of certain countries is the result of how they have been exploited by the global market and asserts that colonial relations of power are maintained after colonialism? (hint: Guest 308-309)

dependency theory

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

egalitarianism

Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary systems to classify relatives in your parents' generation?

ego status

Margaret Mead's (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of ________.

enculturation

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

enculturation

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these ________.

ethnic boundary markers Correct

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate?

ethnic cleansing

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups are described as a(n) ________.

ethnic group

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are _______

imagined communities Correct

In E. E. Evans-Pritchard's work among the Azande people, the ability to perform witchcraft can be identified materially in:

in autopsy, a blackish swelling or bag near the liver

When an individual acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as what kind of racism?

individual racism

Which of the following is true about Haiti's 1804 independence:

it was the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent

What does Benjamin Whorf 's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language?

language creates different ways of thinking

Which component of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a kind of catalogue of what is spoken and can be compiled into something accessible to others?

lexicon

Anthropologist Victor Turner identified three primary stages in all rites of passage. In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According Victor Turner, this second stage is referred to as __________

liminality

When studying abroad, Shelby talks about the racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from Japan, Brazil, and Turkey all say her categories are incorrect. Each person has their own way of categorizing people by race. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categories are determined by:

mental maps of reality

When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?

militarization

In terms of dominant cultural notions about what kinds of love is morally correct and natural, the recent changes in the United States around same-sex marriage are related to which earlier civil rights legal issue?

miscegination

Chinese immigrants began migrating to the US in the 1800s and despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed in 1943), they and their descendants help compose the cultural, economic, and political fabric of the US. Many Chinese American communities continue to practice many aspects of traditional and contemporary Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate?

multiculturalism

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?

nation-state

In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence?

nationalism

If a government favors those who are born in the country over the legal immigrants who were born in another country, this is an example of:

nativism

The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United States reflects, in part, what long-standing ideology that has informed how race is constructed and managed in the United States?

nativism

According to the textbook, the ecological footprint of humankind has changed in recent years due to what?

new forms of production, distribution, and consumption

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called ________.

origin myth

Human beings are pretty much identical and share almost 99.9 percent of their DNA. Knowing this, we might understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________.

phenotype

A language variety associated with wealth, success, education, and power is called:

prestige language

Some people from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy. This is an example of ________.

racialization

A set of ideas about a group of people, such as: "Latina women are sexually promiscuous," or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What type or aspect of racism is this?

racist ideology

In the United States, the system of taxation is a form of

redistribution

What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?

sex

The textbook lists all of the following as ways kinship is built amongst the Langkawi in Malaysia EXCEPT:

trade with other villages

Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?

within the influence of the state