ANTH 300: Midterm
Suppose that Amado and Anyia want a child. Amado is a CARRIER of the sickle-cell gene and Anyia is also a CARRIER of the gene. What is the chance (percentage) their child will have the DISEASE sickle-cell anemia? a. 25% chance b. 0% chance c. 100% chance d. 50% chance
a. 25% chance
Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their children would be expected to have the ability to taste PTC? a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. all d. 1/4 e. 2/3
a. 3/4
______ focuses on the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites. a. Bioarchaeology b. Paleopathology c. Forensic anthropology D. Primate paleontology
a. Bioarchaeology
The term EVOLUTION refers to... a. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next b. the process of specialization c. only the appearance of new species d. patterns of cultural traits passed on from parent to offspring
a. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next
Carolus Linnaeus... a. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals b. was a proponent of evolutionary change c. opposed all notions of fixity of species d. was a supporter of Charles Darwin e. developed theories of natural selection
a. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals
What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when they were first created? a. fixity of species b. microevolution c. uniformitarianism d. natural selection
a. fixity of species
A nucleotide... a. is composed of one of four DNA bases. a sugar, and a phosphate unit b. is the same thing as an RNA molecule c. codes for the production of an amino acid d. can include the nitrogenous base uracil e. is NOT a basic unit of the DNA molecule
a. is composed of one of four DNA bases. a sugar, and a phosphate unit
Chromosomes are... a. made up of DNA and proteins b. composed only of mRNA c. indiscrete structures d. occursingularly only
a. made up of DNA and proteins
EVERY MEMBER of the human species (homo sapiens) was once darkly pigmented. Now our species expressed many different shades of skin pigmentation. Although miniscule, what kind of evolution caused this change? a. microevolution b. macroevolution c. none, evolution can't cause small changes only speciation d. gene blending
a. microevolution
What is the only source of new genetic material in any population? a. mutation b. genetic drift c. founder effect d. natural selection
a. mutation
A gamete endured a point mutation in a segment of protein producing DNA during meiosis. This mutated gamete was the lucky sperm that fused with an egg in sexual reproduction. During protein synthesis, that mutated segment of DNA produced a tRNA triplicate that brought a different amino acid that what it would have brought prior to the mutation during meiosis. This then changed the resulting protein. What kind of point mutation is this? a. non-synonymous b. synonymous c. translocation d. non-disjunction
a. non-synonymous
In order for a mutation to be passed on to offspring, the mutation must... a. occur in a gamete b. be beneficial c. occur in a somatic cell d. result in additional chromosomes e. have negative evolutionary consequences
a. occur in a gamete
Which of the following types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus? a. polygenic b. dominant c. Mendelian d. recessive e. pleiotropic
a. polygenic
The principle of uniformitarianism... a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present b. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories c. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old d. was the same as the theory of catastrophism e. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier
a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present
Genetic drift is... a. the change in allele frequencies produced by random factors b. the result of large populations c. the opposite of founder effect d. not associated with evolutionary change e. the change in allele frequencies by nonrandom factors
a. the change in allele frequencies produced by random factors
Which of the following statements is TRUE of mitosis? a. the process requires only one cell division to be complete b. there are two cell divisions before the process is complete c. it results in gamete formation d. crossing-over occurs during mitosis between homologous chromosomes e. homologous chromosomes come together as pairs during mitosis
a. the process requires only one cell division to be complete
A person who is homozygous recessive at a locus has which of the following? a. two copies of the recessive allele b. two copies of the dominant allele c. an autosomal trisomy d. a recessive allele on the X chromosome only e. a recessive allele on the Y chromosome only
a. two copies of the recessive allele
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in DNA? a. uracil b. guanine c. thymine d. adenine e. cytosine
a. uracil
What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations? a. natural selection b. catastrophism c. use-disuse theory d. uniformitarianism e. descent with modification
b. catastrophism
Charles Darwin... a. grew up in modest circumstances b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s c. received no formal education d. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selecion e. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby
b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s
Suppose that Naysen and Shekina want a child. Naysen is a carrier of the sickle-cell gene and Shekina is NOT a carrier. What is the chance (percentage) their child will have the DISEASE sickle-cell anemia? a. 25% chance b. 0% chance c. 100% chance d. 50% chance
b. 0% chance
Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their offspring would be expected to be heterozygous. a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. all d. 1/4 e. 2/3
b. 1/2
How many chromosome PAIRS occur in a normal human somatic cell? a. 24 b. 23 c. 26 d. 25 e. 22
b. 23
If an orangutan daughter gamete has 24 chromosomes after going through meiosis, how many chromosomes would an orangutan skin cell have? a. 24 chromosomes b. 48 chromosomes c. 46 chromosomes d. 23 pairs of chromosomes
b. 48 chromosomes
Identify the complimentary DNA bases for the following DNA strand: GAT ACT GTA GGT AGC a. GUA AGA CGG GGG AAA b. CTA TGA CAT CCA TCG c. TCG CAG TGC TTG CTA d. UUA UUU TTT UUA UUA
b. CTA TGA CAT CCA TCG
Somatic cells are NOT... a. one type of eukaryotic cell b. also known as gametes c. the cellular components of tissue d. basically all the cells in the body except those involved in reproduction e. those that make up tissues, e.g. muscles and the brain
b. also known as gametes
What is it called when a person possesses two different alleles at the same locus, and both alleles are expressed in the phenotype? a. recessiveness b. codominance c. dominance d. homozygosity e. x-linkage
b. codominance
Epigenetic changes... a. alter the bases of your DNA during the transcription phase of protein synthesis b. don't alter the bases of your DNA, but may change gene expression c. alter the bases of your DNA with insertion of an incorrect base during DNA replication d. no answer text provided
b. don't alter the bases of your DNA, but may change gene expression
According to Fuentes in his book about "Busting Myths," race is not based in biology, so therefore racism is not real and should be ignored a. true b. false
b. false
According to Fuentes in his book on "Busting Myths About Human Nature," Fuentes argued that one day the forces of evolution may produce a human with wings and special powers a. true b. false
b. false
According to de Waal in his chapter "The Other Darwinism," theories and models for understanding biology can be used to understand society, since nature offers the prescription for the goals of society a. true b. false
b. false
According to de Waal, in his chapter "The Other Darwinism," all animal societies are strictly based on competition a. true b. false
b. false
Epigenetic changes are permanent and cannot be reversed a. true b. false
b. false
Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems. a. true b. false
b. false
The two basic types of cells are somatic cells and... a. zygotes b. gametes c. autosomes d. polar bodies e. organelles
b. gametes
What is NOT true about paleoanthropology? a. it is the study of human evolution b. it includes the fossils of ancient reptiles and amphibians c. its goal is to identify the various human ancestors d. it attempts to gain insights into human adaptation and behavior
b. it includes the fossils of ancient reptiles and amphibians
Which subdiscipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human language? a. paleopathology b. linguistic anthropology c. archaeology d. anthropometry
b. linguistic anthropology
The emu and the ostrich have a common ancestor. What kind of evolution caused the emu and ostrich to be separate species. a. microevolution b. macroevolution c. none, evolution can't cause one species to become two d. only gene flow
b. macroevolution
Which of the following produces genetic variation in populations? a. mitosis b. meiosis c. replication d. inheritance of acquired characteristics
b. meiosis
Not all of our DNA is in the nucleus. Where else is DNA housed in the cell? a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. cytoplasm d. cell membrane
b. mitochondria
How do somatic cells replicate? a. protein synthesis b. mitosis c. meiosis d. evolution
b. mitosis
The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce more than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory? a. uniformitarianish b. natural selection c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics d. catastrophism e. the fixity of species
b. natural selection
When the professor's son was born, he had a little nub attached to a long string on his pinky (an extra little finger). Her husband declared that this must be because of her weird family line, not his because no one in his family had it. Even though no one in her family has it either, was he correct? a. yes, this is a dominant trait b. no, both the professor and her husband must have at least one copy hiding in their genome because it is a recessive trait c. yes, it is co-dominant d. no, it is incomplete dominant
b. no, both the professor and her husband must have at least one copy hiding in their genome because it is a recessive trait
What is the term used to refer to the observable, physical expression of genotypes? a. genotype b. phenotype c. phenotypic ratio d. genotypic ratio e. independent assortment
b. phenotype
What kind of trait is skin pigmentation? a. Mendelian b. polygenic c. none of the above
b. polygenic
"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's... a. strength b. reproductive success c. aggressiveness d. size e. age at death
b. reproductive success
What of the following answers would happen first (before the rest of the answers) in the scientific method a. the formation of a theory b. the formation of a hypothesis c. to perform an experiment d. to publish a scientific article e. to collect data under precise conditions
b. the formation of a hypothesis
According to Fuentes in his book on "Busting Myths About Human Nature," Fuentes claims that evolution is a fact AND a theory. What did he mean? a. the fact of evolution is how it happens, but we dint know for sure if life on earth does change over time b. the idea "all life on earth changes over time" is a fact, since it is easily observable in the fossil record and in a lab. But the explanation of HOW all life changes over time is based on a theory c. all of the above d. none of the above
b. the idea "all life on earth changes over time" is a fact, since it is easily observable in the fossil record and in a lab. But the explanation of HOW all life changes over time is based on a theory
______ proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies. a. Erasmus Darwin b. Alfred Russel Wallace c. Thomas Malthus d. Charles Lyell e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
c. Thomas Malthus
What does the term BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION refer to? a. changes in monkeys from generation to generation b. the interaction between biology and culture in human evolution c. biological evolution in all species except humans d. the influence of genetic engineering of culture
b. the interaction between biology and culture in human evolution
The DNA base adenine always pairs with which other DNA base? a. guanine b. thymine c. cytosine d. uracil e. mitochondia
b. thymine
According to Fuentes in his book about "Busting Myths," the reason why many people think men have better spatial abilities, more so than women, is because of the explanation of "man the hunter". That is... men, not women, were the hunters throughout our evolutionary history, which lead to a better, natural, innate, male ability at spatial reasoning and navigation. What is wrong with this explanation, according to Fuentes? a. it focuses too much on the past, when we should be looking to present day forager groups, in which women do all of the big game hunting b. we don't have any evidence that early men hunted more or made more tools than early women (or even that there were and differences in who made which tools), or that one gender had more spatial knowledge of the areas used by the group c. all of the above
b. we don't have any evidence that early men hunted more or made more tools than early women (or even that there were and differences in who made which tools), or that one gender had more spatial knowledge of the areas used by the group
In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was believed that... a. all species had evolved from a common ancestor b. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation c. all forms were created by God and did not change over time d. most species had become extinct over time e. life was created slowly, over millions of years
c. all forms were created by God and did not change over time
The ABO blood type system consists of ______ alleles a. 6 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2 e. 5
c. 3
How many chromosomes occur in a normal human somatic cell? a. 44 b. 48 c. 46 d. 53 e. 50
c. 46
If a skin cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes MITOSIS, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have? a. 23 chromosomes b. 16 chromosomes c. 46 chromosomes d. 0 chromosomes
c. 46 chromosomes
Which DNA bases pair together? a. A pairs with G, T pairs with C, P pairs with G b. G pairs with DS, P pairs with T, C pairs with A c. A pairs with T, C pairs with G d. All of the above
c. A pairs with T, C pairs with G
DNA has bases A, T, C, and G, while RNA has... a. the same: A, T, C, and G b. U is the only base in RNA c. A, U, C, and G, since Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA d. RNA has T, G, I, and F bases
c. A, U, C, and G, since Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA
Which of the following is true about meiosis and mitosis? a. Meiosis & mitosis start out the same, but the outcome is different in that meiosis has 4 daughter cells with half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell, and in mitosis there are 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell b. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange parts during crossover, causing a reshuffling of the genetic material, making more genetic diversity and different combinations of genes in the end result. During mitosis, you get exact copies. c. All of the above (A and B) d. None of the above
c. All of the above (A and B)
If one side of a strip of coding DNA includes the sequence CTAATGT, the complementary mRNA base configuration for this sequence will be... a. GATTACA b. AUAAUCA c. GAUUACA d. UUUUUUU
c. GAUUACA
According to de Waal in his reading "The Other Darwinism," who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"? a. Charles Darwin b. Erasmus Darwin c. Herbert Spencer d. Alfred Wallace
c. Herbert Spencer
What does the ribosome do during protein synthesis? a. it translates the language of mRNA into the language of tRNA b. it helps with the production of a polypeptide chain (protein) c. all of the above d. none of the above, the ribosome is not used during protein synthesis
c. all of the above
Our molecularly synthesized proteins, both structural and regulatory, are made up of... a. chains of DNA nucleotides b. RNA plus mRNA c. chains of amino acids d. none of the above
c. chains of amino acids
Gregor Mendel... a. won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries b. was formally trained as a geneticist c. did not know about chromosomes d was a professor at the University of Vienna e. never published his work
c. did not know about chromosomes
In protein synthesis, the process called transcription is which of the following? a. manufacture of tRNA b. assembly of polypeptide chains c. formation of a mRNA molecule d. production of amino acids e. manufacture of ribosomal RNA
c. formation of a mRNA molecule
Humans have damaged the earth to such a degree that many humans have now started to colonize the moon. What force has the capactity to keep earthlings and moon people the same species? a. mutation b. genetic drift c. gene flow d. natural selection
c. gene flow
Epigenetic research suggests out genes are only part of our story and that our environment and culture are equally important for influencing who you are, if not more so. This would fit with what idea discussed at length by Fuentes in his book about "Busting Myths About Human Nature"? a. humans are strictly cultural beings and our biology has no function or meaning b. human behavior is biologically determined since genes determine everything c. humans are naturenurtural d. all of the above
c. humans are naturenurtural
DNA... a. is single-stranded b. is composed of nitrogenous bases, sugars and gametes c. is composed of nucleotides d. contains the base uracil e. contains six different nitrogenous bases
c. is composed of nucleotides
What is an hypothesis? a. it is a statement that has been proven to be true b. it is equivalent to a theory c. it is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations d. it is proof of a theory e. it is a fact from which conclusions can be drawn
c. it is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations
Which statement is NOT true of human culture? a. it is learned b. it includes such things as technology, language, religion, and gender roles c. it is genetically determined d. it plays a critical role in human evolution e. all people are products of human culture
c. it is genetically determined
According to Fuentes in his book on "Busting Myths About Human Nature," the forces of evolution include... a. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, acquired characteristics inheritance b. survival of the fittest, wizardry, witchcraft, gene blending c. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, niche construction d. none of the above
c. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, niche construction
Archaeologists... a. primarily recover valuable artifacts b. are not interested in human behavior c. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence d. never work with physical anthropology e. only examine complex civilizations
c. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence
Human evolution is... a. NOT subject to the same factors that have produced other species b. complete and no longer a driving force as it once was c. subject to the long-term interactions of biology and culture d. solely the result of biological factors e. solely the result of cultural factors
c. subject to the long-term interactions of biology and culture
Evolution can be most succinctly defined as... a. the appearance of a new species b. the change from one species to another in one generation c. the change in allele frequency from one generation to the next d. any type of genetic mutation e. genetic drift
c. the change in allele frequency from one generation to the next
Which of the following statements about theories is NOT TRUE? a. they are based on things that are able to be observed by the senses b. they are open for potential falsification c. they are specific ideas, like educated guesses, that have NOT been verified d. they are the result of repeated testing
c. they are specific ideas, like educated guesses, that have NOT been verified
Gametes... a. are basic units of the DNA molecule composed of sugar b. are also called zygotes c. transmit genetic information from parent to offspring d. can make copies of all other types of cells e. are important structural components of the body
c. transmit genetic information from parent to offspring
Meiosis... a. is the cell division process in somatic cells b. replace cells during growth and development c. permits healing of injured tissue d. is the cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes e. involves two divisions and results in six daughter cells
d. is the cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes
Primatology is the study of... a. dinosaur skeletal material b. skeletal remains at crime scenes c. disease in earlier human groups d. living non-human primates
d. living non-human primates
If an mRNA strand includes the sequence GAU UAC AUG, the complementary tRNA base configuration for this sequence will be... a. GAT TAC TAC b. cysteine c. RAT TTA TTT ATT d. CUA AUG UAC
d. CUA AUG UAC
After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. What is this due to? a. protein synthesis b. recombination c. meiosis d. DNA replication
d. DNA replication
______ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations. a. Forensic anthropology b. Primatology c. Anthropometry d. Paleopathology
d. Paleopathology
According to Small, humans and Bonobos have some interesting commonalities, such as... a. we separate sex from reproduction and do it for many reasons b. our female sexuality isn't locked into a monthly cycle like other primates c. we both have masked ovulation d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Humans have damaged the earth to such a degree that many humans have now started to colonize the moon. Shortly after colonizing the moon, the connection between earth and the moon becomes severed. Which of the following factors of evolution have the capacity to make earthlings and moon people separate species? a. founder effect (an example of genetic drift) b. natural selection, since the differing environments of the earth and the moon select different mutations, thereby leading to the divergence of both populations c. mutation, because this is the only way new alleles come about, thereby enabling the differences between the two populations that natural selection operates on d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Epigenetic changes can occur due to... a. changes in diet b. exposure to toxins c. behavioral experiences, such as whether or not - and how often - your mother held you as an infant, or whether you suffered abuse as a child d. all of the above and more
d. all of the above and more
Protein synthesis involves... a. nuclear DNA unzipping and eventually zipping back up again b. enzymes attaching free-floating RNA nitrogen bases to the exposed, unpaired DNA nitrogen bases, creating a complementary strand on one side of the DNA in the nucleus to go out into the cytoplasm to the ribosome c. transfer RNA matching its anticodon to the messenger RNA three bases at a time at the ribosome, bringing with it an amino acid d. all of the above occur at some point in protein synthesis
d. all of the above occur at some point in protein synthesis
In general, Mendelian traits... a. are governed by more than one genetic locus b. occur only in some people c. are always dominant d. are governed by one genetic locus e. are always recessive
d. are governed by one genetic locus
Autosomes... a. happen only in cases where a genetic deficiency occurs b. carry genetic information that determine the individual's sex c. are found within gametes only d. carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics EXCEPT primary sex determination e. do not carry genetic information
d. carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics EXCEPT primary sex determination
What is gene flow defined as? a. production of new alleles b. production of new genetic material c. chance loss of alleles in a population d. exchange of genes between populations e. differential reproductive success of individuals
d. exchange of genes between populations
Gregor Mendel is known for which of the following? a. he developed theories of evolutionary change, such as natural selection b. he discovered the structure of the DNA molecule c. he studied polygenic characteristics that are influenced by several genetic loci d. he discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited e. he developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
d. he discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited
What is the term for the condition of two copies of the same allele being present in the genotype? a. dominant b. codominant c. recessive d. homozygous e. segregated
d. homozygous
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the process of meiosis? a. meiosis produces gametes b. meiosis produces daughter cells with half the original amount of DNA found in the original cell c. there are two cell divisions d. meiosis produces daughter cells with the same amount of DNA found in the original cell e. homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information
d. meiosis produces daughter cells with the same amount of DNA found in the original cell
Which of these is NOT one of the three myths that will be explored in detail in Fuentes' book on "Busting Myths about Human Nature?" a. the idea that humans are divided into biological races b. the idea that men and women are truly different in behaviors, wiring, and desires c. taking away our cultural constraints will reveal that we are all naturally violent especially men d. religion; humans have a natural tendency toward spirituality, and without it there would be no moral behavior
d. religion; humans have a natural tendency toward spirituality, and without it there would be no moral behavior
Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th-century scientific thought? a. recent origins for earth b. the role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomenon c. natural selection d. the immense age of the earth e. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
d. the immense age of the earth
Which of the following is NOT true about myths, according to Fuentes in his book on "Busting Myths about Human Nature?" a. they allow us to go on from day to day appearing to understand out world without having to reanalyze, or critically analyze everyday situations b. many of them contain some societal truths, but rely on a set of assumptions c. they are explanations for the way things are, the way we think they are, or the stuff you just know d. they are always made up of ideas that are not true and do not hold any accuracy
d. they are always made up of ideas that are not true and do not hold any accuracy
In a hypothetical situation, B is the allele that causes brachydactyly. If a man who has normal fingers (bb) and a woman with brachydactyly (Bb) have children, what proportion of these children would you expect to have normal fingers? a. none b. all c. 1/4 d. 3/4 e. 1/2
e. 1/2
Who uses anthropological techniques to assist in crime investigations and to identify skeletal remains in cases of disaster? a. paleoanthropologists b. primatologists c. archaeologists d. cultural anthropologists e. forensic anthropologists
e. forensic anthropologists
What do we call the complete sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein or portion of protein, or any functional product? a. helix b. codon c. polypeptide d. amino acid e. gene
e. gene
A zygote... a. is formed by the union of two somatic cells b. has only half the full complement of the necessary genetic material c. is part of a nucleotide d. undergoes meiosis e. has the potential to develop into a new individual
e. has the potential to develop into a new individual
The anthropological perspective DOES NOT... a. offer a wider appreciation through time and space b. look at the diversity of the human experience c. help to avoid ethnocentric pitfalls d. give a wider appreciation of the human experience e. narrow our viewpoint of how our species through time and space
e. narrow our viewpoint of how our species through time and space
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate b. nondisjunction occurs when strands of the same chromosome fail to separate c. nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell with an extra chromosome d. nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell completely lacking a chromosome e. nondisjunction occurs only in mitosis
e. nondisjunction occurs only in mitosis