ANTH, Ch. 15

false

Behavior is entirely genetically determined. true or false?

matings between close relatives are exceedingly rare among all primates

According to one theory, cultural rules are all that prevent widespread incest from occurring. This theory can be disproved by evolutionary theory. Why? -The offspring of closely related parents are always shunned. -Matings between close relatives are exceedingly rare among all primates. -The offspring of closely related parents die before maturity. -Mating between close relatives is common, but discouraged, in primate social groups.

mutual attraction

According to the Buss study, both males and females rated _____________________ above all other desired traits of a potential mate. -chastity -similar education -mutual attraction -good health

false

Animals with complex neural systems, such as mammals and birds, have a few general-purpose learning mechanisms that allow them to learn a wide range of behaviors suited to a wide range of conditions. true or false?

the environment

Behavioral traits and their expression are usually more sensitive to ____________________ than morphological traits are -the environment -genetics -chromosomal mutation -heterozygous advantage

True

Evidence shows that organisms are predisposed to learn a subset of behaviors and that natural selection generally shapes ability. Completely foreign situations may not elicit appropriate novel behaviors. true or false?

critics argue that evolutionary analyses reflect and reinforce Western values; critics question the methods used in evolutionary analyses

Evolutionary analyses of human behavior have created a good amount of controversy. Identify criticisms of this approach. -Critics argue that evolutionary analyses reflect and reinforce Western values. -Critics question the methods used in evolutionary analyses. -Critics question the claim that mating tactics are created by culture. -Critics disagree with evolutionary analyses of physiological traits like lactose intolerance.

plump body, natal household far from groom's household

Identify the desirable traits in prospective Kipsigis wives that would increase the value of their bridewealth. -previously given birth -plump body -wealthy father -natal household far from groom's household

it is higher if the girl was adopted before age 1

In Taiwanese minor marriages, which of the following statements regarding the divorce rate is true? -It is lower if the boy was also adopted. -It is higher if the girl was adopted before age 1. -It is higher if the girl was from the lowest social class. -It is lower if the boy inherited a large amount of money.

true (The offspring of inbred matings are more likely to be homozygous for deleterious recessive alleles than the offspring of outbred matings.)

In humans, the offspring of closely related parents have lower fitness than the offspring of unrelated parents. true or false?

contemporary foraging societies

Many evolutionary psychologists imagine the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) for human beings to be ______________________. -the colonial period -modern urban areas -contemporary foraging societies -farming villages

true

Organisms can develop different adaptive behaviors in different environments due to natural selection. true or false?

The EEA refers to the social, technological, and ecological conditions under which human mental abilities evolved

Researchers John Tooby and Leda Cosmides use the term environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA). Identify what the term EEA means. -The EEA refers to the social, technological, and ecological conditions under which human mental abilities evolved. -The EEA is the environment in which primates learned to use stone tools. -The EEA is the environment in which Homo sapiens first became bipedal. -The EEA refers to the conditions in which humans began to develop agriculture.

country of residence

The Buss study found that __________ had a greater effect than gender on the variation in desirable male traits. -height -age -country of residence -socioeconomic class

men overestimate women's sexual intent to minimize the chance of missing sexual opportunities; women underestimate men's likelihood of commitment because they could become pregnant

The graphs below show men's and women's different interpretations of various situations in relationships. Identify the evolutionary reasons why men and women may misinterpret signals from the opposite sex. -Men overestimate women's sexual intent to minimize the chance of missing sexual opportunities. -Women underestimate men's likelihood of commitment because they could become pregnant. -Men underestimate women's sexual intent because they want to be courteous. -Women overestimate men's sexual intent because they want to become pregnant.

phenotype

The interaction between an individual's genes and the environment produces his or her _________________. -phenotype -genotype -karyotype -balanced polymorphism

true

The study of the human brain, informed by evolutionary science, provides insight into how our brains are designed and how they work. true or false?

female mate preferences: good financial prospects, older mate both: mutual attraction male mate preferences: younger mate, more sexual partners

Various studies on mate preferences in humans show differences in mate preferences between men and women. Identify whether the following traits are male or female mate preferences, or preferences of both. -good financial prospects -younger mate -more sexual partners -older mate -mutual attraction

that there is a clear distinction between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes on the phenotype

What is the central misconception in the nature versus nurture debate? -that there is a clear distinction between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes on the phenotype -that all behavior must be social -that the interaction between genes and the environment produces phenotype -that evolution did not happen via the mechanisms of natural selection

it is valuable goods and/or payment given to a bride's family at marriage

Which of the following explains what bridewealth is, as in the Kipsigis example? -It is valuable goods and/or payment given to a bride's family at marriage. -It is a payment given to a groom for marrying a certain woman. -It is the payment that the wife's family contributes to the wedding. -It is a dowry.

it is possible that significant and complex mental mechanisms evolved recently and thus cannot be excluded

Which of the following is a theoretical problem with the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)? -The assumption that a foraging lifestyle dominated much of human history is wrong. -The environment does not affect the biology of humans. -It is possible that significant and complex mental mechanisms evolved recently and thus cannot be excluded. -It does not consider the possibility that humans did not evolve from a chimpanzee-like ancestor.

men prefer women with traits that indicate that they will likely be able to reproduce successfully

Which of the following is one of David Buss's predictions about patterns of human mate preferences? -Men prefer women with traits that indicate that they will likely be able to reproduce successfully. -Women value chastity significantly more than man do. -Women prefer men who are tall, dark, and handsome. -Women prefer men who will not invest in the care of offspring.

all of the above

Which of the following statements regarding genetics and behavior are true? -evolution has shaped our behavior -genetic determinism of behavior is inconsistent with the fact that most behavior is learned -all of the above

evolutionary analysis helps us understand the development of the human brain; human societies share many universal mental mechanisms

Which of the following statements regarding how humans think and learn are true? -Evolutionary analysis helps us understand the development of the human brain. -Most learning strategies are very flexible and can be used to adapt any aspect of phenotype. -Human brains are designed to solve the problems that our very early scavenging ancestors faced. -Human societies share many universal mental mechanisms.

there are no human societies in which parent-offspring pairings regularly occur

Which of the following statements regarding incest taboos is correct for all societies? -There are no human societies in which parent-offspring pairings regularly occur. -First cousin marriages are forbidden. -The marriage of an aunt and a nephew is forbidden. -Uncle-niece pairings are taboo.

there is a clear distinction between genetic effects and environmental effects; behaviors are either genetic or learned; a dichotomy (opposition) between genetic transmission and learning exists

Which of the following statements would be made by someone who assumes that the nature-nurture debate is valid? (3) -there is a clear distinction between genetic effects and environmental effects -genes and the environment interact w/ one another to create behaviors and traits -behaviors are either genetic or learned -a dichotomy between genetic transmission and learning exists

there are constants in people's mate preferences that result from evolved psychological mechanisms

Which of the following was suggested by the Buss study? -all mate preferences can be ascribed to cultural factors -there are constants in people's mate preferences that result from evolved psychological mechanisms -all mate preferences can be ascribed to country of origin -there are only genetic constants in mate preferences

Humans have been foragers since the rise of our species, and before our species arose, other animals of the Homo genus were foragers. Anthropologists think that our brains are evolutionarily designed to experience life in foraging societies

Why are anthropologists so intent on studying the food-gathering practices of hunter-gatherer societies? -Foraging societies have more words for fruit than state societies do, which gives us knowledge about the linguistic capabilities of hominins. -Foragers form simple societies and are thus extremely easy to study, giving us new information about the biology of past hominins. -Humans have been foragers since the rise of our species, and before our species arose, other animals of the Homo genus were foragers. Anthropologists think that our brains are evolutionarily designed to experience life in foraging societies. -People living in foraging groups are exactly the same today as our ancestors were.

outbred mating

matings between unrelated individuals is considered ________________________. -inbred mating -outbred mating

polygyny

men having more than one wife; a more common human marriage practice

polyandry

women having more than one husband; a more rare human marriage practice polyandry or polygyny?