ANTH Chapter 4

17. In what country is Tikal located? Guatemala Costa Rica Panama Turkey

Guatemala

9. What continents were joined in the supercontinent of Laurasia? A. North America, Asia, and Europe B. Asia, Europe, and Africa C. Africa, North America, and Asia D. North and South America, Africa, and Asia

North America, Asia, and Europe

39. The Maya writing system appears to have roots in the earlier writing system of the: Olmecs Mesopotamians Toltecs Aztecs

Olmecs

46. Which anthropologist suggested the core-fringe-legume pattern? Sidney Mintz V. Gordon Childe Carl Sauer Robert Carneiro

Sidney Mintz

11. Who were the Natufians? a Neolithic culture in Southeast Asia a Paleolithic culture in Europe a Neolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia a Mesolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia

a Neolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia

12. The microlith was: a pebble tool a drill a hammer a blade

a blade

69. Which form of subsistence involves intensive crop cultivation, use of plows and fertilizers, and possibly irrigation? horticulture pastoralism agriculture foraging

agriculture

43. What tool did Irven DeVore fashion for his own surgery? a diamond scalpel a pebble tool a steel blade an obsidian scalpel

an obsidian scalpel

13. When did the Natufian culture flourish? between 15,400 and 12,700 years ago between 12,500 and 9,300 years ago between 12,500 and 10,200 years ago between 13,000 and 11,100 years ago

between 12,500 and 10,200 years ago

60. When did Neolithic agricultural villages become common in the Americas? ca. 7,000 years ago ca. 4,500 years ago ca. 2,000 years ago ca. 8,500 years ago

ca. 4,500 years ago

54. The spread of ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another is called: independent invention diffusion primary innovation secondary innovation

diffusion

48. The hydraulic theory is an example of what kind of approach? action ecological political symbolic

ecological

41. The Code of Hammurabi includes detail and procedure regarding all of the following except: medical malpractice procedure educational law family rights trade and commerce

educational law

49. Around 30,000 years ago in Europe: A. features associated with the African ape lineage of humans disappeared B. anatomically modern humans had the last biological transition C. features associated with Neandertal begin disappearing from the fossil record D. archaic Homo sapiens sapiens first emerged

features associated with Neandertal begin disappearing from the fossil record

27. Which australopithecine subsisted more on meat than the other? gracile australopithecines robust australopithecines savannah australopithecines Australopithecus ethiopeansis

gracile australopithecines

1. Which of the following statements is considered to be true? A. human biology has changed more than human culture B. human culture has changed more than human biology C. human culture and biology change at differing rates D. human culture and biology change at standard, similar rates

human culture and biology change at different rates

2. All of the following cultural adaptations have presented serious biological consequences since the Neolithic era except: A. a limited human diet due to reliance on a single crop B. injury due to increased big game hunting C. the spread of infectious disease due to crowded living conditions D. the intensification of competition for critical resources

injury due to increased big game hunting

19. According to the text, the ultimate source of all culture change is: innovation diffusion mutation instruction

innovation

2. The most important aspect of modern cities is: socialization exchange interdependence independence

interdependence

47. What is the primary problem with the hydraulic theory? A. it does not explain every cultural case B. irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations C. some civilizations developed without farming D. it is skewed to Western case studies

irrigation was not essential to the earliest civilizations

26. Bipedalism confers each of the following advantages over quadrupeds except: make and use tools walk distances with less exhaustion stand taller per body size run faster

make and use tools

7. Which of the following died out at the time of the Neolithic transition? mammoths musk oxen reindeer yaks

mammoths

6. What is continental drift? A. slow, gradual migration of the earth's surface due to the earth's rotation B. movement of the continents due to catastrophic events C. movement of the earth's surface over time due to magnetic north D. movement of the earth's surface over time due to plate tectonics

movement of the earth's surface over time due to plate tectonics

52. Which hypothesis argues that Homo sapiens originated through simultaneous transition throughout the inhabited world? recent African origins hypothesis multiregional hypothesis both the multiregional and the recent African origins hypotheses neither hypothesis argues this

multiregional hypothesis

31. In which geological epoch did Homo sapiens first emerge? Oligocene Pliocene Pleistocene Miocene

pleistocene

42. What two significant crops grown in the world today were first domesticated by American Indians? potatoes and maize wheat and rice corn and wheat oats and barley

potatoes and maize

20. The accidental discovery of an innovation process is referred to as a: starter innovation primary innovation secondary innovation masked innovation

primary innovation

46. In the hydraulic theory, civilizations emerged following the development of farming in what geographic areas? savannah areas river valleys fertile hillsides heavily wooded areas

river valleys

27. Which of the following is the earliest known domesticate? oats barley corn rye

rye

15. What tool did the Natufians use prior to the beginnings of domestication? plow sickle reaper machete

sickle

32. With the end of the last glaciation, climates became: A. significantly colder and less markedly seasonal B. significantly warmer and more markedly seasonal C. significantly warmer and less markedly seasonal D. significantly colder and more markedly seasonal

significantly warmer and more markedly seasonal

19. What kind of data was collected from the study of non-monumental structures at Tikal? state political interests trade and exchange routes site size and population religious affiliation

site size and population

22. What is the clearest indicator of difference between a wild and domesticated plant? stalk length lack of husk shape of edible parts size of edible parts

size of edible parts

52. All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies except: waste disposal infectious disease warfare social egalitarianism

social egalitarianism

6. The root word civitas of civilization means: trade and exchange refinement and manners top hierarchy of a city urban area of dwelling

urban area of dwelling

28. The advent of bronze metallurgy created advances in: farming and religion warfare and farming religion and warfare hunting and religion

warfare and farming

30. Egyptian kings sent trading expeditions to Lebanon primarily for: wine and funerary oils lapis lazuli ivory and cattle gold and copper

wine and funerary oils

38. Which of the following is believed to be the earliest plant domesticate in Southeast Asia? tea yams sugar cane oats

yams

39. Remains in southern Africa suggest that Homo erectus may have learned to use fire by: 2 million years ago 1 million years ago 750,000 years ago 500,000 years ago

1 million years ago

53. Eighty percent of the world's annual tonnage of all crops is made up of how many varieties of plant species? 9 14 12 7

12

29. The earliest discovered human tools are dated at about: 4.4 million years 1.0 million years ago 7.5 million years ago 2.6 million years ago

2.6 million years ago

2. Which of the following is not a goal for anthropologists? A. to develop a heroic narrative story of human evolution B. to discover which human ancestors were the first to walk on two legs C. to understand why human ancestors developed large brains D. to study human tool use through time

to develop a heroic narrative story of human evolution

49. In the Applied Anthropology section entitled ''Tell It to the Marines: Teaching Troops about Cultural Heritage'' why do military personnel take a class focusing on the cultural heritage of the area where they will be deployed? A. so they can develop better military strategies in combat B. to educate troops on the importance of protecting the evidence of past cultures C. so they can help the local population build museums D. to train current troops to become anthropologists

to educate troops on the importance of protecting the evidence of past cultures

8. When did Old and New World anthropoid species first diverge? A. more than 200 million years ago B. approximately 65 million years ago C. less than 23 million years ago D. about 40 million years ago

about 40 million years ago

27. For ceremonial objects, the Aztecs and Maya used: emeralds and gold copper and gold silver and lapis lazuli silver and bronze

copper and gold

35. In 2003 in the Henan Province of China, archaeologists discovered evidence of writing in the form of: signs carved into tortoise shells knotted strings clay tablets bark etchings

signs carved into tortoise

67. Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of agricultural societies and food production? A. they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life B. they involved much higher work levels and an increase in disease C. agricultural societies had diets of less variety than foragers D. as a result of agriculture, population rate began to rise

A. they led to an overall increase in length and quality of life

23. Archaeologists have documented a sharp rise in the number of young male goats killed at a 10,000 year-old site in the Zagros Mountains, Iran. They believe this indicates domestication, as young males: A. were slaughtered and females kept for breeding purposes B. were selectively chosen because they were born at a significantly higher rate than females C. would not stay in corrals and enclosures as well as females D. would interfere in the breeding process of young females

D. would interfere in the breeding process of young females

63. In the Biocultural Connection section entitled "Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Neolithic and Beyond," anthropologists Melvin Konner and Marjorie Shostak and physician Boyd Eaton have suggested: A. a new lifestyle approach that will improve people's health while maintaining a sedentary lifestyle B. that people's health can improve with prescription medication C. that nomadic peoples' use of alcoholic beverages was not healthy D. that people's health will improve by returning to the lifestyle to which their bodies were adapted

D. that people's health will improve by returning to the lifestyle to which their bodies were adapted

24. Which of the following is not an advantage of bipedalism among humans? an ability to use free hands for carrying objects and making tools an increased exposure to ultraviolet sun radiation an ability to walk efficiently and for longer distances more visual acuity over distances

an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation

24. Remains of domesticated animals most frequently show which skewed ratio? more fat than thin animals more old than young animals more female remains than male more male remains than female

more male remains than female

32. Which of the following represents the earliest kind of record-keeping? bark paper cloth paper tokens clay tablets

tokens

21. All of the following are associated with plant domestication except: A. loss of delayed seed germination B. reduction in distasteful chemical compounds C. reduction and loss of protective husks D. a more fragile stem and seeds that shatter easily from the stalk

a ore fragile stem and seeds that shatter from the stalk

25. When did bones first become distinguishable between wild and domesticated sheep? around 9,000 years ago around 12,000 years ago around 7,500 years ago around 8,000 years ago

around 9000 years ago

66. Enamel hypoplasia indicates: A. arrested growth caused by famine B. high levels of nutrition C. increasing calcium consumption D. consumption of soft foods

arrested growth caused by famine

16. All of the following were associated with the Neolithic Revolution except: domestication of animals domestication of plants increased movement away from cities formation of fixed settlements

increased movement away from cities

58. Which of the following was not associated with the advent of pottery? improved storage techniques development of craft specialization innovation in tool design increased nomadism

increased nomadism

51. Domestication: decreases productivity and increases instability increases productivity and increases stability increases productivity and increases instability decreases productivity and increases stability

increases productivity and increases instability

16. On a human skull, how is the foramen magnum positioned in order to demonstrate bipedalism? A. it is opened at an angle so that the spinal cord emerges almost horizontally B. it is primarily positioned on the right of the skull to indicate right-handedness C. it is lower and positioned more forward on the skull D. it is positioned on top of the skull

it is lower and positioned more forward on the skull

22. Why does your textbook classify early human ancestors using the genus "australopithecines"? A. this was a transitional species in the fossil record B. scientists have found very few specimens and are not sure if this is a category C. there is little diversity in this group of human ancestors D. it is unclear exactly how many species exist

it is unclear exactly how many species exist

41. All of the following are advantages associated with cooking food except: it kills parasites and makes foods healthier it detoxifies foods it softens food and makes it easier to chew it makes most foods less nutritious

it makes most foods less nutritious

37. In the Mesopotamian city of Uruk, some 5100 years ago, there developed the technique of: marking on a clay tablet carving on a tortoise shell cave painting writing with a charcoal stylus on rock

marking on a clay tablet

8. The microlith became common throughout the "Old World" during the: Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Eolithic

mesolithic

68. In environments that were averse to the development of cultivation, societies tended to become: pastoralist agricultural horticulturalist urban

pastoralist

10. Increased reliance on seafood and plants allowed people to become more: A. primitive B. nomadic C. aquatic D. sedentary

sedentary

40. King Hammurabi's reign was especially accomplished in the areas of: A. development of legal system and religious institutions B. organization of government and legal system C. administration of legal system and trade organizations D. social organization and political administration

B. organization of government and legal system

62. In the Biocultural Connection section entitled "Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Neolithic and Beyond," U.S. anthropologists George Armelagos and Mark Nathan Cohen suggest that: A. human village settlement has nothing to do with health B. health improved as a result of human village settlement C. there was an increase in infectious diseases with settlement into villages D. alcohol and tobacco use decreased as a result of human village settlement

C. there was an increase in infectious diseases with settlement into villages

53. Which hypothesis argues that Neandertals were simply a regional variation of anatomically modern humans? multiregional hypothesis recent Africa origins hypothesis Eve hypothesis out of Africa hypothesis

multiregional hypothesis

40. America's indigenous peoples were the first cultivators of _____ of the crops grown in the world today. 10% 30% 60% 80%

60%

12. Scientists date the split between human ancestors and the ancestors of African apes between: 10 and 15 million years ago 5 and 2 million years ago 8 and 5 million years ago 9 and 6 million years ago

8 and 5 million years ago

12. The early city of Mohenjo-Daro, at its peak, had a population of: 10,000 50,000 20,000 7,000

20,000

54. Because of the emergence of devastating infectious diseases in Europe, the urban population there was not self-sustaining until which century? 18th 19th 20th 21st

20th

39. In the heyday of potato cultivation in Peru, how many varieties were grown? 250 800 3,000 1,500

3,000

14. The Maya city of Tikal flourished between: 6,700 and 1,200 years ago 5,000 and 3,200 years ago 4,300 and 2,000 years ago 3,000 and 1,100 years ago

3,000 and 1,100 years ago

37. The average birth spacing interval for hunters and gatherers is: 4-5 years 3-4 years 2-3 years 1-2 years

4-5 years

23. The earliest definite australopithecine fossils date back: 3.6 million years 4.3 million years 23 million years 2.4 million years

4.3 million years

45. Neandertals disappeared between: 40,000 and 30,000 years ago 75,000 and 50,000 years ago 20,000 and 15,000 years ago 5,000 and 10,000 years ago

40,000 and 30,000 years ago

50. The Mousterian tool tradition industries of Europe and Southwestern Asia date to: 10,000-20,000 years ago 40,000-125,000 years ago 1 to 2 million years ago the Upper Paleolithic Period

40,000-125000 years ago

36. Beginning about 11,000 years ago, the percentage of immature sheep eaten in Southwest Asian highlands increased to approximately what percent? 75 percent 50 percent 65 percent 90 percent

50 percent

4. In the 1960s in New York City during a long newspaper strike, how did the city and its services demonstrate resilience? A. by launching new magazines and expanding television news coverage B. by boycotting all news magazines and television news coverage C. by sending in police to force an end to the strike D. by rioting in front of the striking newspaper offices

A. by launching new magazines and expanding television news coverage

35. Which of the following became an ideal type of plant for domestication? A. colonizer plants that grow in disturbed areas B. settler plants that grow in well maintained gardens C. sedentary plants that only grow in a specific environment D. nomadic plants that only grow under specific climatic conditions

A. colonizer plants that grow in disturbed areas

55. In the Biocultural Connection section how do Ramenofsky and Galloway explain the disappearance of Native American populations between the explorations of Hernando de Soto and the later arrival of French explorers along the Mississippi? A. they argue that Hernando de Soto's runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region B. they argue that Hernando de Soto's army carried diseases that spread to the Native Americans of that region C. they argue that the Native Americans were nomadic and moved to another region by the time the French explorers arrived D. they argue that Native Americans never lived in that region and the sites they found were ceremonial centers visited infrequently

A. they argue that Hernando de Soto's runaway pigs carried diseases that infected the local fauna and food source for the Native American of that region

28. Evidence exists for some of the earliest plant domestication at: Abu Grenyra Abu Haridan Abu Saami Abu Hureyra

Abu Hureyra

32. Based on current evidence, Homo erectus first appeared in: Europe, about 2 million years ago Laurasia, about 4 million years ago Africa, about 1 million years ago Africa, about 2 million years ago

Africa, about 2 million years ago

61. Each of the following is common skeletal evidence from human Neolithic remains except: A. less robust bones B. increased mechanical stress on human bodies C. less marked osteoarthritis D. increased nutritional stress

B. increased mechanical stress on human bodies

30. What was most significant about the Oasis Theory? A. it was a scientifically testable explanation for the origins of food production B. it was the first theory that explained the origins of agriculture and herding C. it is the only accurate hypothesis about the origins of food production D. it is the most easily understood hypothesis on the origins of food production

B. it was the first theory that explained the origins of agriculture and herding

56. In the early farming community of Jericho, crops could be grown almost continuously because: A. there was a large population to perform the labor B. there was a large spring and fertile soils from a dried up Ice Age lake C. there was irrigation available and the river allowed for trade D. there was glacial deposit and plenty of stone for making walls and tools

B. there was a large spring and fertile soils from a dried up Ice Age lake

24. Lagash was an ancient city in _____________ that listed specialized workers in public records. Rome Babylon Jericho Egypt

Babylon

52. Which language group first originated in sub-Saharan Africa and then spread outward? Swahili Bantu Arabic Indo-European

Bantu

29. The Oasis Theory argues that: A. people congregated in rich areas where agriculture had already begun B. increased rainfall contributed to the need to begin planting crops and herding C. drought created a need for people living in the Fertile Crescent to congregate in limited areas and begin collecting grass seed D. herding and cultivation began in areas where irrigation could be established

C. drought created a need for people living in the Fertile Crescent to congregate in limited areas and begin collecting grass seed

43. What is unique about terra preta? A. it is found throughout the continental area and has allowed advent of civilization B. it is evidence that early peoples kept large numbers of domesticated animals C. it is found in an extensive area where soils are not generally rich and fertile D. it is made from chemical fertilizers and can be transported transnationally

C. it is found in an extensive area where soils are not generally rich and fertile

33. What was the primary purpose of Maya record-keeping? A. to keep records and lists for tax purposes B. to keep lists of land titles and ownership C. to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers D. to keep records for food storage and storehouses

C. to keep records on the great accomplishments of the rulers

51. Until 1800 _______________ was the largest city that ever existed in the area known today as the United States. New York Moundville Etowah Cahokia

Cahokia

45. The first emperor of which civilization was buried with 7,000 life-size terra cotta figures? Indonesia Mesopotamia Japan China

China

53. Why is Tay-Sachs allele frequency significantly higher among Ashkenazi Jews? A. belief system (religion) prevents use of any medications and treatment B. extensive involvement in trading networks in diseased areas C. historical crowding in urban areas in western Europe and exposure to tuberculosis D. historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis

D. historical crowding in urban ghettos over centuries and high exposure to tuberculosis

64. Why is intensive agriculture considered to be a less stable means of subsistence than foraging? A. in general, people do not like to work harder and tend to neglect crops B. it is associated with a lower population C. there is less species diversity in crops D. it always depends much more on stable climatic conditions

D. it always depends much more on stable climatic conditions

10. Çatalhöyük demonstrates which of the following? A. it is an urban area in the Fertile Crescent where agriculture first developed B. it is an urban center that developed from a very small farming community C. it is the first urban center ever developed, and it subsisted solely on trade D. it is a highly populated town which never developed characteristics of urban centers

D. it is a highly populated town which never developed characteristics of urban centers

18. What was significant about the Laetoli site in Tanzania? A. it was where the earliest human ancestors were found 7 million years ago B. it was the site where the earliest biped was excavated in 1978 C. it was the site where volcanic ash preserved the remains of 36 human beings D. it was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago

D. it was the site where foot impressions of a biped were preserved from 3.6 million years ago

59. Which of the following best describes typical Neolithic social structure? A. stratified society, strict division of labor, rise of specialized social roles B. relatively egalitarian society, strict division of labor, some specialized social roles C. stratified society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles D. relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

D. relatively egalitarian society, minimal division of labor, limited specialized social roles

33. What did the Natufians do to adapt their subsistence to changing climatic conditions? A. they lived where conditions were especially severe and stored wild grass seeds in plaster lined pits B. they followed herds of wild cattle rarely staying in one place for long C. they used plaster to create traps for wild 2. and practiced intensive farming D. they burned areas to attract wild animals and stored seeds of perennials

D. they burned areas to attract wild animals and stored seeds of perennials

25. Which of the following countries in Africa has not yielded australopithecine fossils? Egypt Chad South Africa Ethiopia

Egypt

49. Which of the following statements is true? A. Food foraging populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to farming populations B. Farming populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to food foragers C. Food foragers and farming populations have an equal rate of fertility D. Fertility rates for food foragers and farming populations is not currently known

Farming populations tend to have higher rates of fertility compared to food foragers

42. Which of the following had the most advanced political system of its time? Aztec Inca Maya Toltec

Inca

43. A coding system of colored strings with knots was used by what civilization as a form of unconventional writing? Mesopotamian Egyptian Maya Inca

Inca

55. The potato famine of 1845-1850 occurred in what country? England United States Ireland Papua New Guinea

Ireland

26. Bronze was associated with early cities in every area except: Asia Europe Africa Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica

31. Where is the Fertile Crescent? Middle East Northern Africa Southeast Asia Southwest Asia

Middle East

10. Which geological time period began about 23 million years ago? Oligocene Eocene Pliocene Miocene

Miocene

14. Polished stone tools are characteristic of the: Cenolithic Mesolithic Paleolithic Neolithic

Neolithic

9. The major early civilizations sprang from _______________ villages. Mesolithic Paleolithic Neolithic Endolithic

Neolithic

15. The earliest cities in the Americas appeared in: Mexico Honduras Guatemala Peru

Peru

9. In what area of the world was the Mesolithic transition less dramatic of a change from the earlier time period? Southeast Asia Northern Africa Europe Southwest Asia

Southwest Asia

19. How does the spinal column differ between an adult human and a chimpanzee? A. the chimpanzee spine is straight, while the human spine has one long curve B. the human spine is straight, while the chimpanzee spine is curved C. a chimpanzee spine has a series of convex and concave curves D. a human spine has a series of convex and concave curves

a chimpanzee spine has a series of convex and concave curves

34. While all of the following may have been critical to the development of an expanding brain; which of the following would have contributed most directly to brain growth? A. the migration into colder and less known areas placing a premium on learning B. a genetic mutation resulting in a smaller jawbone and smaller facial muscles C. the detoxification of foods, allowing humans to live to significantly older ages D. the ability to conquer predators, allowing humans higher meat consumption levels

a genetic mutation resulting in a smaller jawbone and smaller facial muscles

15. What is bipedalism? a special form of locomotion on two feet having two lobes in the skull the separation of Homo erectus from Homo sapiens the relationship between two species of apes

a special form of locomotion on two feet

29. For the Aztecs and Maya, obsidian was not: extremely sharp easy to work with readily available a symbol of wealth

a symbol of wealth

44. In the Inca Empire, information was moved by: A. public records made up of a conventional writing system B. imperial administrators whose job it was to deliver messages C. a system of professional relay runners D. announcers on horseback

a system of professional relay runners

7. When did diurnal anthropoids first appear? A. about 40 million years ago B. approximately 65 million years ago C. over 500 million years ago D. over 200 million years ago

about 40 million years ago

5. When did the first mammals appear? A. about 40 million years ago B. approximately 65 million years ago C. over 500 million years ago D. over 200 million years ago

about 65 million years ago

50. Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies? political theory circumscription theory hydraulic theory action theory

action theory

1. When did the Neolithic transition begin? around 20,000 years ago around 15,000 years ago around 5,000 years ago around 10,000 years ago

around 10,000 years ago

8. The world's first civilization in Mesopotamia developed: between 10,000 and 5,500 years ago between 6,000 and 4,500 years ago between 6,500 and 4,000 years ago between 8,500 and 5,500 years ago

between 6,000 and 4,500 years ago

13. What evidence is used for a hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line? bipedalism upright spinal column large skull forward-projecting eyes

bipedalism

14. For a hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line there must be certain evidence of: bipedalism an elongated skeletal frame a large brain meat-eating

bipedalism

48. The hunter-gatherer birth spacing interval is primarily the result of: A. high infant mortality rate B. nutritional stress C. contraceptive practices D. breastfeeding and child-rearing techniques

breastfeeding and child-rearing techniques

50. Measles were believed to be first transferred to humans from: pigs sheep cattle ducks

cattle

26. Where do we find terra preta? northern Argentina eastern Turkey southern Mexico central Amazonia

central Amazonia

25. Bronze is made from: copper and tin iron and lead lead and copper tin and gold

copper and tin

22. Irrigation techniques, such as dikes, canals, and reservoirs, were a direct result of: social stratification centralized government diversification of labor agricultural innovation

diversification of labor

18. Following the excavations in the 1960s, archaeologists at Tikal began to focus on: A. dwelling sites around the larger buildings B. the temple complex and major buildings C. monumental architecture at the site D. slave quarters and workers' dwellings on the outskirts

dwelling sites around the larger buildings

11. What significant event occurred during the Miocene? A. the first diurnal anthropoids appeared B. dinosaurs became extinct, allowing hominoids to appear C. hominoids appeared and spread into North America D. hominoids appeared in Eurasia and Africa

hominids appeared in Eurasia and Africa

1. All of the following emerged with the emergence of cities and states except: A. organized central governments B. monumental structures C. warfare D. equality

equality

34. Evidence of centralized authority in ancient civilizations comes from all the following except: law codes ethnographic interviews temple records royal chronicles

ethnographic interviews

17. Which of the following is not an accurate depiction of the australopithecines? A. females were larger than males B. their brain size was comparable per body size to the modern African apes C. they were quite muscular D. they were not as large or tall as modern-day humans

females were larger than males

34. Which of the following is an effective mutagenic agent that could have affected the course toward plant domestication among the Natufians? wind snow water fire

fire

28. What did our early human ancestors use to consume meat? razor sharp teeth cooking pots flaked stone tools our early ancestors did not consume meat

flaked stone tools

36. What form of writing did the Maya use? reed stylus on clay tablets tokens hieroglyphics tortoise carvings

hieroglyphics

38. In Uruk, about 5,100 years ago the reed stylus was used to make: monosyllabic markings monosyllabic letters polysyllabic markings polysyllabic letters

monosyllabic markings

40. Which hominid was the first believed to use fire? Homo erectus Homo habilis Neandertals anatomically modern humans

homo erectus

46. Which species has been called the "end product of a long period of evolution on a comparatively small island where environmental conditions placed small body size at a selective advantage"? Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo antecessor Homo floresiensis

homo floresiensis

20. Which of the following hominids is believed to be the first toolmaker as evidenced by the current fossil record? Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens australopithecines

homo habilis

30. The Oldowan tool tradition is primarily associated with what group of early human ancestors? Homo habilis australopithecines Homo erectus Homo sapiens

homo habilis

55. What fossil evidence was recovered in 1997 in Ethiopia and used to argue the veracity of the recent African origins hypothesis? Homo floresiensis Homo antecessor Homo sapiens neandertalensis Homo sapiens idaltu

homo sapiens idaltu

18. What do we call communities of gardeners working with simple hand tools and using neither irrigation nor plow? horticultural societies agricultural societies domesticated societies independent societies

horticultural societies

44. Terra preta occurs because of: manmade chemical fertilizers ancient sea deposits glacial deposits human intervention

human intervention

3. One of the ways people managed food scarcity during the Paleolithic was by: A. decreasing the variety of food eaten B. incorporating less favored food into their diet C. devoting themselves to other tasks until food became available D. increasing the amount of water they drank

incorporating less favored food into their diet

23. The Bronze Age was marked by: the earliest human migrations the development of seafaring trade the development of new kinds of descent increasingly specialized tool production

increasingly specialized tool production

33. What is the primary problem with the "Man the Hunter" theory of human evolution from the 1960s and 70s? A. the tools that humans had available prior to modern history were not effective in killing large-game animals B. in most contemporary cultures it is women who do large-game hunting C. it diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution D. there were no animals that humans would have been capable of killing in Africa at the time of early human history

it diminishes or ignores the contributions that women have made to human evolution

42. All of the following advantages are conferred by obsidian except: it allows a surgeon greater control over cutting it can be made sharper than conventional sources for blades it is harder than conventional sources for blades it is always very difficult to obtain

it is always very difficult to obtain

57. Jericho was surrounded by: a large moat massive walls mountain watchtowers a natural river

massive walls

7. The world's first cities developed in: China the Indus Valley Egypt Mesopotamia

mesopotamia

5. The Mesolithic was known in the Americas as the: Middle Stone Age Neolithic Paleolithic Archaic

middle stone age

21. Which of the following is not found characteristically in bipeds? balanced skull curved spine arched feet opposable big toe

opposable big toe

54. Which hypothesis argues that humans originated in Africa some 2 million years ago and that ancient populations throughout the globe are all ancestors of modern humans with unity of a single species maintained through gene flow? multiregional hypothesis Eve hypothesis recent African origins hypothesis out of Africa hypothesis

out of africa hypothesis

3. In a modern city virtually every institution depends on: religious organizations highways public utilities secondary schools

public universities

31. The initial motive for the development of writing in Mesopotamia was for: writing letters record-keeping religious documentation story-telling

record keeping

5. All of the following are elements of a civilization as defined by anthropologists except: large numbers of people living in cities refinement and progress social stratification governing by ruling elite

refinement and progress

6. The Neolithic climate included all of the following except: A. increased flooding B. replacement of hardwood forests with tundra C. sea levels increasing D. warming climate

replacement of hardwood forests with tundra

17. The invention of food production occurred in both Mesoamerica and Southwest Asia through: independent invention diffusion shared invention imposition

shared invention

4. Which of the following changes did not occur during the Mesolithic? A. shift from hunting big game to smaller game B. shift from hunting small game to big game C. gathering of a broad spectrum of plants D. gathering of a broad spectrum of animals

shift from hunting small game to big game

47. Which of the following best represents Mousterian tools? digging sticks smaller flake tools in a variety of forms pebble tools and microliths large hand axes and few other forms

smaller flake tools in a variety of forms

38. Homo erectus placed a new emphasis on: larger tools smaller tools more multi-purpose tools pebble tools

smaller tools

21. Scientists conclude that Tikal suffered from food and land scarcity for all the following reasons except: storehouses of trade items nutritional deficiency house abandonment on prime land increasing warfare

storehouses of trade items

11. The center and most important area of Tikal was: the Solar Plaza the Temple of the Moon the Street of the Dead the Great Plaza

the Great Plaza

48. The Mousterian tool tradition is associated with each of the following except: regional specialization the development of a burin pressure-flaking the development of the earliest hand axe

the development of the earliest hand axe

13. The early city of Teotihuacan was designed according to: a standard Spanish grid pattern visions and prophecies regional topography the solar calendar

the solar calendar

20. How did the Maya maximize land available for subsistence? A. they practiced hydroponic farming without soil B. they had gardens inside their homes for subsistence C. they used artificially raised fields in flooded areas D. they created land by diverting rivers into areas away from Tikal

they used artificially raised fields in flooded areas

16. Why did Teotihuacan include residents with foreign affiliation? to use as slaves to rely on for military protection to consult in spiritual matters to expand the trade network

to expand the trade network

45. Wild plant domestication: A. took place independently across the globe B. diffused from Mesopotamia to the rest of the world C. only took place in Europe D. did not happen

took place independently across the globe