Anthro Exam 2
oldest known stone tool industry is called
Oldowan tool industry
Institutional racism is defined by:
Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
In her study "White Weddings," Chrys Ingraham argues that the American wedding industry
-aids in the construction of a dominant heterosexual identity. -works to teach children what they want in a partner and spouse. -exacerbates inequalities of wealth through conspicuous consumption.
Governments attempt to intervene in sexuality by
-defining who can and cannot marry. -outlawing certain forms of sexual practices. -protecting the rights of some sexual groups but not other
Which of the following can be considered examples of performing gender?
-males of high school age engaging in "fag discourse" -Mexican men articulating concepts of machismo to their male friends -a bride and her bridesmaids going to a hair and nail salon in preparation for the wedding
Which of the following are included in the Millennial Development Goals set by the United Nations in 2000? Select all that apply.
1. Achieve universal primary education. 2. Promote gender equality and empower women. 3. Improve maternal health.
"Cultural Construction of Gender" refers to behaviors seen as masculine or feminine by a particular culture. Which of the behaviors below are examples of cultural construction of gender? (3)
1. In American society, females are more commonly associated with caring professions such as nursing and teaching. 2. In Mexican society, males are often associated with the term machismo, which indicates toughness and self-centeredness. 3. In Sierra Leone, females are more commonly expected to take on food preparation roles inside the home.
Which of the following are ways in which globalization has influenced the female labor force? Select all that apply. (3)
1. More women are traveling to wealthier nations to provide services such as housekeeping and childcare. 2. More women are working in local factories that produce goods for export. 3. Many women now face dominant male power structures both at home and at work.
Chrys Ingraham believes that the notion of "white weddings" influences American society in which of the following ways? Select all that apply.
1. The father "giving away" the bride promotes the idea of women as "property. 2. Romantic wedding notions misleadingly encourage us to assume that the patterns of heterosexuality that we have inherited are natural, timeless, and unchanging 3. "White weddings" are a romantic ideal that many individuals cannot afford.
Which of the following expectations are commonly placed on intersexual humans in Western nations? Select all that apply. (2)
1. They legally must be assigned a gender—either male or female—at birth (e.g. on a birth certificate). 2. It is assumed that they will receive surgical intervention and/or hormone treatments in order to conform to either male or female sexuality.
Which of the following individuals might be thought of as displaying "machismo" in Nicaraguan culture? Select all that apply.
1. a high school male who aggressively boasts of multiple female sexual partners 2. an adult store owner who boasts to his male friends about frequent sex with his wife 3. a homosexual male who seeks to be the penetrator in sexual encounters
Which of the following are included in the definition of sexuality as presented in Chapter 9? Select all that apply.
1. the complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure 2. the cultural arena within which people debate ideas of what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are morally right, appropriate, and "natural" and use those ideas to create unequal access to status, power, privileges, and resources
Approximately what percentage of humans are born with biological traits associated with neither exactly male nor female?
1.7
Approximately what percentage of humans is born with biological traits not exactly associated with either male or female?
1.7 percent
Which of the following characteristics lead Jared Diamond to refer to humans as "the animals with the weirdest sex life"? Select all that apply. Correct!
1.Most humans engage in long-term sexual partnerships and often co-parent the couple's joint offspring. 2. Humans, as a rule, have sex in private. 3. Human women may be receptive to sex not only during ovulation but also at other times during their menstrual cycle.
In what percentage of human cultures do we see some form of incest taboo?
100 percent
On average, human men weigh
15 percent more than women
Modern homo sapiens appear as early as
200,000 yBP
In 1967, the top 5 percent of American households received 16.3 percent of all income earned in the United States that year. What percentage of all U.S. earned income did the top 5 percent of American households receive in 2011
22.3 percent
Anthropologists and geological scholars today believe earth to be approximately:
4.6 billion years old
According to a study by the United Nations, what percentage of the worlds population lives in poverty?
40 percent
According to your chapter, what percentage of college students in a 2006 college survey would define oral sex as "having sex" with someone?
40 percent
Today, what percentage of the worlds population lives in poverty (defined by the United Nations as income of less than $2 per day)?
40 percent
According to your chapter, what percentage of college students in a 2006 college survey would define oral sex as "having sex" with someone?
40%
What percentage of the worlds poorest people are women and girls?
60 percent
What percentage of the world's poorest people are women and girls? Correct!
60%
Globally, what percentage of children who are unable to attend school are girls
67 percent
All human beings of every "race" share what percentage of their DNA?
99.9 percent
All human beings of every "race" share what percentage of their DNA:
99.9%
Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?
A continuum of sexual behavior
Which of the following are ways in which globalization has influenced sexuality? Select all that apply.
A multibillion-dollar global sex tourism industry has been established. Women from low-income nations are engaging in sex work in the hopes that they will find a wealthy European husband. Unequal power relations between men and women are reinforced on a global scale.
Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?
Ambilineal
Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?
Arranged
ethnic conflict that led to genocide in Rwanda was set in motion by decades of colonial rule by which nation?
Belgium
Wealth is a factor in determining race in what two countries?
Brazil and the Dominican Republic
gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.
Bridewealth
This group participated in movements for greater democratization in El Salvador, particularly demanding the inclusion of women at all levels of El Salvadors political decision-making bodies.? They were known as the:
CO-MADRES
Which of the following members of a ranked society do not accumulate great wealth, despite their high prestige?
Chiefs
Which of the following statements is true? (class)
Class is rarely discussed in the United States and consequently is largely off the radar screen regarding public discourse
Which of the following statements is true?
Class is rarely discussed in the United States and consequently is largely off the radar screen regarding public discourse.
system of economic, military, and political control of one country over another is referred to as:
Colonialism
marginalized group outside of India's primary castes who are typically assigned the most spiritually polluting work and are deemed "untouchable" by the general population are the:
Dalits
Ultraviolet radiation can cause which of the following?
Destruction of folate
Which of the following statements is true?
Each society develops its own patterns of stratification that differentiate people into groups or classes
Theorist Pierre Bourdieu found that which of the following systems did not provide opportunities for social class mobility, but instead helped reproduce the social class relations that already existed?
Educational
Which of the following is referred to in the chapter as a "ninety-minute nation":
England
pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others is known as:
Eugenics
True or false? Males are the universally dominant gender in human societies. Choose the single best answer below.
False, because previous assumptions of universal male dominance were revealed to be overly simplistic in their reading of contemporary cultures.
Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?
Hair length
Why does Benedict Anderson refer to nations as "imagined" communities:
He argues that nations are cultural constructions that lead people to believe they have a common heritage and collective responsibility to the nation
Alfred Kinsey posited which of the following about human sexual behavior? Select all that apply.
Heterosexuality is the natural human state.
first controlled use of fire was likely achieved by
Home Erectus
Alfred Kinsey posited which of the following about human sexual behavior?
Humans exist on a continuum between homosexual and heterosexual behavior.
Which of the following animals have sex for fun as opposed to exclusively for reproduction?
Humans, dolphins and bonobos
What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race:
Hypodescent
in discussing challenges associated with building a sense of nationhood, your chapter presents the question "Are there any Iraqis in Iraq?" What contemporary reality is the source of this question:
Iraqis are deeply split along ethnic affiliations, holding these allegiances as a priority over nationhood
Which of the following statements about human behavior is true?
It is a combination of "nature" (biology) and "nurture" (acculturation
Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?
Jim Crow
Which of the following statements about kinship is true?
Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.
Which of the following statements about marriage is true?
Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, but its exact characteristics vary widely.
Which of the following absorbs ultraviolet radiation as a natural sunscreen?
Melanin
During the 2010 World Cup, the Boateng brothers played for different nations, despite having both grown up in Germany. What does this suggest about nationality?
Nationality is a cultural construct that can change based on circumstances
The term "heterosexual" was first used in the United States only in 1892. At that time, what cultural meaning was most commonly assigned to the term, according to Victorian ideals?
Negative, as in heterosexuals defy religious teachings by procreating for fun as opposed to for purposes of reproduction.
term "heterosexual" was first used in the United States only in 1892. At that time, what cultural meaning was most commonly assigned to the term, according to Victorian ideals?
Negative, as in heterosexuals defy religious teachings by procreating for fun as opposed to for purposes of reproduction.
Is the racial classification system found in the United States universal to all cultures
No, cultures classify racial groups differently as a result of their unique histories.
Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:
North and South America
Which of the following income ranges represents the middle 20 percent of American household incomes in 2011?
$38,520-$62,434
improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millenial goal of achieving gender equality:
is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved
After the Civil War, many states passed laws mandating the segregation of American citizens of European and African descent. These policies were known as:
jim crow
In the United States, law and custom forbid marriage to certain family members. These laws and customs perpetuate:
kindred exogamy
Discussions regarding same-sex marriage in the United States are a clear example of changing patterns of:
kinship
Which of the following terms best describes "the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities
kinship
Which of the following terms is defined as the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities?
kinship
Max Weber referred to the opportunities that individuals have to improve their quality of life and realize their life goals as:
life chances.
type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor," with documentation, is best known as which of the following?
lineage
Barbara Ehrenreich has suggested that the primary resource extracted from the world's poorer nations today is which of the following?
love
Barbara Ehrenreich has suggested that the primary resource extracted from the worlds poorer nations today is which of the following
love
Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?
marriage
Matthew Guttmans research in mexico indicates that:
masculine identity is in flux and negotiable
In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:
masu harka.
Surinamese "women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women" (page 316) are known as which of the following?
mati
Surinamese "women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women" are known as which of the following?
mati
women who imitate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other woman are called:
mati
which of the following statements about the mati of suriname is true?
mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than fixed identity.
mati may engage in sexual relationships with
men and women
historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:
miscegenation
Which of the following terms refers to marriage to one person (only)?
monogamy
Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?
monogamy
process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:
multiculturalism
according to the text, increased participation in global economy means that many woman who migrate from the global south find work as:
nannies
What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?
nation
Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden—the country they live in—illustrates the concept of a:
nation-state
How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?
never
Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer narrative presents
none of these
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009, how many U.S. children lived in poverty?
one in four
Social patterns entrenched in hierarchy and stratification have emerged:
only more recently in human history when compared to egalitarian social patterns
family you are born into is known as the family of __________. The family people construct when they reach adulthood and acquire a mate is the family of __________.
orientation; procreation
story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity" is known as which of the following:
origin myth
Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:
outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.
Scientists use the term theory to refer to an:
overarching idea that links and makes sense of many pieces of factual evidence to explain an event
When the anthropologist Annette Weiner revisited Bronislaw Malinowskis research on the Trobriand Islands, she found that Malinowski had
overlooked the important roles played by women in ritual exchange relationships.
Scientists who study fossil remains of our early human ancestors are called:
paleoanthropologists
term "endogamy" refers to a marriage pattern by which one is expected to marry a
partner from inside the group
Studies on women's participation in the industrialized labor force indicate that
patriarchal relations in the home were repeated in the workplace
way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:
phenotype
The way genes are expressed in a person's physical form as the result of genotype interaction with environmental factors refers to that person's:
phenotype.
Domestic violence refers to
physical, sexual, or psychological harm caused by a current or former partner or spouse.
In certain remote parts of Tibet, one woman will become married to all of the brothers in a particular family. Which term best describes this practice
polyandry
The marriage practice in which one woman is married to two or more men is considered:
polyandry
Traditionally, Nuer men could be married to more than one woman. Which term best describes this practice?
polygyny
famous redistribution ceremony that is commonly practiced among Native American groups such as the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest is called:
potlatch
Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of:
power
Theorist Max Weber argued that analyzing emerging structures of stratification required an examination of which of the following?
power and prestige
Working-class people who lacked land to grow their own food, tools to make their own products, and capital to build workshops and therefore had to sell their labor were considered which of the following classes of people, according to Karl Marx?
proletariate
European colonial administrations outlawed marriage between Europeans and indigenous populations in order to
protect the racial purity of European identity
What is a flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups?
race
Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:
racism
group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are" is best defined as which of the following terms?
ranked society
Ju/Hoansi of Namibia and Botswana place great value on the sharing of resources and responsibilities between group members. For instance, one successfully hunted animal will be divided among everyone in the community. Which of the following terms best defines this system?
reciprocity
Which of the following is defined as the act of gift giving within a ranked society that serves as a form of sharing accumulated wealth and enhancing the chief's prestige?
redistribution
tribal chief collects a portion of each familys crop production each year, then shares that food with everyone via large feast celebrations. Which of the following terms best defines this practice
redistribution
the lives of european woman living in colonies were restricted in all except which of the following gender specific ways?
religious
Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?
resources
Sambia "believed that adult males need to supply boys with __________ in order to ensure their development into manhood."
semen
The Sambia "believed that adult males need to supply boys with __________ in order to ensure their development into manhood." (page 319)
semen
Which of the following terms best describes "the observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially the biological differences related to human reproduction"?
sex
the observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially the biological differences related to human reproduction
sex
The scientific study of sexuality that began to emerge in the United States in the late 1800s and continues today is known as which of the following?
sexology
scientific study of sexuality that began to emerge in the United States in the late 1800s and continues today is known as which of the following?
sexology
Human males are, on average, stronger than human females. Human females, on average, live longer than human males. These are all examples of what?
sexual dimorphism
What influences have inspired the development of national identities:
shared religious belief systems, resistance to colonial oppression, pride in national athletic achievement
Professional golfer Tiger Woods has parents from two different ethnic groups ? African American and Asian American. He has been criticized in the past for identifying with both of these groups at different times. Anthropologically, we see this behavior not as reason for critique, but rather an example of which of the following terms?
situational negotiation of identity
Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and drinks margaritas with his Mexican relatives the next day. This demonstrates the concept of:
situational negotiation of identity.
movement of one's class position-whether upward or downward-in stratified societies is called:
social mobility
Bourdieu noticed that, in educational systems, "social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next." Which of the following terms best defines this phenomenon?
social reproduction
Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture, and power by examining which of the following phenomenon in schools?
social reproduction
First cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited in
some states in the United States of America
A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:
species
In the 1954 court case Brown v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court ruled that
state laws establishing racially segregated public schools were unconstitutional and that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal
Patterns of reciprocity:
still exist, even in contemporary societies that base economic relations on the exchange of money for services.
An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:
stratification.
In the United States, an individual's life chances are:
stratified by class as well as race and gender.
Sexual assault conviction rates are low in a small town because the local judge is quick to assume that alleged victims consented to sexual activity.
structural gender violence
Young women age fifteen to twenty-five are being infected with HIV/AIDS three times faster than men in the same age group.
structural gender violence
Ida Sussers initial research focused on:
student movement at kent state university
In 1926, john scopes, a high school teacher was fined 100$ for:
teaching evolution in a public school
Coffee, chocolate, cinnamon, wheat, indio, rosy, faded, blond, fair, dark, and ashen are racial classifications found in:
the US
Gene migration is defined as:
the exchange of genes between populations
wedding industry is which of the following?
the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States
Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?
the next generation
Which of the following is an example of groupism?
the temptation to divide human populations into distinct groups despite rather fuzzy boundaries
early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying
the underlying roots of universal male dominance
Hunger reflects growing global inequality and is a result of:
the uneven distribution of food despite the sufficient amount of food available to feed the world's poor.
Hunger reflects growing global inequality and is a result of:
the unevendistribution of food despite the sufficient amount of food available to feed the world's poor.
By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:
there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.
By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:
there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.
Karl Marx argued that the proletariat were unable to develop a political awareness of their class position because:
they were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet.
matrilineal descent pattern traces descent
through the mothers line only
Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?
to have a vacation
concept of ethnic boundary markers refers to
traits distinct to an ethnic group, including cultural practices, food, clothing, and architecture.
Individuals whose gender identities or performances do not fit with cultural norms related to their assigned sex at birth" are known as which of the following
transgendered
According to the film Codes of Gender, advertisers tend to use the most exaggerated forms of the cultural codes, including those for gender because they represent historical constructed ideals, everyone within a culture can easily recognize them.
true
Transgendered individuals are common in many Native American groups. Which of the following terms is most appropriately used today to describe such individuals
two spirits
Transgendered individuals are common in many Native American groups. Which of the following terms is most appropriately used today to describe such individuals?
two spirits
which of the following actions carried out by portions of the population?
voluntary isolation
are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual
weddings
Landers and Fines study of a coed T-ball league found that boys and girls
were taught gendered behavior by their coaches and parents.
group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:
Species
Physical anthropologists adhere to which of the following theories of human origin:
Theory of Evolution
Which of the following cultures has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections?
US
According to the film, Race the Power of an Illusion, our attempts to explain the failure of minorities to achieve the significant rates of upward economic mobility and stability have been faulty. Specially, if we, as Dalton Connelly suggests, make the "right comparisons" between white and non-white at the same wealth and income levels. When that doing this rates of educational attainment, employment, even welfare usage are the same. This data suggests that ...
We have based our explanations negating the affects of historical institutional racist practices, which impact economic outcomes across generations.
Which of the following statements is true?
Wealth in the United States is even more unevenly distributed than income, and the gap continues to widen.
Uneven economic development among nations around the world is
a characteristic of the global capitalist economic system.
Anthropologists view ethnicity as
a flexible and negotiable cultural construct that can change depending on the circumstances.
under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered
a manly man
Anthropologists define the concept of ethnicity as
a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.
Which of the following is a type of status that is established and changeable during a person's lifetime?
achieved
kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent" is known as which of the following?
affinal relationship
Where have the fossils of our earliest human ancestors been found?
africa
conception of the nuclear family as the idealized kinship structure in American culture came to prominence
after World War II, when the United States experienced a period of economic expansion.
recent increase in same-sex marriages in the United States represents
all of these -the flexibility of kinship networks to adapt to chosen families. -the ways in which cultural norms can be contested and debated on the public stage. -the ways in which the legal structure can be changed and adapted to new circumstances
Anthropologists use to term "affinal relationships" to refer to kinship relationships created by
all of these compassionate marriages. arranged marriages. cross cousin marriages.
If the replacement theory is correct, then:
archaic and modern humans should overlap in time in most locations.
process by which "minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and eventually cease to exist as separate groups" is known as which of the following terms?
assimilation
process by which "minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and eventually cease to exist as separate groups" is known as which of the following:
assimilation
incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:
between parents and children and siblings.
theory of evolution refers to the idea that:
biological adaptations to changes in the natural environment occur over generations
Kinship includes:
biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.
A cultural group believes that male/female sexual acts cannot be performed in the home, and instead should be performed in the forest, but as quickly as possible so as not to attract snakes. Which of the following aspects of human sexuality are involved in this scenario? Select all that apply. Correct Answer
biology environment culture
Which of the following terms has been defined by Michel Foucault as "the disciplining of the body through control of biological sex characteristics to meet cultural needs for clear distinctions between the sexes"
biopower
Which of the following terms has been defined by Michel Foucault as "the disciplining of the body through control of biological sex characteristics to meet cultural needs for clear distinctions between the sexes"?
bipower
Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:
birth and biology
According to Marxist theory, which of the following is the capitalist class that controls the means of production?
bourgeoisie
gift from the groom and his kin to the brides kin" is best known as which of the following terms?
bridewealth
Globalization has produced unprecedented opportunities for the creation of wealth:
but it has also produced widespread poverty worldwide.
In her ethnographic study Families We Choose, Kath Weston demonstrates that kinship networks
can be constructed through personal choice
closed system of stratification in a society is known as which of the following?
caste system
type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation is best known as which of the following?
clan
Which of the following is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources?
class
Which of the following terms best describes "a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of the society's resources"?
class
Which of the following terms best describes "a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of the societys resources
class
form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:
cloning
This group participated in movements for greater democratization in El Salvador, particularly demanding the inclusion of women at all levels of El Salvador's political decision-making bodies. They were known as the:
co madres
Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:
cognatic descent groups.
Marriages based on love, intimacy, and personal pleasure, as opposed to social obligation, are known as __________
companionate marriages
Marriages based on love, intimacy, and personal pleasure, as opposed to social obligation, are known as which of the following
companionate marriages
discussion of machismo in latin america indicates that
conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting
Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called which of the following types of relatives?
consanguineal
Ivonne believes that people, events, and the cultural environment around us shape our sexual desires and behaviors. This is the __________ theoretical approach to human sexuality.
constructionist
Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:
constructs
Systems of class and inequality:
create an unequal distribution of a society's resources.
Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:
cultural adaptations
Which of the following is another key to the social reproduction of class and was defined by Bourdieu as the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that people use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society?
cultural capitol
Racial classes are:
cultural frameworks that shape the allocation of power, privilege, and status.
Gender ideology is defined as:
culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
Theories that link ongoing poverty to the personal failings of the individual, family, or community are referred to as which of the following?
culture of poverty
economic forces of globalization have
decreased the number of manufacturing jobs in the United States.
kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguine (blood) relatives" is known as which of the following?
descent group
high level of sexual violence on college campuses has caused college administrations to
develop comprehensive sexual assault and rape awareness programs.
Racial ideologies that establish one race as better than another are the result of:
distinct culture histories that allow the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal.
In India, the compulsory practice of a brides family providing gifts to the grooms family upon marriage was outlawed in 1961, as it led to multiple cases of domestic violence. This practice was best known as which of the following terms?
dowry
anthropologist Oscar Lewis's concept of the culture of poverty argues that poverty is the result of
dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values of poor people.
Hunter-gatherer societies typically survive through "the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence." Which of the following terms best describes this type of society
egalitarian
Hunter-gatherer societies typically survive through "the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence." Which of the following terms best describes this type of society?
egalitarian society
The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called:
enculturation
Ida Sussers approach to research on HIV prevention in south africa exemplifies:
engaged anthropology
Helen Fisher suggests that "through evolution humans have developed a set of neurochemicals that drive an 'evolutionary trajectory of loving.'" (page 314) Which of the following are examples of the neurochemicals she sees as important in human sexuality? Select all that apply.
estosterone dopamine oxytocin
practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not" is known as which of the following:
ethnic boundary marker
Croat attempts to remove Muslim individuals from a village in the former Yugoslavia (now central Bosnia) are an example of which of the following terms
ethnic cleansing
Which of the following terms is defined as "a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group:
ethnicity
group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as an
ethnicity
The combined vast array of cross-cultural research about human sexuality is referred to in your chapter as the __________ of human sexuality.
ethnocartography
combined vast array of cross-cultural research about human sexuality is referred to in your chapter as the __________ of human sexuality
ethnocartography
Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of urban and rural people who spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. Then, in the early 1800s, the development of schools and a road system brought people closer together, and along with a growing economy and a national language united them as French, rather than Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians. This illustrates the idea of:
ethnogenesis.
group of former slaves settled sea islands off the Georgia coast beginning in the 1700s. Today, this group is known as the Gullah, and it has its own unique language and culture. Which term would best describe the creation of this new cultural group:
ethnogensis
Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:
exogamous
term "gender" refers to the
expectations of thought and behavior that a culture assigns to people of different sexes.
Anthropologists trace the roots of which of the following patterns of social stratification to the rise of intensive agriculture and populous market towns?
extreme stratification
Which of the following is used by students in U.S. high schools to establish and guard constructions of masculinity, according to C.J. Pascoe?
fag disclosure
Which of the following is used by students in U.S. high schools to establish and guard constructions of masculinity, according to C.J. Pascoe
fag discourse
According the analysis in the film, Codes of Gender, since the rise of feminism and the support of women is athletic by Title IX, professional women athletes have become a clear exception to the effects of gender stratification and the stereotypical, cultural codes of femininity of weak, soft and passive, allowing them to simply excel in their sports.
false
True or false? Males are the universally dominant gender in human societies.
false, because previous assumptions of universal male dominance were revealed to be overly simplistic in their reading of contemporary cultures.
patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?
fathers
process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:
fossilization
Types of evidence that are used to help us learn about the origins of humanity are:
fossils, dating techniques, and DNA analysis
Sex is to biology as __________ is to culture.
gender
term transgender is used to refer to people whose
gender identity or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.
"A set of cultural ideas about men's and women's essential character, capabilities, and value that consciously or unconsciously promote and justify gender stratification" (page 293) is known as which of the following?
gender ideology
set of cultural ideas about men and women essential character, capabilities, and value that consciously or unconsciously promote and justify gender stratification" is known as which of the following
gender ideology
Henry believes that women are poorly suited to athletic activities, and should do all of the cooking and cleaning around the home. Aside from being seen as particularly boorish by contemporary American cultural standards, Henry?s beliefs are an example of which of the following
gender stereotypes
Henry believes that women are poorly suited to athletic activities, and should do all of the cooking and cleaning around the home. Aside from being seen as particularly boorish by contemporary American cultural standards, Henry's beliefs are an example of which of the following?
gender sterotypes
Among the Etoro of Papua New Guinea, males have almost exclusive access to power, wealth, and resources over females. This is an example of which of the following terms?
gender stratification
Research into the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity across cultures as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories
gender studies
Research into the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity across cultures as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories." is known as which of the following?
gender studies
a man striking a woman in an argument (or vice-versa)
gender violence
rape on a college campus
gender violence
As a ritual ceremony, the potlatch serves to establish social status not by wealth and power but by the prestige earned via a person's capacity for which of the following?
generosity
Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have explicitly worked to narrow stratification through high taxation of wealth and which of the following efforts?
generous social benefits
which of the following is not considered a secondary sex characteristic
genitalia
deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group" without regard to specific geographic location is best known as which of the following:
genocide
By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:
girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.
Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?
globalization
According to the Gini index, the economic gap between rich and poor nations is
growing
For Bourdieu, which of the following concepts is defined as a set of common perceptions that shape expectations and aspirations and guide an individual in assessing his or her life chances and the potential for social mobility?
habitus
In his studies of human sexual behavior, Alfred Kinsey found that
human being exhibited a spectrum of sexual behaviors ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual.
Which of the following animals have sex for fun as opposed to exclusively for reproduction? Select all that apply.
humans, dolphins, bonobos
What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race
hypodescent
What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?
hypodescent
What rule assigns the children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group:
hypodescent
invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:
imagined community
it is unlikely that you will ever meet each and every member of your home nation. At the same time, you believe yourself to hold certain beliefs and ideas in common with these individuals, as citizens of the nation. Which of the following terms best defines this concept:
imagined community
Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?
in vitro fertilization
Which of the following consists of wages earned from workplus dividends and interest on investments along with rents and royalties?
income
Since the mid-1970s, class inequality in the United States has:
increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating salaries for the middle class.
The income gaps between the highest earners and the lowest earners in the United States have:
increased substantially during the past five decades due to changes in the tax code and stagnating salaries.
income gaps between the highest earners and the lowest earners in the United States have
increased substantially during the past five decades due to changes in the tax code and stagnating salaries.
extreme stratification in todays world is a fairly recent development in human history." Anthropologists see the development of which of the following as primarily responsible for this fundamental transition away from egalitarianism?
intensive agriculture
An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification" is best known as which of the following
intersectionality
"Individuals who have some combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and chromosomes" (page 282) are known as which of the following?
intersexual
Individuals who have some combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and chromosomes" are known as which of the following
intersexual
heterosexuality in the US
is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm
set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal is referred to as:
Racial ideology
Which of the following is a pattern of relationship in which group members equally share resources and responsibilities over time based on mutual exchange?
Reciprocity d b e d e 44. c a a
Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed which of the following to a greater understanding of human sexuality?
This work challenged the assumptions that U.S. attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.
Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:
white European men
Given the poverty rates reported in the 2009 U.S. Census Bureau report, it is important to recognize that most of the nation's poor are:
white and live in rural and suburban areas.
What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?
white privilege
The tendency of people of European descent in the United States to favor people like themselves and give them the benefit of any doubt is known as:
white privilege.
belief that whites are biologically different from and intellectually superior to people of other races is referred to as:
white supremacy
restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:
women exchanged banana fiber skirts during funerary activities.
all of the women in patty kellys research in brothel in chipas mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following except
work out unresolved childhood issues