Anthro Final

fetishism

"Fetishism in anthropology refers tot he primitive belief that godly powers can inhere in inanimate things"

body codes

(not important)

mode of production

-The dominant pattern of making a living in a culture -Way of organizing production -- the set of social relations through which labor is deployed by means of tools, skills, and knowledge -It is characterized by means of production *Means of production: -Labor -Technology -Land -Capital -i.e. all implements, machines, raw materials, lands, natural forces (e.g. rivers) involved in production Primary Modes of Production: -Foraging / Hunter-Gatherers -Pastoralists (animal herders) -Horticultural/Shifting/Swidden/Slash&Burn -Agricultural/Settled/Irrigated -Industrial -May exist in combination Within a given mode of production, there can be considerable variation in the relative status of women; status can change over time how it gets made • the people who make it • who pays for the worker • the things that you need in order to make it • workers in a factory don't own the equiptment they use • it is an industrial mode of production • a way of setting up a system • ex. foraging way of organizing production-the set of social relations through which labor is deployed by means of tools, skills, and knowledge; the dominant pattern of making a living in a culture • Involves means of production-labor, technology, land, capital how things get made and who pays for it many modes of production: ex. foraging vs. industrial different production systems have very different gender dynamics that go with them poverty at work: office employment and the crack alternative: economic incentives: you can make much more money selling crack than working two minimum wage jobs, technology is changing with production and outsourcing -- shift from production to services, a more capitalistic economy cocaine and the economic deterioration of bolivia: production of cocaine rather than the people holding normal farming jobs the hunters: scarce resources int eh kalahari: the !kung take advantage of the resources they do have to provide a healthy diet in their desertous environment (surprisingly, most of their diet is vegetables -- they are more reliable and easier to obtain than meat) forest development and the indian way: the guaraní indians use slash-and-burn agriculture as their mode of production (the author suggests that rather than trying to change them, we should learn from them, because slash-and-burn agriculture is actually very effective for them malawi versus the world bank: the IMF tried to stop their mode of production with the governmental subsidization of fertilizer for their farms, and rather force them to change their mode of subsistence in order to recieve the loan (privitization, a more capitalistic and mercantile economy), which left the malawians starving and worse off than before who controls the means of production? -what is the relationship between economic production, culture, and politics? -economic production is intertwined with gender, caste, class and race in ways which shape people's life opportunities -are these patterns determined by society or created by society?

religion

-a set of beliefs and practices, often centered upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality, the cosmos, and human nature, and often codified as prayer, ritual, and religious law -religion also encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic experience. The term "religion" refers to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction "belief in spirits" -External: supreme deity, multiple spirits/deities -Internal: Mana: the concept of an impersonal force or quality that resides in people, animals, and inanimate objects; animism: belief systems that attribute souls to animals, plants, and other entities, in addition to humans "beliefs and actions related to supernatural beings and forces" "religion is the cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence." ex. thailand and buddhism -- view of the buddha, reincarnation, the heavenly and earthly realms -sri lanka: the sacred footprint: Adam's Peak, also known as the Holy Footprint is a peak located in SW Sri Lanka -- the mountain has a unique distinction of being sacred to the followers of the four of the world's major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam -- each religion thinks that their respective God left the footprint there -Mt. Kailash, Tibet: another sacred place to Tibetan Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, and Bon(it is especially known as a place of pilgrimage for Tibetan Buddhists who circle on foot clockwise to gain merit) -Sacred Rivers: Ganges, India -Sacred Cities: Mecca, Saudi Arabia -Adena Burial Mounds, Ohio: they were built as part of a burial ritual (some mounds were built in the shape of birds and animals, and others were simple geometric forms; some mounds were used for burial purposes) **Theories: Origins of Religious Beliefs -Existential: Max Weber -Psychological: Sigmund Freud -Utilitarian: Barry Malinowski -Sociological: Durkheim (ex. Animism, Totemism, Pantheon, Monotheism) -Political/Economic: Karl Marx ("religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sign of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heatless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo." **Issue: Attitude toward the Divine: -Village Thailand: ex. person apologizing for accidentally urinating of a spirit of a former Karen elephant mahout -Saints in church: The friars lay prostrate during the Litany of the Saints at the Mass of Final Profession of Vows. An image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, present in the sanctuary, reminded us of her example of generous poverty, fruitful chastity, and trusting obedience **Issue: Texts in Context: The Great Tradition/Little Tradition **Origin Myths: Varying Social Narratives -Judaeo-Christian: Adam and Eve (focus: temptation, original sin, sexuality) -Hinduism: Maha Purusa (focus: caste, occupational hierarchy) -Southeast Asia: Gourd (focus: ethnic diversity/harmony/hierarchy) **Religion and Food Taboos: -Pork Tabooed for Jews and Muslims (according to Jewish law, pork is forbidden from consumption, as are horses and shrimp) -Alcohol is banned in Islam ("intoxication and games of chance are abominations of Satan's handwork" intended to turn people away from God and forget about prayer) -Monks and shaved heads -Muslim Veiling -Catholic Veiling (the chapel veil is a biblical custom used by Christian women for some 2,000 years to express modesty and reverence for the Lord during worship) -Jewish ritual circumcision (circumcision is commonly practiced in the Jewish and Islamic faiths) (circumcision is customary among the Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, and also some other African churches) **Defining Kin: Ancestor Worship -Hungry Ghost Festival in Malaysia where ancestors are invited to partake int eh offering of food specially prepared for them **Thai Matrilineal Spirits: Controlling Family Conflicts and Female Sexuality **Religious Practices to Safeguard Economic Well-Being -Chinese altar in stores: to ensure good business -Chinese lucky waving cate: inviting in customers to stores (the mother lucky cat is holding her lucky kittens, daruma, fish, and other cultural icons from Japan. With paws raised, the lucky cat family beckons good luck and fortune to the holder, and prosperity to the business) -Protecting the environment: banning logging by ordaining trees in Thailand **Islamic Banking Saria law prohibits charging interest or fees for loans of money. Islamic banking is based on risk-sharing rather than risk-transfer as in conventional banking. Islamic banking emphasizes concepts such as profit sharing, safekeeping, joint venture, and leasing. Instead of loaning the buyer money to purchase a home or other item, a bank buys the item from the seller and re-sells it to the buyer, the buyer paying the bank in installments. **Similarities Across Religions -E.g. Paschal Lamb --Judaism (the paschal lamb or "sacrifice of passover" is the sacrifice first made on the night of the Israelites' exodus from Egypt --Greek Orthodox (The main dish at the Easter Table during Greek Easter is the lamb or goat -- served in honor of the Lamb of God who was sacrificed and rose again on Easter) --Christian Symbolism more generally (the Old Testament notes the practice of sin offerings as a means of atonement. Just as in Judaism sins could be forgiven through the offering and the pouring out of the blood of an "unblemished lamb") (associate the sacrifice of the lamb to Christ's sacrifice on the cross)

supernatural

-in 1990, radio reported unexplained deaths of Thai migrant men working in Singapore. The sudden deaths were interpreted as caused by widow ghosts searching for men. -Mary Beth Mills found her northeastern Thai village "festooned with wooden phalluses in all shapes and sizes" to protect residents, especially boys and men -a widow ghost is the sexually voracious spirit of a woman who has met an untimely and perhaps violent death. The greedy ghosts would take their pleasure with the wooden penises and be satisfied, leaving the man of that household asleep, safe in their beds

biomedicine

-medicine that follows the "Western" or "Northern" model, uses technology, process of diagnosis following a model, the body/sick person is to blame for their poor health • (good definition on pg. 14 of Heart for the Work)

internal colonialism

-occurs when nation-state seeks control over minority populations living within a territory claimed by the nation-state -can be justified by multiculturalism, nationalism, or neoliberalism

discourse

-set of ways we have for talking/thinking about a topic • Sapir Whorf Hypothesis -the unspoken definitions of ideas such as environment in polluted promises defined by some as a pristine part of nature to be preserved but defined by the residents of Hyde Park as everything around them from their resources to their yards and the factories around them

class (form of social stratification)

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disease (role in colonization)

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ideal types / archetypes

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imagined community

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industrialism / industrialization

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social and cultural factors in health and medicine

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social movement

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desire and motivation

Limitless Acquisition, The continuum: use and exchange values / need vs imagined values / desires Our cultural values shape our consumption patterns. Thus, a view of economics as following predictable "rational laws" of supply and demand is insufficient. -Examples on the continuum: tahitian black pearls, starbucks coffee, shoes -Imagined Values / Desires: Tahitian Black Pearls: buying island beauty, tranquility, hospitality -Quote: Mark Twain on Tom Sawyer: "Tom had discovered a great law of human action, namely, that in order to make a man covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain." -An Imagined Value/Desire: A created need: Coffee: an addiction of choice. Starbucks, creating a third place. (Starbucks envisions local outlets as the "third place" between home and work) -Food, clothing, and other items with use values are also imbued with imagined values -Shoes across culture: --China: Gender and status (footbinding: footbinding was generally practiced by wealthy families, as only wealthy families could afford to have the women of the house not at work. It was a sign of beauty and wealth) --Philippines: Godliness, Politics, Nationalism, and Tourism (Former First Lady Imelda Marcos was listed in the Guiness Book of World Records as the women with the largest collection of shoes -- says it is to support religiosity and Marikina, the shoe capital of the Philippines) --US: Sports, Fitness, Age, Belonging and Brands (Adidas, Nike, etc) (advertisements: ex.: you either ran today or you didn't, test your faith daily" (what we wear: "some would say that this is the new form of tribalism, that in sport corporate logos we ritualize and humanize them, we redefine the cultural capital of the corporations in human social terms) Thai women, the desire for new commodoties and thansmay lifestyle motivated women to move to the city • lecture of prof bowie about commodieites • what motivates people in social life and in politics • societies that are capitalist vs societys that are not • connected to commodity fetisim • are you motivated by accumulating things or just getting by • the way that production is organized, what motivates you in social life, etc Examples of the diversity of Cultural values/life desires: -Limitless Accumulation: Money in capitalism -Limited Acquisition: Eveny -Political Status/Presige: NW Coast Potlatch -Religio-Political Status: Cargo System, Mexico -Better Rebirth: Merit-Making, Burma/SE Asia -Pilgrimmage: The Hadj, Mecca

environmental racism

Polluted Promises

power

a continuum of the ability to influence or control the behavior of others

refugee

a person or group of people forced to abandon their homeland beacuse they are being opressed (religiously, socially, racially) or because of war. ex: The Somalian man who relocated to Minnesota

egalitarianism

belief that all societies are equal and thus can be improved in the same ways • everyone is on the same level • everyone is doing about the same amount of work • things are balanced • everyone has more or less the same authority • some people could be better at things or leaders of things • life without chiefs (stages from hunter-gatherere) o the journey toward stratification • achieved vs derived status o through feasting or giving gifts, but in other cases you might get it with status that is associated with an office -the way holstein cows were brought into the mountains in ancient futures because they are "more productive" than traditional cattle but also produce more waste and need their own barns to be housed in and a different kind of food which must be purchased

medical anthropology

healing, suffering physical, existential, physiological, social, economic, political, etc

authoritative knowledge

knowledge that participants agree counts in a particular situation, that they see as consequential, on the basis of which they make decisions and provide justifications for courses of action **• in the context of wendlend's book and her guest lecture: a heart for the work • first part: authroitiative knowledge • one thing that biopractitioners / doctors tend to attribute to themselves, see themselves as better authroities to biomedical knowledge than their patients • a way to distinguish themselves from their patients - they know more, have the final authority

cultural capital

noneconomic factors (skills, knowledge, symbols) that are used to achieve status or goals; resourcing • Polluted Promises- white communities v black communities

personified and impersonal supernatural forces

personified- resides in supernatural beings, in the deities, ghosts, ancestors and other beings found in the divine world • difference between gods and things that are not gods • supernatural includes the Christian god or buddhist deities o you need to interact with them • not-gods: karma (your next rebirth) • witchcraft: if you get angry or jealous, you have the ability to affect others - Taraka's ghost- possession, causes stress and mental dysfunction impersonal- free floating force lodged in many things and places, western idea of luck.

labor

physical or mental work involved in production

structural inequality

same as structural violence, (Polluted Promises)

headman & big man (forms of social / political organization)

the big man derives his power from his direction of the ceremonial redistribution of goods throughout a group; achieved status based on personal qualifications and abilities • Suiai, Solomon Islands, South Pacific • Abelam in papau New Guinea

syncretism

the blending of features of two or more religions, especially used in discussion of religious change the blending of two religious systems that may be contradictory • related to cultural hybridization • a specific version of cultural hybridization that HAS TO DO WITH RELIGION • means that multiple different cultural differences combine to make something new • lecture: professor bowie about religion: she gave an example of the easter celebration among northern mexico • that celebration involves a mock fight between god whose married to jesus' mother, mary, and judas (the devil) -- judas and the other devils constantly try to gain entry into the church but are symbolically rejected by the guards. the story culminates with the triumph of good over evil (Judas is being carried away from the church. After the symbolic wrestling match between the forces of good and the forces of evil, the forces of good prevail. Judas is then physically dismembered. Following the completion of the ceremony, the devils undergo a ritualistic cleansing and are welcomed back into society) • references to Christianity, but Christianity is combined with local religious practices • if you have this outside of religious context it is just called cultural hybridization • Tarahumara Syncretism: Mixture of traditional native beliefs and Catholicism-Semana Santa, the week leading to Easter Sunday, bonfires are lit on the mesas and coming in from distant ranchos will be hundreds of traditionally dressed and painted dancers will father in the plaza to drum, dance, and celebrate this important ritual of renewal (easter is a time to be cautious. the devil is out and about, intending to invade the church. some of the Tarahumara dress up and paint themselves as devils. always moving, they rally their fellow devils, conspire, and attack the church. the church must be guarded in this holiest of times) Diversity within a Religious Tradition -e.g. Easter --Tarahumara -- Sierra Madre, Mexico --Andalusia, Spain • Easter in Spain: Processions -- ornate floats depicting Jesus on the Cross carried by some 60 men •Spain: dance of the dead: easter holy week procession --Philippines •hooded flagellants mimic the crucifixion before whipping themselves with chains to absolve them of their sins •self-flagellation •there are some people who legitimately sacrifice themselves like jesus did (this lenten ritual is opposed by religious leaders in the Philippines Southeast Asia's largest predominantly Roman Catholic nation, but it has persisted to become one of the country's most-awaited summer attractions. (ex. a 46-year old man who was nailed to the cross 21 times) ••history of crucifixion: Arsenio Añoza's decision to undergo crucifixion was triggered partly by the revival of flagellation. He saw crucifixion as a means to get closer to Christ in his passion; closer than flagellation permitted ••proximity to the dead or dying Christ is seen as a crucial means of acquiring sacred power, the bedrock of esoteric healing. ••self-flagellation has become a means for tourism, as the Filipinos use "awesome and barbaric" nature of the rituals as a selling-point.

gender egalitarianism

the goal of the equality of the genders, stemming from a belief in the injustice of myriad forms of gender inequality. Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?: The US attempts to establish a more equal situation for muslim women but because Muslim women do not consider the burqa to be an offensive article of clothing, the attempt to create a more equal environment is void. In thailand, both men and women are eligable to vote as early as 1897

somatization

the process through which the body absorbs social stresses and manifests symptoms of suffering • social experiences being worked into your body and affecting your health • ex. if you're under a lot of stress now it will affect you later

cultural diffusion

the spreading of a cultural trait (e.g., material object, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to another

anthropology of environment (constructivist view of "nature")

• Look at the environment, don't just see what we assume, but there are also human things going on • many different forms: human influences on environment, construction of environment • **relationship between people and the environment outside of people How we construct society/culture based on the environment around us. How the environment shapes cultures and how cultures shape the environment We impact nature, and nature impacts us. Example=the !Kung people in the Kalahari adapting a stable hunter-gatherer society even in a harsh environment. -ex. melissa checker -foraging, food gathering -ex. eskimo science -• constructivist view of nature - what one culture thinks of as nature or the environment is not the same universally - that type of distinction doesn't necessarily carry over between groups **Are "natural disasters" "natural?" -- to what extent are the causes social -volcanoes -typhoons -Buenos Aires: lots of smoke in the air due to burning of a grassland near the delta of the Parana River -an ocean wave current near california shows biological or man-made oils floating on the surface (plankton, fish, natural oil seeps, and boats dumping their bilges are all potential sources for these oils -dust storm over the aral sea: it was once the fourth-largest lake in the world, and now it is almost gone -- soviet era irrigation diverted water to irragation schemes, more than 800 miles away. the water that flows into the aral from surrounding fields is contaminated by chemical fertilizers and pesticides, ending the once rich fishing industry. hotter, drier summer temperatures, lower winter temperatures, and falling water table have disrupted farming in the region and contributed to desertification in the area -amazon deforestation, mato grosso, brazil: the transformation from forest to farm: some deforestation is part of the country's plans to develop it agriculture and timber industries; other deforestation is the result of illegal logging and squatters. -shrimp farming in ecuador: worldwide, wetlands and coastal mangrove forests have been converted to shrimp ponds. ecuador's mangrove forests declined; salt flats or salt marshes on slightly higher ground have also been converted. -a processing plant in Monroe county that makes "tracking" -- silica sand for hydraulic fracturing where sand, water, and chemicals are blasted into wells -- this dusty substance is known to cause health problems including cancer and silicosis, a potentially fatal lung disease -Dust storms (one dumped 300,000 tons of dust on Beijing) is constantly worsened by human actions such as overgrazing and grassland degradation -Songkhla Lake in Thailand used to be rich in biodiversity due to the flow of saltwater, brackish water, and fresh water into the lake. But due to deforestation, there has been a lack of rain, and now less water is available for irrigation. Vegetation and wildlife populations are severely reduced as their water becomes too salty. this in turn affects the fishfolk. There is also a problem of pollution from the industry, and deforestation of the watershed for monoculture cash crops has led the lake to get more shallow. -Buddhists took a stance, with a three week walk held to raise the world's awareness on Songkhla Lake. -Ordaining trees as monks -- monk's recite Buddhist prayers and tie saffron colored robes around each tree's trunk. Ideally this will dissuade a faithful buddhist from logging. -Thais protesting Xayaburi Dam in Laos -**Polluted Promises: Drums of Mercury: he US environmental Protection Agency in Georgia removed 20,000 tons of surface waste... and 181 tons of mercury contaminated debris. -There has been native resistance to multinational mining corporations in Wisconsin -- setting clean air and water standards for indians (Exxon discovered the large Crandon zinc=copper sulfide deposit in Foest County, one mile upstream from the forest beds

group position theory

• larry nasperg about spear fishing rice in Wisconsin • I feel like I am part of a group and I feel like some other group is getting things that my group doesn't have and that upsets me so I react in terms of my position

hunter - gatherer (foraging) (evolution of)

-From early christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church Clerics -The Bible places no such restrictions on hunting; however, the animal must be properly drained of blood before being consumed -Jewish hunting law, based on the Torah, is similar, permitting hunting of non-prey animals that are considered Kosher -as hunting moved from a subsistence activity to a social one, two trends emerged. One was that of the specialist hunter with special training and equipment. the other was the emergence of hunting as a sport for those of an upper social class. the word "game" evolved to include an animal which is hunted. -as game became more of a luxury than a necessity, the stylized pursuit of it also became a luxury (Ex. dangerous hunting -- lone) Hunting was considered to be an honourable, somewhat competitive, pasttime to help the aristocracy practice skills of war in times of peace. -In most part of medieval europe, the upper-class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of feudal territory. -hunting played an important role in the culture of the antebellum South -Beginning in the early 19th century, members of the elite began importing the idea of "sport" from england. This allowed them to construct a cultural difference between their approach to hunting, which focused on pursuit and the thrill of the chase, and the hunting methods used by poor whites and slaves, which focused on the acquisition of skins, hides, and fresh meat. -from indians to "americans:" -until the 1800's, besides food value, deer was used for their skin, and also indians traded deer for things like metal wares and guns -after the 1850's, deer were hunted for profit, they were hunted almost to extinction due to the need for venison, as the deer population decreased, laws were passed to protect the whitetails.

state (form of social / political organization)

-delimited territory organized on a territorial basis rather than kinship -centralized political structure -stratified to three levels-ruling elite, bureaucracy, populace Origins of States: -Irrigation -Populations -Ecological -Trade -Military -Religious State Functions: Morton Fried: regards the state as a form of political organization which has two principal functions 1) the state apparatus acts to maintain socio-economic contrasts within the governed population, to preserve the stratified order 2) maintain the entire social order for the population it rules. There are two expressions of this function: 1) through suppressing internal disorder 2) defending the state against external threats Four Sub-Systems: 1) Population Control (censuses, boundaries, citizenship categories, etc) 2) Judicial (courts, judges, crimes, disputes) 3) Enforcement (police, jails, etc) 4) Fiscal (taxation, etc) organized nation of people, can refer to the political organization or a civilized nation of people (HAPIC-Polluted Promises, Forest People) • state: very hierarchal mode of organization: president, state governors, legeslatures, counties, cities, etc, • they all have a place to play and their powers depend on the place and role you play in society • a lot of this came along with agriculture - as we came up with more to eat, people inherited more power • with more agriculture, we are able to live in bigger groups and need to rely on rules according to our position

neoliberalism

-political and economic policy of free markets, deregulation, and "rolling back" of government social services -belief in the market as best means of regulating and valuing life -e.g. free trade agreements, privatization of governmental assets, market "discipline" for the poor -transfer of responsibility to "community" level -e.g. indigenous corporations or indigenous NGO's to manage resources -market discipline for indigenous people? ex: How Sushi Went Global..? - private fisherman sell their tuna to buyers who take then take the fish to larger markets -ex. claire wendland -ex. malawi versus the world bank with fertilizers -• an economic philosophy that says that you should just let the free market work and you should keep government out of the economy • usually comes along with specific programs to get rid of the government • structural adjustment programs - require a country for a loan and gets rid of public health care

commodity fetishism

Anthropologists apply the term "commodity fetishism" in two main ways: 1) How a commodity can hide the social relations of producers and consumers 2) How a commodity can be imbued with meanings beyond its use value -Marxist anthropologists argue that in fetishing commodities, social relationships are transformed / mystified in apparently objective relationships between commodities or money -for example, we focus on the shoes, and not the person(s) involved in making the shoes - the desire for something not just because of functional use-meaning also; a commodity imbued with meaning beyond use value -a commodity that may have extra value given to it because of unrationalized need/power/desire associated with it. • falls into the concept of commodification • the result of commodification that the people who are buying the commodity don't have any sense of what it is that is going on behind the secenes as far as the production of the grocery store • obscures the view to see what's going on behind the scenes • ex. mardi gras: where did these beads come from? I don't know. • concealing the relationship between the producer and consumer • the use value is not what people are after, its just sort of the intangible value they have • the relationship among people that is objectified into monetary relationships that is objectified by the commodity • involves the mode of production -Thai Women in the Global Labor Force, working for money, buying tvs/radios/commodities to show wealth/be modern -"How Sushi went Global," tuna, there is a national tuna day, associated with nationality of Japan, patriotic -people take tops off during mardi gras for beads

gender and labor

Film:The Other Side of Immigration: Males in Mexico are forced to illegally cross the US boarder in the order to make a living for his family due to a fiscal corrupt government and low job opportunity in Mexico across all modes of production, societies have some degree of a division of labor based on gender -although certain roles are more sex-linked than others, there is considerable cultural variation (ex. hunting, weaving, childbirth) -there are many cultures in which the women assist men in hunting (Ex. the !kung) -weavers: in Ghana, it is typically the men who weave the kente cloth -pregnancy: men also have jobs during a woman's pregnancy (ex. in papua new guinea, the men must build a hut for the woman) sometimes women's labor contributes most to the diet and family income; sometimes men's labor contributes most. in general, the relative position of men and women can be seen in their relative access of means of production, i.e. access to property, land, capital, tools and other needed technology e.g. patrilocal, patrilineal societies vs matrilocal, matrilineal societies (partilineal, on marriage, a woman becomes part of her husband's group, and authority over her is transferred from her father to her husband)

revitalization movement

a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a group to create a new culture -ghost dance: the Ghost dance was a religious movement which drew on the traditional circle dance. at the core of the movement was Jack Wilson, who prophesied a peaceful end to white American expansion while preaching messages of clean living, an honest life, and cross-cultural cooperation. However, it is best-known for instigating the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, which resulted in the deaths of at least 153 Lakota Sioux. -Missionaries and Conversion: Response to economic pressures: In 1988, Creuz Velazquez and two friends ventured into teh Sierra Madre Mountains in northwest Mexico. Their objective was to take christ's message of hope and love to the Tarahumara, an Indian tribe numbering more than 120,000 and known for resisting modern culture and influence. He began building projects for sheltering kids that come to school, giving them food and a place to live, while also teaching them the bible on site.

ethnicity

ethnic group: a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or ancestry; members of the ethnic group see themselves sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguishes them from other groups -strong emotional component -"us" vs "them" -may crosscut class differences Fluidity of Ethnic Groups: Ethnic groups are not stable grouping because: 1) ethic groups vanish (ex. Massachusetts, Erie -- names of now extinct Native American ethnic groups) 2) people move between groups, 3) new ethnic groups come into existence Situational Nature of Ethnic Identity: -America -Euro-American -Italian American -Sicicial American

agriculture (extensive vs intensive agriculture)

extensive: less concentrated & more spread out methods of agriculture, like Ladakh methods of just a few people watching all of the livestock uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital relative to the land area being used (ex. slash and burn) -- doesn't require a lot of fertilization or irrigation systems intensive: Much more concentrated method of agriculture that uses high inputs of capital, labor, or heavy uses of pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area, and overall work on a smaller area

formal vs. informal economy

formal- goods or services that are officially accounted for by government records • informal- goods or services that are bartered, exchanged, or sold unregulated by formal institutions • Includes garage sales, swap meets, unlicensed street vending, unreported or untaxed cash payments (babysitting money, tips, payments to undocumented workers, drug sales, sex work), black market (illegal economic activity such as smuggling), etc

stereotypes

generalizations or assumptions made about the characteristics of all members of a group based on an image or perceived ideas that are often wrong -Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving

band (form of social / political organization)

more fixed membership that come together annyally to carry out joint ritual and economic activities -ex: Ojibwe, Canada, US -During most of the year, small groups of related families move from one hunting area to another. In the summertime, the whole band frequently comes together on the shores of a lake and remains as a unit for the summer. Several men have influence and are leaders of the group. -A political entity that has more cohesiveness than political organizations with situational leadership -Has recognized leadership, however: leadership based on influence, not on authority • band: a small group that is relativiely egalitarian • tend to have more achieved status and less ascribed status • forest people and their interactions with eachother: band • for the ojibwe bands, leadership was based upon skill as a hunter and trapper, on maturity, wisdom, articulateness, and control of supernatural power. Successful men drew others around them.

foraging (temperate vs. circumpolar)

one of the modes of production; synonym for hunting and gathering temperate: minimal gender-based division of labor; both men and women collect basic foods (men and women contribute equal amounts of food); bunting large animals tends to involve only men but is a small and irregular part of diet circumpolar: large animals (seals, bears, large fish) provide a significant part of the diet; involve considerable time and labor and tend to involve only men; more significant gender division: men do more hunting (ex. !kung -- woman accompany their husbands in hunting), forest people, eskimos) Ex: Ju/'hoansi (San/Bushmen) Traditional: gender roles were interdependent. During gathering, women discovered information about game animals, which they passed on to the men. Men and women spent about the same time away from camp. Women's gathering provided 75-80% of the people's food, with men's hunting providing the rest, on an irregular basis. ethos of sharing food. as the became settled into villages, gender roles became more defined. males became involved in herding and working for wages ;women no longer gathering.

ethnogenesis

the creation of ethnic identities/groups • Osage, Kansa, Ponca, and Quapaw Indians of central US were a single ethnic group until portions broke away and five distinct groups came to be -ex. Seminoles: The Seminole indians began to emerge as a distinct community in the late 1700's as they were driven south by civil conflicts and the allure of a free wilderness -ex. Boers: Boer is the dutch word for farmer: it came to denote descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa (mainly of dutch origin, but also include immigrants from other parts of europe) -ex. the Aztec Empire: as the Spanish Empire in teh America's disintegrated during the early 1800s, new regional ethnic identities began emerging

gender inequality

unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender Taraka's Ghost: women marry into family of husband where she is treated disrespectfully compared to how she was treated at home. right to property right to support right to express opinion right to travel right to education right to hold political office right to vote in the case of thailand, thai women can divorce and keep whatever property they brough tinto the marriage and half of the assets accumulated thereafter right to inheritance: agricultural land, household land, and house usually from the woman's parents. tendency to female ultimogeniture. are usually responsible for financial matters within the family strong nexus of kin to support women however, thai feminist writes "thai women have not been directly involved in politics because it has been the norm that household matters are the women's matters while national matters are the men's matters." thai women are portrayed as politically disadvantaged because the rules of the game are "set up by men who dominate the political process" women lack political networks; and women suffer from "low self-esteem, a lack of confidence in understanding national and global issues, and a sense of inability to communicate, lead and manage people." in thailand, yet even in a matrilineal, matrilocal society such as Thailand, gender ideology is complex -- menstrual blood pollution In saudi arabia, women are not allowed to drive

commodity / commodification

• commodity: something that is bought and sold: something that circulates in an economic sphere • commodification: when something is turned in to a commodity: it may not have been a commodity before, but it is now "A commodity appears at first sight an extremely obvious, trivial thing. But its analysis brings out that it is a very strange thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties." Embedded in a Global Economy: -From decontexualized commodities: an enchanted view of commodities that magically appear on supermarket shelves to a contexualized, humanized understanding of commodities embedded in networks of people and as the product of their labors -ex. the people behind the commodities: making sugar -"Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife," prevents division of land/easier labor -Travesti, silicon and harmones -A Heart for the Work the medical supplies is a commodity, resources -"Cocaine and the Economic Deterioration of Bolivia," the coca leaves, food,

corporate / communal property vs individual property

• corporate: the case of the gypsy offender (identity belongs to everyone in the community, but according to US law, identity belongs to one person) • communal: life without chiefs • collectively owned property: things belong to the group: either belong to the community, or belong to the entire group as a body • individual property is that one person owns it - what's mine is not yours • communal: what's mine is ALSO yours - so long as we're in the same community

sovereignty

• legal independence and usually entails autonomy • the ability to control your legal state domination. power, authority in govt claimed by a state (Life w/o Chiefs)

legal pluralism

• nasberg's lecture • US and Ojibwe tribes have different authority over the same resouces • case of the gypsy offender • gypsy rules to deal with identity and other ways • multiple legal systems working together

decolonizalism

• one person being taken over by a dominant society • a minority indigenous group colonizating minority groups post-colinization

social stratification

• somebody is on top and somebody is not • there are different levels of power in society • different ways you can wind up with this • ex. there is a king who passes on authority to his offspring • rank can be inherited or earned (Ex. president) • have to earn your way to the top of a business • in some ways opposed to egalitarianism

depersonalization

• taking away the personal characteristics of the doctor and patient • these characteristics are not supposed to matter • difference between heart for the work: Malawian students resist depersonalization • different than dehumanization • A Heart for the Work- "northern" doctors are thought to desensitize themselves to patients ??

invisibility

• thai women in the global labor force • macro picture in the global economy -- care • involved in the aspects of family that normally the women would take care of • the role of women is not apparent, people don't see them • women are a central part of what make the global economy work • we often do not pay attention to these women • ex. woman in Sri Lanka • why we see certain aspects of globalization, but then others become invisible to us

structural adjustment

• the particular policies that come out of a political policy: in order to receive loans from government agencies, countries had to put in place structural adjustment programs that promote a free market - privatization (ex. no unions) • in order to get a grant from political organization, you need to form your economy to the structural model • professor wendlend • Malawi: gov't subsidizing fertilizer vs privatization of subsidization Government Subsidization and the IMF have caused numerous problems in Haiti, as the people can no longer afford to buy rice and food riots are breaking out. Thirty years ago, Haiti imported almost no rice, was an exporter of sugar and other things. Today, Haiti imports nearly all of its rice. It even imports sugar, even though it was the sugar-growing capital of the Caribbean. And the reason is that in order to get these loans, they had to open up their markets to competition -- the United States.

activist anthropology

- anthropology approach in which the anthropologist is open and honest about their biases/political perspective/view of a situation, and they use personal convictions as strength, incorporating it into their methodology ex. polluted promises • research on a social movement engaged in activism • part of her experiement was being an activist • volunteering her time • distinct from applied anthro which is about solving practical problems as being hired by a particiluar organization like the UN or something

big-man structure

-Greater clarity in leadership -Organizes his group's production, which is geared to the accumulation of goods that will be distributed ceremonially in exchanges with other Big Men -The Big Man derives his power from his direction of the ceremonial distribution of the goods accumulated by his group and the decisions he makes in the redistribution of goods within his own group -Achieved Status; based on personal qualification and abilities -Ex: Siuai, Solomon Islands, South Pacific -Ex. Abelam in Papau New Guinea: -Big man directs activites in a range of areas -Organizes the labor involved in yam production -Acts a ritual expert as know magical spells that make the yams grow long -Maintains sexual abstinences for the growing period on behalf of his followers -Has prowess in warfare -Artistic ability as a carver or painter -Oratorical skills is essential: must deliver speeches and ceremonial distributions

nationalism

-belief in inevitability or superiority of a particular nation -perception of nation-state as natural or rightful master of its territory and population (hegemony) -are indigenous groups separate nations? who decides? a nationality is an ethnic group with a feeling of homeland, a geographical region over which they have exclusive rights (they are imagined communities) • Heart for the Work - some doctors feel it is their responsibility to stay in Malawi in hopes of helping turn the country's medical system around -ex. southern sudan -- the world's newest nation -- celebrate independence

consumption / consumerism

-the dominant pattern in a culture of using goods or resources in order to satisfy needs/desires -The using of resources -"The Law and Conflict in Northern Wi" consumption of Walleye, Native Americans vs US -"Forest Development the Indian Way" sustainable living to unsustainable development -The Godess and the Computer, Americans trying to help rice growers produce more (doesnt work), water consumtion/water temples

moral economy

A "moral economy" refers to the various ways in which custom, social values, and social pressure encourage economic actors in a society to conform to traditional norms even at the expense of profit; refers to cultural mechanisms which prevent "greed" from overcoming "morality" • morality holds the center of the economic activities • religion interests with economy • some communities, when they are doing economic activities, it is not to make money but rather to fulfill certain religious responsibilities • exploitation of workers - their humanity is alienated - they are forced to work long hours and low payment o question the morals in this activity o "it is natural, they have no other choice" - economic view o but then you can also look at morality morality holds the center of economic activities, with religion intersecting with economy (in some communities, religion is center to life, and thus when the people do religious activities, it is not to make money, but rather to fulfil religious responsibilities) poverty at work: office employment and the crack alternative: cultural ideas of what is fair and appropriate, it is a moral economy of what is fair and just a heart for the work: the doctors are doing their work out of the goodness of their heart, not necessarily to make money Buddhist merit-making: of detachment and Altruistic generosity

spirit possession

Takara's ghost

applied anthropology

Ways in which anthropology can be used in other contexts, like the manager using an Ways in which anthropology can be used in other contexts, like the manager using an anthropological perspective to solve issues with inventory

culture-specific syndrome

a collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a particular culture/s -• type of illness that exists in one particular culture • anorexia - American / Western cultures • has obvious effects on the health of an individual, but does not have a disease factor or pathogen, but rather it is caused by values in the culture (ex. body image) -(medical anthropology lecture)

race (anthropological understanding of race)

a human construct, "all that exists is variability in what people look like- and the arbitrary and culturally specific ways different societies classify that variability"

modernity / modernization

many people (especially in third world countries) seek modernity and to be more modern, only to be disappointed. similarly, many first world countries try to "modernize" third world countries (like in malawi versus the world bank), only to lead to the deterioration of their economies thansamay: being modern (thai women in the global labor force) thai women in the global labor force: the thai women are looking for a lifestyle of modernity (having commodities, more about material things, trying to escape the stereotypical rural status, image, want the bangkok city life, changing their self-image

medical practice and social definitions of beauty and well-being

there exists surgical beautification -ex. asian double eyelid surgery: adds fold to the upper eyelid -ex. circumcision -ex. female genital cutting (involves the removal of the clitoris and other parts of the vagina)

marginalization

to relegate or confine to a lower limit or edge of social standing • exclusion, subordinazation of people • travesty • migrant workers from mexico coming to the us • eskimo people • somebody is physically or socially being pushed aside • unborrowed land - the squatters in the phillipines are being pushed to the places in the city that people did not know what to do with

colonization / post-colonization

to send a group of settlers to a place and establish political control over it. (I used examples that were more of places being affected by modernization/western cultures, not exactly colonization) -Ancient Futures kinda? money taking over, technological advances -"Village Walks" chpt 33, people branded as "native" and "primitive" pg 309

development

trying to change societies for a positive effect hotels, movie theaters, and schools were built in the towns in Ancient Futures as a part of "development"

Kayapo

-A cacique (chief) attends a demonstration in front of the supreme court for indigenous rights -chief raoni and sting successfully fought against a hydro electric dam project on the Xingu river 20 years ago -- it would threaten the survival of a number of indigenous groups and would make some 50,000 people homeless, as 190 sq miles of land would be flooded -Avatar's basic plot centers on an indigenous people being bullied into submission -- highlights the plight of the Kayapo tribe who are fighting against the building of the dam which will flood their lands

Health and Eating

-A taste for sweets (like in the bakeries in india) and their growing popularity of fried and processed foods are contributing to diabetes in India -Organic Farming is better -Mormon's fasting may be helping their hearts: Mormon's have less heart disease -- people who fast for one day each month are about 40% more less likely to be diagnosed with clogged arteries than those who did not regularly fast.

Issues in Religion

-Other-worldly vs. This-worldly -After-life vs This-life -Social Control vs. Social Change -Time: Ritual Occasions vs. Everyday Morality -Place: Sacred Space vs Profane Space (e.g. Church/Synagogue/Mosque/Temple vs Home; ancestral altars) -Beliefs vs Actions -Religion vs. Culture

chiefdom (form of social / political organization)

-ascribed status-a position one inherits -characterized by hereditary systems of rank: economic stratification, social inequality -position of chief is fixed. only one chief who occupies highest ranked position -has real authority and power to enforce his decisions -hierarchy of offices under chief • ex. Hawaii, Samoa, Tahiti, Trobriand Islands

language: ambiguity of defining drugs

-ayahuasca (quechua) is a psychoactive tea prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp vine, native to the Amazon rainforest. the drinks are used for shamanic, folk-medinal, and religious purposes. In Brazil, modern syncretist forms of Christianity include this tea. Considered demonic, the Roman Catholic Church made great efforts to stamp it out. It has now been granted religious exception and is allowed to be used in Native American practices -Marijuana: Medicine or Illegal drug? -Birth Control: recreational drug? -Viagra: Cleared as Kosher for passover -Viagra: Saving marriages and seals and caribou: the availability of Viagra has led to decreasing demand for seal genetalia and antler velvet, two key ingredients in traditional Chinese remedies for impotence

Religious Practices to Safeguard Political Well-Being

-ex. a group of witch doctors participate in a ceremony to curse vote-buyers and vote-sellers in front of a provincial hall -Buddhist monks and nuns pray for democracy -Burma: Monks Leading Protest Against Military Regime

towards global health

-graphic warning: thai cigarette packages -global infection: HIV prevalence in adults, end 2001 -experts say that mecca pilgrims may be spreading polio: a case of polio reached Mecca just before 2 million muslims made the annual pilgrimage there last month, and World Health Organization officials now say the diseased could spread to other countries, carried by returning pilgrims -chinese take to the rails in vast numbers, spreading disease -- this year's travel season comes after a meningitis outbreak that killed at least 17 people and sickened 258 others -Scandinavian sperm is not as easy to get now -- ban on sperm from European nations with exposure to mad cow affects supply in the US

multiculturalism

-ideology that governments should protect cultural differences -policies intended to correct historical mistreatment of minority groups (e.g. special land claims or cultural rights) -burden of authenticity? political philosophy of proper way to respond to cultural and religious diversity ex: Polluted Promises - HAPIC fights for civil and environmental rights, better living standards

overall goals of life

-material vs nonmaterial goals -the meaning of "wealth" -examples of diversity of cultural values: --limitless accumulation: money in capitalism (ex. Bill Gates) --limited acquisition: Eveny in Siberia (values: sufficiency, health, family -- elders pray to the sun for success in hunting, an increase in reindeer, strong sons and beautiful daughters) --political status/prestige (through generosity): NW Coast Potlatch (potlatches were a tradition among the indigenous groups of the Northwest coast of North America. They involved large ceremonial gatherings with dances, feasts, and the exchange of goods which established hierarchal relations among clans, villages, and nations. Sponsors of a potlatch gave away food, blankets and other items. To give a potlatch enhanced one's reputation and validated social rank. Prestige increased the with the lavishness of the potlatch. The net effect is the redistribution of wealth) (ex. members of the Tlingit group) (parties, as they are now sometimes called, commemorate a significant event in an extended family's or clan's collective life. it can take up to a year of planning and $10,000 for a family or clan to host a party) --Religio-Political Status (through generosity): Cargo System, Mexico (in many indian communities of both Mesoamerica and the highland Andes, men must serve their communities by passing through a series of offices which usually involve considerable individual expenditure. This system is known as the cargo, or fiesta system or the civil-religious hierarchy. The Spanish term cargo means burden. Basic to all variations of the cargo system is the expenditure of wealth in the sponsorship of religious fiestas in order to accumulate prestige within one's community. The lower level cargos were usually low status community services such as acting as policemen at the fiestas or sweeping out the church, buying drinks for the elites to be used in celebrations, or, for the women, preparing the clothing of the saints for holy days. Only a few elite men achieved the upper level cargos, usually ending their careers as alcaldes, or mayors at the top of the civilian cargo system. The cargo system reduced the wealth of all in exchange for status in the community. --Better Rebirth (through generosity): Merit-Making, SE Asia (ex. offering food to monks, sponsoring an ordination, building a temple) --Pilgrimage: The Hadj, Mecca (Hadj is a pilgrimage to Mecca. It is one of the pillars of Islam an obligation that Muslims seek to carry out at least once in their lifetime. It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world. Each year, over two million pilgrims participate)

interaction of the mind and body

-optimism is a powerful predictor of who will live and who will die after the diagnosis of heart disease -- studies show that emotions and friendships play a critical role in recovery -a professor found that mortality rates of 200,000 chinese and japanese - americans were 27% higher on the fourth day of months for people of asian descent -studies show the benefits of regular church attendants -- studies show that meditating nuns have increased activity in regions used for concentrations and decreased activity in areas promoting a sense of self in the brain -Buddha's lesson of "mindfulness" teaches how to step back from pain and the worries of life -hydrocolon therapy is performed to gently dissolve and wash off the intestinal contents including toxic wastes, sludge, pathogenic microorganisms, and parasites that can cause harm to the body -a doctor has recently started treating patients affected by C. diff bacterial infections with fecal transplants -Japan has started developing "negative ion" clothes that make us feel clam, relaxed, and rejuvenated. negative ions increase oxygen flow to the brain, keeping us more alert, improves our memory, and mental energy.

health and economy

-poverty: starvation -deadly mines

traditional (or indigenous) environmental knowledge

...

money and the labor theory of value

Alternative Mediums of Exchange -Before there was money as we know it, there were other mediums of exchange: aztecs used cacao beans, norwegians used butter, people of paraguay used snails, etc. Labor Theory of Value: -In the labor theories of value, the value of a commodity is related to the labor needed to produce them -Adam Smith held that in a primitive society, the amount of labor put into producing a good determined its exchange value -However, in a more advanced society the market price is no longer proportional to labor cost since the value of the good now includes compensation for the owner of the means of production -for Marx, the difference between the costs of production and the final commodity price is the surplus value, or profit margin. Because workers are not getting the full value of their labor, Marx considers them being exploited.

Money: A symbolic medium of exchange

Money is any token or other object that functions as a medium of exchange that is socially and legally accepted in payment for goods and services. Money also serves as a standard of value for measuring the relative worth of different goods and services and as a store of value -some mediums of exchange are useful in and of themselves. gradually, however, people began exchanging items that had no intrinsic value, but which had only agreed-upon or symbolic value (ex. the cowrie shell - used as currency in China, India, Thailand, and West Africa) -another symbolic currency - used widely in the america's - was wampum. wampum are oblong clamshells sawed into beads, polished, and then strung together. -the ancient egyptians developed a system for making payments with weighted amounts of precious metal -first coins in 600 bc were stamped with a symbolic lion's head (symbol of kingly authority) -spread of coins can be traced back to the greeks -the first paper money was invented in China during the 10th century -- Ghengis Khan was instrumental in the spread of paper money as currency -Paper money was adopted in Europe much later than in Asia and the Arab world -- paper was not widely accepted because of religious prejudice -Beginning in the 11th century, European governments took over from local merchants and began printing paper money that served as official money

Religion and Politics

Power and the Status Quo -Killing in the name of Buddhism: Right-wing monk Phra Kittiwutho declared in the 70's that it was not sinful to kill communists. State violence spiraled, culminating in a massacre in 1976. Many then joined the Communist Party of Thailand -State-Sangha: Central Thailand -Change within a tradition: Liberation Theology: some marxists are sympathetic to religion. Liberation theology is a school of theology within Christianity that focuses on Jesus Christ as not only the Redeemer but also the Liberator of the oppressed. It emphasizes the Christian mission to bring justice to the poor and oppressed, particularly through political activism. Resistance to Power -The crusades -Tibetan Buddhism and Chinese Politics -Thai Monks: Red Shirt Protest 2010 -Thai Muslims in a Thai Buddhist State: thai soldiers are deployed in force int he southern provinces where they are fighting an Islamic insurgency

Religious Practices to Safeguard Mental Health

Psychological Release; Social Support

thansamay

Thai word for beauty and urban modern -relates to hegemony -hegemonic idea of what's modern and good and a motive for thai women to move to bangkock up-to-date, modernity (in Thai Women... • Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: women moved to urban areas to acquire a more modern life with more commodities

Politics and Public Health

The Impact of War -politics of healthcare -ex. Vietnam: agent orange -ex. landmines -- there are an estimated 45-5-0 landmines planted in more than 60 countries. Cambodia has more amputees than any other country The Impact of the Environment

Max Weber

The Role of Religion in the Rise of Capitalism -Weber argued that certain types of Protestantism favored the rational pursuit of economic gain through an inherent logic which encouraged planning and self-denial -The puritans viewed expenditure and the lavish display of earthly goods as sinful. By contrast, Catholicism, Weber argues, was tolerant towards the acquisition of earthly gain and winked at lavish expenditure. -Therefore Protestant ethic was more predisposed towards capitalism than the Catholic Note: -Protestant doctrines asked men to accept a humbler station and concentrate on mundane tasks and duties. The Calvinist ethic of "godliness" through humble dedication to one's beruf (calling/duty/task), meant economic productivity was consequently higher in Protestant communities (ex. the cobbler, who devotes his entire effort to the praise of God -- the most mundane profession)

autonomy

a self-directing freedom and especially moral independence, self-sufficiency, the right to self-government • the capacity to decide for yourself • making your own decisions determining your own future • naspergs guest lecture • part of the idea behind the treaties that were signed between ojibwe and us was the ojibwe retained certain types of autonomy: ex. how they were going to hunt, how they were going to fish • they set up a structure for managing those rights and they decide for themselves • autonomy vs agency: the nation has natural autonomy but the main difference is that autonomy is like a legally recognized form of agency - autonomy is usually about GROUPS o agency is against central structure

pastoralism

a subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals, concerned with raising livestock (pastoralists are animal-herders) • a nomadic way of life • a subsitence strategy • typically animal herders • moving around • don't have time to plant crops and wait for them to mature

shaman

ability to effect this world through communication with spiritual world (gods/deities) • Split Horn

hunting

ambiguous meanings: -hunting as bonding among men -father-son bonding -politically charged (NRA and politics -- protecting the second amendment)

magic

an attempt to access or invoke supernatural powers magic community: • synonym for nation state • we are part of a community that is more than just seeing people face-to-face

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

totems

an entity that watches over or assists a group of people, such as a family, clan, or tribe, usually animals are used to depict clans, groups etc. -The totem poles of the Pacific Northwest of North America feature many different designs (bears, birds, frogs, people, and various supernatural beings and aquatic creatures) that function as family or chiefly crests and to recount stories owned by those families or chiefs, and/or to commemorate special occasions an animal, plant, or object that serves as an emblem of a particular clan or kin group, shartng ancestry or kinship with it (ojibwe totemic and cosmological beliefs emphasize the personhood of all life forms and their relatedness: "a bear is just like a human being, and must be honored like a guest from foreign parts.") • ritual symbol we often use to enforce our membership • tied to some sort of myth that enforces our group • Durkheim and weber and marx • durkheims approach: religion is used to enforce our membership in society • we experience a feeling, a sense that we are all part of a group together • used to distinguish between clans and totems as well -• Pacific NW of North America feature many different designs (animals, supernatural beings, aquatic creatures) that function as family or chiefly crests and recount stories owned by those families or chiefs, and/or to commemorate special occasions

rural / urban

country/city. Things to consider: agriculture, way of life, movement of people to the city (Ancient Futures, Thai Women) • rural in the countryside where agricultural practices are taking place • urban cities • reltaionships between rural and urban areas and how they affect eachother • how rural is often • economic deterioration of Bolivia • thai women in the global labor force

ethno-etiology

culturally specific causal explanation for health problems and suffering defining mental health: -insane asylum: unmarried pregnant women as "morally depraved" (Doncaster, England) -mass shootings: criminal or untreated mentally ill? -alcoholism: disease, moral failing, or criminal?

otherness

different-ness • how do we deal with people who we think are different than us? - other than we are • part of a different group etc. • otherness is something that is produced o ex. RACE - who is different or OTHER than me in terms of race is different depending on the cultural context (blood and race in brazil vs America) -how social identities are contested; societies establish identity categories as dichotomies (man vs. woman, young vs. old, rich vs. poor, etc...) ex: Travesti - Travestis vs. viados, penatrator vs. penetrated...

disease vs. illness

disease: a biological health problem that is objective and universal illness: culturally specific perceptions and experiences of a heath problem • professor wendland • what caused this woman to have aids • 1) disease - she had a particular biological problem - there was a virus that cuased it, or she had a physical ailment (Ex. malnutrition), pregnancy • but there can also be a bigger picture • illness - social causes o being poor and having to walk to the hospital o living in poverty as a result of the structural adjustment programs your country had to instituate to get aid o not having money to pay for a doctor - delayed treatment • our own cultural ways of thinking of things illnesses include: -studies show that a tragic or shocking event can stun the heart and produce classic heart-attack-like symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs, but this condition is reversible. -a broken heart can actually be caused by grief; other triggers included a surprise party, car accident, armed robbery, fierce argument, court appearance, and fear of public speaking. -people with heart heart disease more than double their risk of a heart attack when they get angry, and the danger lasts for two hours -- anger increases the heart rate, boosts high blood pressure, and encourages the clogging of arteries. -you can literally get sick and tired of a bad marriage. Couples whose fights turn nasty suffer a temporary decline in immune function -- and wives' natural defenses drop the most. -protection against sudden infant death syndrome: study suggests that infants should sleep with mom

culture and environment

environments shape cultures, cultures shape environments -glaciers melting due to our environment -the pagosa springs in colorado are labeled as the "healing waters" so now people from all over the world go to see them -- there is also a lot of development and new homebuilding in the area -three gorges dam in china is the world's largest hydroelectric dam project in the world and it was intended to improve shipping, provide food control, and hydroelectric power, but it also displaced 1.3 million people. -bridges, roadways affect our environment, but are part of our culture

relation of animals to people

from wild to domesticated -continuum: animal to human -euro-American hunting: a speculative history, ambiguous contemporary meanings -hunting/fishing to herding/domestication Asian Religions: Avoid Killing - the first precept of Buddhism is the respect for all sentient of life. the general approach by all buddhists is to avoid killing any living creatures - the hindu doctrine of ahimsa is generally antagonistic to hunting - Jainism teaches to have tremendous respect for all life

uMunthu

humanity; sensitivity; sense of community; collective humanness • A Heart for the Work- doctors don't desensitize themselves from patients

nation vs state

nation = "imagined community" founded on shared ancestry, ethnicity, language, political identity, etc (e.g. "The Filipino People) state = complex political organization claiming the right to govern a territory and the people within it (e.g. "The Philippine Government)

anthropological approach to the study of economics

of desire, values, and consumption the law of the market, the law of supply and demand, rational choice theory vs. the values of the household, the illustration of rationality, the need to understand goals/desires in a cultural context

indigeneity

original or first occupancy in a place, distinction from settler population; legal category within countries; associated with notions of authenticity; confers rights and obligations; transnational identity • Indigenous Palawan have special rights within protected areas but they must: -send recognized representatives -limit new swiddens to former swiddens -limit forest use to "traditional" activities -adopt outsider views of "nature" and property -cooperate without conflict • palawan livelihood: -subsistence: swidden agriculture, foraging/hunting wild foods -exchange goods or money: forest products -monetization: wage labor • palawan social organization -egalitarian (no ascribed status) -kinship: bilateral "kindered networks" -status/authority: achieved through age, marriage, and expertise in customary law or ritual • include Indian groups, pre-columbian groups, tribal minority groups who weren't converted into Christianity • often a minority group that is distinct from the dominant population and that has come first

wilderness vs civilization

physical landscape largely shaped by people it is a continuum -forest: untouched, primeval, cultivated -- scary to peaceful, beautiful -rural countryside: bucolic to backward -urban: civilized to alienated -Myth of the "Pristine Forest" the Amazon was viewed as a pristine forest, but an ethnobiologist discovered that the Kayapo created apetes. apetes are "islands" of vegetation in the forest. virtually all species found in the apetes had actually been planted. the fish, plans, soil, and game in many "natural" ecological zones were managed and profoundly altered. the apetes are important sources of medicinal and edible plants. besides serving as supermarkets, the islands are used as shelters in time of war and epidemic, as refuges from the midday sun, as studios for body painting, as playgrounds, and as motels for trysting lovers -the founding fathers of modern environmentalism promised that "in wilderness is the preservation of the world" (the presumption was that the wilderness was out there somewhere, in the western heart of America, awaiting discovery, and that it would be the antidote for the poisons of industrial society) -yosemite national park: abe lincoln signed a bill granting yellowstone as an inalienable public trust -- protecting it as wilderness. however, indian people have lived on the yosemite region for as long as 8,000 years, and they have made use of yosemite's varied local ecosystems (ex. the pattern of oaks and grassland is probably a direct result of the intentional burning of the underbrush practiced by native people) -- so can it really be called "natural?" -menominee sustainable forests: menominee forest management dates back almost 150 years, when the tribe started a sustainable yield program. this forest has not only significantly contributed to the economic self-sufficiency of the tribe, but had a profound effect on its cultural and spiritual identity, by emphasizing community ownership, a land ethic, and intergenerational responsibility. -agricultural patterns: societies often make patterns within agriculture (looking at the ground from helicopter view) when they develop the land

means of production

physical non human inputs used in production- the factories machines and tools used to produce goods. all implements, machines, raw materials, lands, natural forces (e.g. rivers) involved in production • Labor, technology, land, capital

religious practices to safeguard health and well-being

preventative; curing -protective amulets -sacred protective tattooes -blessing by numbers (the abbot in Chaing Mai's Muang district blesses car number plates with combinations of numbers seen as special or auspicious, which will be auctioned at the Chaing Mai Transport Office during the next weekend. -Seeking Protection: Death by Widow Ghosts (in 1990, radio reported unexplained deaths of Thai migrant men working in Singapore. The sudden deaths were interpreted as caused by widow ghosts searching for their husbands. A widow ghost is the sexually voracious spirit of a woman who has met an untimely and perhaps violent death. Mary Beth Mills found her northeastern Thai village "festooned with wooden phalluses in all shapes and sizes" to protect residents, especially boys and men. The greedy ghosts would take their pleasure with the wooden penises and be satisfied, leaving the men of that household safe and asleep in their beds

globalization

processes that promote world-wide exchanges of national and cultural resources/labor/etc Mardi Gras: beads needed in US for marti gras and other celebrations are manufactured in China in order for the bead company to make a profit. Australia's Yellow Tail Wine is the #1 Imported Wine into the US. Due to drought conditions in Australia, more and more farmlands are being converted from rice farms to wine (it is more profitable) -The drought's effect on rice has produced the greatest impact on the rest of the world, so far. It is one factor contributing to skyrocketing prices and many scientists believe it is among the earliest signs that a warming planet is starting to affect food production.

redistribution

redistribution a system of economic exchange within a social group intended to alter the distribution of goods/wealth across a society -Hosts demonstrate their wealth and prominence through giving away goods -The net effect is the redistribution of wealth procured by families •ex. Potlatch / NW Coast • American taxation • Redistribution gives the Big Man in the big man structure his power • charitable donations

merit (in Buddhism)

result of good deeds or thoughts which carries over to subsequent incarnations a desire in the Buddhist religion; better rebirth through generousity • Merit-making Buddhism in S/E Asia: offering food to monks, sponsoring an ordination, building a temple

migration / mobility

road to refugee resettlement: the Nuer from southern Sudan migrating to different countrees as refugees (get help from organizations such as Luthern Social Services) global women in the new economy: women from third world countries migrate to first world countries in order to seek a better life (usually as a nanny, but in some cases as prostitutes) (what many people don't realize is that first world countries actually NEED these women as nannies in order to live their lives, it is not just the nannies that need the job opportunities in first world countries) thai women in the global labor force: the thai women migrate to larger cities to seek better job opportunities **migration is more than just economics: the women in thai women in the global labor force migrate to the city in search of a lifestyle (thansamay), not just money -- looking for a life of modernity cocaine and the economic deterioration of bolivia: traditional family change: men leaving the pocona region to migrate to the chapore region in order to farm the coca plant -- make more money, better lifestlye (although the money goes to the drug dealers, not necessarily the farmers)

science

science vs religion rational vs irrational objective vs subjective based on observation / hypotheses vs based on tradition seeking control vs seeking to propitiate profane vs sacred logical vs emotional

nation-state

state a state identified with a particular nation (e.g. "The Philippines") • there is one people for each states • colonialism - one country ruled many different groups of people • modern idea that each people should be self-governing • nations put into place a policy to make their own people • want to play a part of the identity • The Philippines nation "imagined community" founded on shared ancestry, ethnicity, language, political identity, etc • The Filipino people state complex political organization claiming the right to govern a territory and the people within it • The Philippine government

poverty

state of being extremely poor ex: a mother's love-death without weeping, what happens to family ties in the face of severe hardship imposed by grinding poverty and urban migration. Mortal selective neglect, passive infanticide, indifference

medical pluralism

the existence of more than one medical system, and/or the simultaneous integration of more than one medical system in a culture -variation in the classification of health problems (e.g. spirit possession vs schizophrenia) -according to classification, treatments may differ (e.g. supernatural vs germ theories) -people may follow several avenues simultaneously or sequentially -provides options and complications • people turn to local doctors for medicine, but at the same time people go to the hospital • people will use one for certain ends, but then biomedicine for others • local healer vs hospital (spiritual medicine vs breaking a leg) • Mental disorder- spirit possession v schizophrenia • For sicknesses/illnesses- supernatural v germ theories -Ex. the Hmong consult both a shaman and a doctor -Ex. Thailand: of hot/cold and exhaustion, and of spirits and strokes

environmental justice

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies ex. polluted promises • main argument: what the people are doing: the idea of combining the civil rights movements along with environmental ends • not only about preserving a prisitine environment, but also about social justice and protecting the environment

reciprocity (generalized, balanced, negative)

the practice of exchanging things with social equals giving something in exchange for something (goods, money, etc.) Often times the exchange is not equal as is the case in Thai Women in the workforce. They provide labor needed by the booming industries in the city and receive small compensation. -generalized-altruistic; someone gives to another person and expects nothing concrete or immediate in return; a pure gift -balanced-direct exchange; minimal delay; gift exchange •ex. iroquois women doing agricultural work: grinding corn or dried berries -negative-an attempt to get something for nothing; appropriation of transitions conducted toward net utilitarian advantage; participants confront each other as opposed interest, each looking to maximize utility at the other's expense; e.g. theft, exploitation

economics

the science that investigates the conditions and laws affecting the study of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth -goods have use value vs exchange value Good being exchanged have both use/exchange value and imagined value. The processes of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods/commodities are intertwined. Therefore, in order to understand a society's economy, the cultural values and desires of its members -- both long term and every day -- must be taken into consideration. Economics: the intersection of moral/cultural values shaped by history, politics, religion, and kinship

exchange: gifts vs. markets

types of exchange: -Reciprocity: exchange beween social equals -Redistribution: when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center (e.g. capital, chief's storehouse) and are redistributed back through the hierarchy -Market: Items are bought and sold using money, with an eye to maximizing profit •e.g. Ashante market women •Markets are for maximizing profits Gift Giving: -In his classic work The Gift, Marces Mauss argued that gifting gives rise to reciprocal exchange. The famous question that drove his inquiry into the anthropology of the gift was: "What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?" -Because of this bond between the giver and the gift, the act of giving creates a social bond with an obligation to reciprocate on part of the recipient. To not reciprocate means to lose honor and status. -Mauss distinguished between three obligation: 1) giving - the necessary initial step for the creation and maintenance of social relationships; 2) receiving, for to refuse to receive is to reject the social bond; and 3) reciprocating in order to demonstrate one's own liberality, honor, and wealth Poison in the Gift: of Obligation and Debt -A gift that is not yet requited in the first place "creates a something between people:" it engenders continuity in the relation, solidarity -- at least until the obligation to reciprocate is discharged. Secondly, falling under "the shadow of indebtedness," the recipient is constrained in his relations to the giver of things. The one who has benefited is held in a peaceful, collaborative, circumspect, and responsive position in respect to his benefactor. -Ex. Kula Ring: The Kula Ring spans 18 communities of the Massim archipelago. Participants travel at time hundreds of miles by canoe in order to exchange Kula valuables. The Kula valuables consist of shell-disc necklaces that are traded to the north, and shell armbands that are traded in the southern direction. If the opening gift was an armshell, then the closing gift must be a necklace and vice versa. All Kula valuables are non-use items traded purely for purposes of enhancing one's social status and prestige. Gifts: Defining the Social Community: -who to buy gifts for -who gets invited -on what occasions

witchcraft

• Azande combining science and medicine-witchcraft is believed to be an inherited substance in the belly which lives a fairly autonomous life preforming bad magic on the person's enemies; witches may be unaware of powers and can accidentally strike people to whom the witch wishes no evil; oracles are way of determining the source of witchcraft and how to respond to the threats

ethnomedicine

• culturally specific way of practicing medicinecomparative study of how different cultures view diseases/illnesses and how they treat or prevent them • shamanism, giving a specific type of tea, etc • the way you heal somebody given local cultural things • involves understainding the local environment -ex. garlic as a blood thinner has turned into a vampire repellant -ex. white willow as aspririn: the leaves and bark of the willow tree contain salicin, a naturally occurring compound similar to aspirin. medicines made from willow and other salicylate-rich plants date back to at least 3000 BC. Later, in 1987, Bayer synthesized acetlylsalicylic acid, and made the aspirin we know today. -ex. hibiscus flower: natural source of food coloring, natural diuretic, lowers blood pressure, lowers cholesterol, an extract used in cosmetic skin care -ex. chemical in chili peppers found to reduce pain (being used to treat arthritis, mouth sores, adn foot discomfort from diabetes) (numbs nerves during surgery) -ex. wild tomato foliage in ecuador: bug repellant: professor Michael Roe found the natural compound on the foliage of wild tomatoes that grow in the mountains of Ecuador and it is a mosquito repellant safer and more effective than DEET -ex. Drinking coffee on a daily basis can help prevent liver cancer -Digitalis has been used from early times in heart cases.. the first consequence of its absorption is a contraction of the heart and arteries, causing a very high rise in the blood pressure -In Peruvian herbal medicine, Clavo huasca is widely regarded as a libido booster for both men and women -- it is sold in the herbal markets and stores in Peru for sexual potency -Ayahuasca: a hallucinogenic tea, prepared from a vine native to the Amazon forest: used for shamanic, folk-mediicinal and religious purposes

rationality and neutrality of science and medicine

• doctors and scientists tend to see their work as subjective • not about personality, but data • rationality: perception that you're making rational choices about it you have the evidence and you are following logic and coming up with the solutions • neutrality: the notion that who you are or what your beliefs are - is all kept out of this process - it is objective, it is not being polluted by those irrational aspects of who you might be • the people who are involved - particular ways of looking at disease or illness will produce different explanations (ex. putting your heart into your work can make a difference to how the way science and medicine is practiced) A heart for the work- The western modeled tools and procedures & the african education/supply availability did not necessarily work well together. Health is culture specific

essentialism

• essentialize certain features in a culture - assume that in a culture some features are their essence • this view overlooks the changes over time • maybe due to geo political backgrounds - people make certain choices, it is not the way they always are • some individuals have different perspectives on their cultures • examples in ancient futures • the idea that these people are always happy, satisfied, confident in their way of life - that is the essence of their culture

situational leadership

• in egalitarian societies under headmen • a headman will be in charge of certain things, but if he is no good at hunting, he will not be in charge of hunting, etc • you are the leader under certain circumstances in certain situations • no fixed political offices • Inuit (an eskimo group of eastern canada): -- hunting and gathering societies -there are winter villages where the men of influence who exercise leadership in the winter village are the "boat owners." the boats are used by groups of men to hunt seals, and the boat owner is the senior male of the kin unit that owns the boats -summer: hunting of the caribou: hunting of caribou is conducted under the leadership of a man with expert knowledge. At the end of the hunt, the families scatter and the leader is no longer a leader.

forms of social control

• socialization/education/media • jokes, teasing • ridicule, shame • gossip • witchcraft • banishment • ostracism, etc • rituals of rebellion, eg carnivale • state, band, nation-state • there are ways of getting people to do things or not do things - law, religious rules, peer pressure, etc • social control is when somebody takes control of those resources at hand to control society • some things involve coercion and are very explicit, and others are cultural and involve values • ex. Hawaii: city of refuge: historically, if a commonor violated a sacred kapu (taboo) by touching royal possessions or letting their shadows touch the royal grounds, the penalty was death. Breaking a kapu was believed to incur the wrath of the Gods. conflict resolution: • eskimo: singing duels • taiwan: gossip • nuer: leopard skin chiefs • bedouin: marriage • thai: pay restitution to the victim

hegemony

• try to think about power that doesn't only have to do with coercion • who has political capital, police, etc • subtle ways: social capital, hegemony • cultural values, morals, things that people take for granted as common sense or true, is part of a power structure • hegemony refers to a set of values the dominant class constructs and the lower classes adopt • etc. private property • etc. biomedicine - a hegemonic idea

social capital

• your connections to other people • your connection within the community - your link into society • you can also activate it to get stuff done • how organizations reach out to others to get things done