Anthropology 1
Bipedalism first appeared in
Africa
Homo habilis has been found in association with __________ tools.
Oldowan
Homo erectus has been found
in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Examples of tool use among chimpanzees include
using stones to crack open nuts. using stones to crack open nuts. "fishing" for termites and ants
The fossil known as "Piltdown Man"
was a hoax.
Monkeys are found in
?
________________ is the study of what happens to plants and animals after they die.
Taphonomy
One chemical difference between DNA and RNA is that RNA has the base ___ instead of the base T.
U
Orangutans are found in
Asia
The fossil known as "Lucy" belongs to the species
Australopithecus afarensis
The abbreviation "B.P." means
Before Present.
The Acheulian tradition is associated with
Homo erectus.
Rapid speciation following the availability of new environments is known as
adaptive radiation.
In bonobo society, __________ tend to be the most dominant.
adult females
The primate group known as anthropoids consists of
all monkeys, apes, and humans; but not prosimians
Grasping hands and depth perception are important in coping with _____________ environment.
an arboreal
Prior to the development of evolutionary thinking, the dominant view of biological variation focused on
an unchanging natural world.
Humans belong in the ___________ kingdom.
animal
Oldowan tools
are produced by removing a few flakes off of a stone core.
In general, primatologists suggest that the __________ provide the best models for behavior among early hominins.
chimpanzee and/or bonobo
The African apes consist of
chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos.
DNA sequences are found in long chains known as
chromosomes.
The definition of a "breeding population" can be influenced by
cultural differences. geographic distribution. the age distribution of the population.
Compared with ourselves, Neandertals
did not have a chin.
Imagine you are studying a population of finches over time and observe an increase in average beak size over many generations. This is an example of ______________ selection.
directional
Many early anthropoids have smaller eye orbits than earlier primates. The smaller eye orbits suggests they were
diurnal
Play behavior in primates
essential for proper biological and social development.
Studies of Japanese macaques have detected the development of new behaviors, such as food washing, and dropping grain in water to separate it from sand. These behaviors demonstrate the importance of ___________________ in primate life.
learning
A ___________ trait is one that has been inherited from an earlier ancestor.
primitive
Imagine you have found a skull with an ape-sized brain, very large back teeth, and large cheekbones. Based on this information, this is most likely a specimen of
robust Australopithecus
The brain size of Homo erectus is
roughly 70 percent the size of modern humans.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Homo habilis relied on ___________ to obtain meat.
scavenging
Culture, as used by an anthropologist, refers to
shared learned behavior.
Compared to an ape pelvis, a human pelvis is
shorter top to bottom, and wider side to side.
According to the idea of gradualism, macroevolution usually involves
slow and gradual change.
Humans have
smaller canine teeth than chimpanzees.
Mutations are
sometimes harmful, sometimes useful, and sometimes neutral.
The genus name Australopithecus translates as
southern ape
Nuclear DNA refers to
the DNA found in the nucleus of the cell.
Biological anthropologists study
the genetics of living human populations. the fossil record for human evolution. the behavior of monkeys and apes.
Given enough time, genetic drift will eventually cause
the loss of alleles.
Fossil remains of the genus Ardipithecus date back ______ million years ago
4.4-5.8
The earliest known specimens of Homo erectus are dated to ________ million years ago.
1.9
Human beings have ____ pairs of chromosomes.
23
The DNA molecule is made up of ____ chemical bases.
4
There are ________ different types of mammalian teeth.
4
The species Australopithecus anamnesis dates to ________ million years ago.
4.2 to 3.9
The first anthropoids may have appeared as early as _______ million years ago.
40
Molecular dating suggest that humans diverged from the African ape line roughly __________ million years ago.
5 to 6
Homo habilis has been found in
Africa.
Evidence for Homo erectus using fire includes fire-cracked rocks and burned animal bones at cave sites in
China
The Dmanisi site is in
Georgia (the country, not the state).
Some anthropologists consider the early African forms of Homo erectus to be a separate species known as
Homo ergaster.
Apart from the Neandertals, other fossils referred to as "archaic humans" are sometimes classified as "archaic Homo sapiens" and sometimes as
Homo heidelbergensis.
The Levallois technique is first seen in the stone tool tradition of
Homo heidelbergensis.
Many anthropologists consider the variation in Homo habilis specimens as evidence of another species named
Homo rudolfensis.
The ______________ tradition is associated with Neandertals.
Mousterian
Which of the following hypotheses is least likely given what we know about comparative anatomy and the fossil record?
The common ancestor of African apes and hominins was bipedal.
Before the discovery of the early hominins (starting with Dart's discovery of A. africanus in 1924), the most widely accepted explanation of human origins was that _______ evolved first.
a large brain
One of the characteristics of primates is
binocular stereoscopic vision.
Experiments have shown that, at normal walking speeds,
bipeds are more energy efficient than quadrupeds.
A mass extinction is
the simultaneous extinction of many species.
Fossils of the first hominids are found in
Africa
________________ are knuckle-walkers.
African apes.
The first "true primates" appeared during the ______________ epoch.
Eocene
______________ acts to inhibit reproductive isolation.
Gene flow
___________ first demonstrated the principles of genetic inheritance.
Gregor Mendel
_____________ is responsible for transporting genetic information to the site of protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA
Which of the following bonds is strongest in primate societies?
Mother-infant.
What type of social group is found in chimpanzees?
Multimale/multifemale.
Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of bipedalism?
The big toe sticks out from the other toes.
Which part of the body reaches adult size the earliest?
The head and brain.
A dental formula tells you
The number of each type of tooth
The alternative forms of a gene found at a given locus are known as
alleles.
Grooming is an example of __________ behavior.
an affiliative
Even though it is about the same size, the _____________ has been referred to as a "pygmy chimpanzee."
bonobo
The ranking system within a primate society is known as the
dominance hierarchy.
An allele is _________ if it masks the effect of another allele.
dominant
The only way an allele can be removed in a single generation is when it is
dominant and completely lethal.
The probability of survival and reproduction of an organism is known as its
fitness.
Who wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, the classic work providing the foundation for the development of modern evolutionary thought?
Charles Darwin.
________________ is when a species gives rise to a new and separate species.
Cladogenesis.
How is Proconsul similar to living apes?
It did not have a tail.
________________ pioneered the study of chimpanzee behavior in the wild.
Jane Goodall
What is the primary diet of gorillas?
Leaves and fruit.
__________ focuses on characteristics of an individual's life cycle and how they affect reproduction.
Life history theory
____________ is the production of body cells, whereas _________ is the production of sex cells.
Mitosis; meiosis
The oldest suggested possible hominins, dating back close to 6 million years ago, are classified as
Orrorin Ardipithecus Sahelanthropus
___________________ is an example of the earliest fossil hominoid.
Proconsul
DNA regulates the process of protein synthesis with the help of
RNA
Each parent contributes one allele at each locus to his or her offspring. This is known as Mendel's Law of
Segregation
How do bonobos reduce tension (in a manner different from other primates)?
Sex play.
How is an ape big toe different from a human big toe?
The ape's big toe is divergent.
In DNA, the base A pairs with the base
The arts and literature enjoyed by "high society."
________________ of Ardipithecus suggests that it was bipedal.
The position of the foramen magnum
The large teeth, jaws, and chewing muscles of the robust australopithecus reflects adaptation to
a hard diet.
Polyandry is a marriage system where
a woman has several husbands.
A specific type of genetic drift, known as ___________, results from the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals.
founder effect
African apes are genetically (and evolutionarily) the most similar to
humans.
Oligocene anthropoids are found
in both the Old World and the New World
The peppered moth in England changed in color from almost all being light-colored to almost all being dark-colored. This change was related to a changing environment, specifically
industrial pollution.
Chimpanzees are
knuckle walkers.
Recent studies of the FOXP2 gene suggest that closer comparison of this gene in humans and apes might provide us with valuable insight about the origin of
language.
The average brain size of adult human males is somewhat larger than the average brain size of adult human females. Claims that this difference indicates that males should be on average smarter than females fail to consider the fact that
males have larger body sizes.
Modern ____________ are able to maintain a constant body temperature.
mammals
Gene flow acts to make populations
more similar to each other.
New alleles can be brought into a population by
mutation and gene flow.
Catastrophism attempted to explain the fossil record in terms of
natural catastrophes in an area, followed by organisms moving into the area from elsewhere.
The study of evolution of the peppered moth provides an excellent example of
natural selection.
The hypothesis of acquired characteristics stated that
organisms changed during their lifetime, and would then pass these changes on to their offspring.
Dispersal in primate societies acts to
reduces competition for mates. introduce new alleles. reduce inbreeding.
Continental drift
refers to the process by which the continents move.
Genes that are involved in turning protein-coding genes on or off, which affects how these genes are expressed, are known as __________ genes.
regulatory
A sagittal crest is frequently found in
the robust australopiths.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that
the set of chromosomes that is passed on from a parent to a child is not always the same.
According to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are not considered in the same species because
they do not produce fertile offspring
The first hominids
were bipedal and had small cranial capacities.
The principle of stratigraphy shows
which fossil is found at a deeper level—that one is older.
Selection against a recessive homozygote will
will gradually decrease the frequency of the recessive allele.
Harlow's deprivation experiments on rhesus monkeys showed that
young monkeys need social contact for normal development.
