Anthropology Ch. 4, 9, 11

The origins of the incest taboo are unclear, even after decades of careful study. One theory holds that the taboo is due to a fear of creating genetic defects in offspring. What is one argument against this theory? If a harmful trait runs in a family, systematic inbreeding will increase the possibility of the defective gene being passed along. Surveys show that most people do not believe that incest leads to genetic defects. Incest taboos predate any scientific understanding of human genetics, so this could not be the cause. The human genome project has shown that incest does not result in genetic damage.

Incest taboos predate any scientific understanding of human genetics, so this could not be the cause.

When did the cultural practice of the "one drop of blood" rule end in the United States? 1865 1970 It has not ended in practice. 1982

It has not ended in practice.

Reciprocity—the exchange of goods and services among those of relatively equal status—provides a means to share resources. What other significant function does it serve? It helps maintain social status. It provides for the poor. It counteracts the dangers of large-scale industrial agriculture. It helps build social ties.

It helps build social ties.

What is true about the incest taboo forbidding sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents? It is found across all cultures in the world. It is very frequent in ancient cultures. It is a direct response to concerns about biological degeneration and abnormality. It is not regulated by law in Western countries

It is a direct response to concerns about biological degeneration and abnormality.

Bridewealth is prevalent in many African societies and parts of the Middle East and frequently means that the groom's family gives cattle, cash, or other goods to the family of the bride-to-be. What is the goal of bridewealth? It stabilizes the marriage through establishment of mutual, vested interest. It creates a sense of obligation on the part of the groom's family. It helps ensure the newlyweds' financial success. It can force the bride to be a good homemaker

It stabilizes the marriage through establishment of mutual, vested interest.

Why is Haiti considered a significant former colony? It was the first nation to gain independence from a colonial power. It was the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent. It was an example of a highly profitable colony. Widespread migration from Haiti to Britain occurred after independence.

It was the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent.

Which term refers to laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South after the end of slavery? civil rights discrimination Jim Crow racialization

Jim Crow

What does Benjamin Whorf's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language The human brain is hardwired for organizing language in a universal manner. Language shapes different ways of thinking. Language occurs independently of thought. Thought occurs independently of language.

Language shapes different ways of thinking.

According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory? African scholars argued that industrialized countries were using the land and rain in East Africa to grow crops for export. Anthropologists observed that inadequate natural resources made former colonies across the globe dependent on help from industrialized nations. Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations. European scholars argued that flows of migrants from the global north to the global south made Europe dependent on immigrants as a labor source.

Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.

Which of the following terms is defined as the system of how a group can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor? Family heredity descent Lineage

Lineage

The small town of Togotala, Mali, cannot produce enough food for its population through agriculture due to its harsh climate that brings regular drought and three months of torrential downfall that causes soil erosion. What is true of this town? Merchants send remittances to support their families and community. Togatala does not receive any benefits of a global economy. It lacks a primary school, running water, and health care. It is dependent on development assistant from the Malian government.

Merchants send remittances to support their families and community.

The right to own a gun is today considered fundamental to many people in the United States. While the Second Amendment to the Constitution is often considered the origin of this ideal, it actually was instituted by elites as one of many special "white rights" to ensure cooperation against rebellions. What concept is this an example of? culture intersectionality white privilege individual racism

white privilege

What aspects of Adam Smith's perspective on economic growth do today's neoliberal privatization programs build on? Smith's belief in increased governmental control of the market is in opposition to privatization. Smith argued for unfettered competition in the market and called for government assistance to ensure this result. Smith's belief in laissez-faire—"leave it alone"—economics calls for a free market. Smith supported the idea of colonialism and felt that governments were best suited to implement privatization.

Smith's belief in laissez-faire—"leave it alone"—economics calls for a free market.

The FOXP2 gene has been connected with human language use. Identify the correct statement about the FOXP2 gene. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to use human speech. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to learn only certain languages. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to use gestures with speech. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to understand language.

The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to use human speech.

Kwan, an exchange student, was very happy with his nice, comfortable room so he smiled and made a circle with his index finger and thumb, with his other fingers sticking out. His host mother was so upset that she called the school principal to complain. How would a linguist explain what went wrong? "OK" is spelled differently elsewhere. She was not on his linguistic continuum. Sign language is not a real language. The meaning of gestures is not universal.

The meaning of gestures is not universal.

Since racial categorization in Brazil is not exclusively a function of skin color, Brazilians can change their racial identity through a change in what characteristic? political affiliation hairstyle kinship affluence

affluence

Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward what? balanced trade environmental sustainability alleviating poverty and raising living standards financial stability in the global economy

alleviating poverty and raising living standards

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father? ambilineal unilineal polylineal multilineal

ambilineal

What do anthropologists call a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables groups to use available resources to satisfy their needs and thrive? an economy capitalism environmental anthropology civilization

an economy

Last week, your roommate washed your dirty mug along with his dishes. Yesterday, he left you exactly one dirty glass of his to wash along with a mildly passive-aggressive note explaining why this was fair. This is an example of: barter. balanced reciprocity. generalized reciprocity. negative reciprocity.

balanced reciprocity.

Why might some gay men and lesbians turn to chosen families? because chosen families are better than biological kinship because their parents, siblings, and other close relatives cut off kinship ties because of the impact of assisted reproductive technologies because it is necessary for humans to be part of a some form of nuclear families

because their parents, siblings, and other close relatives cut off kinship ties

For most individuals in descent groups in the United States, their relationship is based on consanguinity. What is the basis of this consanguineal relationship? size of group blood paternity maternity

blood

You attend a friend's wedding. At one point, the father of the groom hands a set of new car keys to the bride. What would you, as an anthropologist, call this? gift exchange bridewealth reciprocity dowry

bridewealth

Periphery countries serve primarily as sources of: colonialism. cheap labor and raw materials. industrialization. redistribution.

cheap labor and raw materials

What do anthropologists call descent groups based on a claim to a founding apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it by genealogical documentation? relations marriages clans lineages

clans

According to the text, what is the country of Côte d'Ivoire best known for? extensive tropical forests banana exports political corruption cocoa exports

cocoa exports

What do we call the British Empire's military, economic, and political control over many regions including Canada, the Caribbean, Bahrain, Mandatory Palestine, and India? colonialism hypodescent nativism institutional racism

colonialism

A Saint Bernard and a Chihuahua are of the same species but look very different. It is possible to breed the two and get a puppy that might look like something else entirely but still be a dog. The study of dogs might be of interest to an anthropologist because it: demonstrates the concept of intersectionality. could help us understand the nature of ethnicity. could help us better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype. provides a vital platform for the study of DNA

could help us better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

One of the ways that humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogy. What are these kinds of groups called? ascent related family descent

descent

Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things that are not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe? displacement productivity complexity innovation

displacement

Your friend tells you about an event that took place before her cousin Ayla's wedding in Turkey in which her family gave furniture, kitchen appliances, and cash to the groom's family. In Turkey, it is called "ceyiz." How would anthropologist classify this kind of ritual? inheritance bridewealth dowry reciprocity

dowry

The parents of an upper-class family in the United States send their two children to a private boarding school and, later, to an elite college. Both children marry other members of the upper class, who they met at school. Their parents encouraged what kind of an arranged marriage? companionate exogamous endogamous polygamous

endogamous

Many different kinship structures send a son away (or search outside their immediate kin groups) for a marriage partner. What rule does this reflect? endogamy monogamy polygamy exogamy

exogamy

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family? mother's sibling's grandparent's father's

father's

Which is the primary adaptive strategy that includes hunting, fishing, and gathering plants for food? pastoralism horticulture agriculture foraging

foraging

Maria Kromidas's work in New York City schools reveals that children are creating a "new" racial category based on the post-September 11 media stories they receive. In this particular category, people are categorized by what factors? foreign, strange, and Muslim dark-skinned, Muslim, and wealthy Muslim, Arabic, and different foreign, dark-skinned, and poor

foreign, strange, and Muslim

Carol Stacks found that poor African American families who lived in the Flats responded to structural poverty and long-term unemployment through: forming dynamic extended kinship networks with biological and fictive kin. practices of co-residence and co-feeding. forming exogamous marriage alliances that allowed them to move out of the Flats. using genealogical records to create alliances with members of their lineage.

forming dynamic extended kinship networks with biological and fictive kin.

What would physical anthropologists be more likely to consider in their work with the physical characteristics of Homo sapiens? culture genotype phenotype lineage

genotype

The European desire to participate in the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort among European nations to procure what commodity? silk spices gold and silver slaves

gold and silver

What term describes the rules about how to use phonemes, morphemes, and syntax that are followed by speakers of a language? paralanguage morphology kinesics grammar

grammar

What might an anthropologist who is interested in kinesics study the origins of human language dialects of the same language how body language varies across cultures how paralanguage varies across cultures

how body language varies across cultures

What rule assigns the children of racially mixed unions to the subordinate group? miscegenation hypodescent racialization genotype

hypodescent

When an individual acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as what kind of racism? institutional individual colonial profiling

individual

A person who believes that Italians are somehow inferior and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating what kind of racism? color-blind racism individual racism institutional racism colonialist racism

individual racism

Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity? small, local farms groups of food foragers industrial agriculture pastoralists

industrial agriculture

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems are referred to as ________ discrimination racialization institutional racism racial ideology

institutional racism

We sometimes "signal" interest in someone without the use of words, which is part of how we establish a relationship with another person. Which concept would an anthropologist use to describe our behavior displacement morphology kinesics paralanguage

kinesics

"I just love it when that happens," said Bob sadly, shaking his head slowly; however, this morning, he said the exact same words in a happy tone, while clapping his hands excitedly. What terms would a linguist use to describe these nonverbal elements of communication that affect the meaning of the words he said? sadness and happiness emotion and register sign languages kinesics and paralanguage

kinesics and paralanguage

Sometimes words cannot convey everything. What is it called when we resort to a system of body movements and a collection of noises and tones of voice in order to convey additional information? interest and emotions symbols and meanings motion and calls kinesics and paralanguage

kinesics and paralanguage

What do we call the system of human communication based on a set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings? grammar paralanguage phonology language

language

Which term refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a kind of catalog of what is spoken and can be compiled into something accessible to others? dialect grammar lexicon syntax

lexicon

What are the two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists? lineages and clans matrilineal and patrilineal patrilineal and clan matrilineal and clan

lineages and clans

How do humans build kinship ties between two people who are not their immediate biological kin? blood marriage school Networking

marriage

Something similar to marriage exists in every known culture. However, many anthropologists observe that: marriage practices do not vary widely across cultures. marriage has no easily identifiable universal characteristics. there are four main types of marriages worldwide. there is no need to change the definition of marriage.

marriage has no easily identifiable universal characteristics.

Susan Kahn found that Jewish women in Israel are deeply compelled to reproduce their family, religion, and the nation. For women who get pregnant using new reproductive technologies, the ethnicity of a sperm donor is less of an issue than that of an egg donor. How do you classify the way they practice descent? bilateral patrilineal ambilineal matrilineal

matrilineal

Why did members of the Chen descent group have difficulty reconstructing their genealogy? many families have same name exogamous marriage migration and political pressures the distractions of modern life

migration and political pressures

Prefixes such as "pre-," "post-," or "non-" are examples of syntax morphemes phonemes grammar

morphemes

What do linguists call small units of sound that carry meaning on their own? phonemes syntax morphemes paralanguage

morphemes

The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United States reflects, in part, what long-standing aspect of how race is constructed and managed in the United States? genotype intersectionality microaggression nativism

nativism

The process of "closing a deal" in business often has both parties trying to get the best deal they can. What kind of reciprocity would an anthropologist call this? balanced forced negative generalized

negative

The pickpocket who stole your phone during your vacation engaged in an act of: barter. generalized reciprocity. redistribution. negative reciprocity.

negative reciprocity.

The concept of flexible accumulation describes an overall strategy of multinational corporations to increase profitability. What is one of the keys to the success of this strategy? offshoring local transportation systems a high-cost labor force increasingly expensive manufacturing techniques

offshoring

A linguist who is studying how a group of people use noises such as laughing and crying to convey emotional information is studying what? paralanguage phonology morphology symbolic linguistics

paralanguage

In its critique of modernization, modern world systems analysis argues that the source of raw materials today is ________ nations, the same as it was during the height of colonial expansion. core developed periphery impoverished

periphery

A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height, but may only reach average height due to poor nutrition. What is this an expression of? genotype phenotype cline poverty

phenotype

What term do anthropologists use to refer to the smallest units of sounds that can make a critical difference in meaning within a language, but do not have any meaning on their own? paralanguage morphemes phonemes grammar

phonemes

The words "day" and "pay" might sound like the same word to a nonnative speaker of English, but they have very different meanings. A linguist would identify the d and p sounds as different phonemes. morphemes. syntax. grammar

phonemes.

Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women? polyandry monogamy polyamory polygyny

polygyny

What is the name for the flawed system of classification, with no scientific basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups? genotype miscegenation hypodescent race

race

What specific term do we use for the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial characteristic to a person or group of people? miscegenation racialization phenotype hypodescent

racialization

A set of ideas about a group of people, such as, "All Irishmen are drunks who beat their wives," or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What kind of racism is this called? color-blindness institutional racism racist ideology individual racism

racist ideology

The European Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries relied on colonies for: raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in the colonial territories. cheap immigrant labor to work in European factories. cheaply produced goods manufactured in the colonies. competition to drive innovation.

raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in the colonial territories.

Chinese immigrants to the United States were quickly separated according to an arbitrary set of characteristics, including slight differences in skin color. The Irish immigrants were similarly segregated, despite having white skin. What was one of the bases on which the Irish were segregated and racialized? intelligence hypodescent height religion

religion

What do societies do in order to make discriminatory ideas and behavior seem reasonable and normal? rely on racial ideology silently use racialization enact legal support for nativism publicly deny the existence of racial differences

rely on racial ideology

In some parts of the world, when a marriage ends, the former spouses often remarry new partners soon afterward. What form of marriage is this? polyandry serial monogamy arranged marriage polygyny

serial monogamy

Intensive industrialized agriculture is characterized by: egalitarian social relations. social stratification. a very low carrying capacity. slash-and-burn agriculture.

social stratification.

Which subdiscipline of anthropology emphasizes how culture, society, and social status intersect with language? cultural preservation sociolinguistics psychological anthropology historical linguistics

sociolinguistics

The story of Shellcracker Haven and how the local white residents were gradually disenfranchised from their lives and work because of their class status is a strong reflection of the tendency to do what to others? resist racism colonize racialize stereotype

stereotype

Many animals, such as dolphins and great apes, communicate with each other through gestures and sounds. Human language uses sounds, gestures, and the sense of smell. symbols. calls. chemical trails.

symbols.

Your yogurt label states that it contains "healthy probiotic bacteria." Even if you don't know what that is, the fact that you know it should not be written "bacterias healthies biotic-pros" reflects your understanding of English... paralanguage. syntax. phonology. grammar.

syntax.

American women are far more likely than American men to distinguish between colors like teal and turquoise, or magenta and purple. What is this an example of? a biological difference between men and women the gendered focal vocabulary that exists within American culture the use of paralanguage that differentiates female culture from the dominant male culture the use of linguistic productivity and displacement

the gendered focal vocabulary that exists within American culture

What does the term language continuum refer to? a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations the back-and-forth between more than one linguistic variant, depending on the context the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places

the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places

Like the "N-word," the term "queer" changes in meaning, depending on how it is used and by whom. These examples illustrate which concept in linguistic anthropology? how similar groups of people share the struggle to overcome derogatory words how different social groups are always able to control the use of a specific terms ways that language and power are distinct from one another the implications of how deeply language and power intersect

the implications of how deeply language and power intersect

Both horticulture and agriculture use plants as a source of food. What is the key difference between them? the use of seeds to start the crops the use of different types of plants the level of intensity needed in the process neither includes any other source of foodstuffs

the level of intensity needed in the process

Market exchange is characterized by: the barter of goods and services at a market. the use of an exchange medium such as US dollars. the exchange of goods and services for other goods or services. the exchange of goods, resources, or services to create a social relationship

the use of an exchange medium such as US dollars.

While the notion of a romantic marriage predominates thinking in the United States, what is another common reason for marriage prevalent in other countries? to ensure domestic bliss to stabilize the tax base to create a strategic alliance to ensure accurate paternal identification

to create a strategic alliance

The statement issued in 2004 by the American Anthropological Association noted that a "vast array of family types" all contributed to "stable and humane societies." Why did the organization issue this statement? to support heterosexual marriage to support same-sex marriage to expand research into the nature of families to increase economic support for families in poverty

to support same-sex marriage

For the seventy years leading up to 1860, the U.S. Census counted enslaved peoples as three-fifths of a person. This was done for what purpose? to implement the process of racialization as a means to maintain a strong economic system in order to lay the groundwork for institutional racism to uphold the idea of white supremacy

to uphold the idea of white supremacy

In Brazil, race is not merely a matter of skin color but also includes consideration of what? Age and marital status marital status and children job status and spousal status wealth and education

wealth and education

In many countries, members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor other members of their own group, give them the benefit of any doubt, and take what they say more seriously. Minorities are often discounted as less important or even hostile for insisting on being treated fairly. In the United States, what do we call this discrepancy between the experiences of the dominant and the minority groups? white privilege segregation racialization resisting racism

white privilege

What example does Jonathan Marks use as a useful way to consider the inherent problem of racially dividing people? Doctors sorting according to brain size. Children sorting according to block size. Anthropologists sorting according to height. Coaches sorting according to athletic prowess.

Children sorting according to block size.

Who extended their concept of "cultural relativism" to language? Franz Boas Edward Sapir Laura Bohannan Benjamin Lee Whorf

Franz Boas

What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best? Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic welfare of all citizens. Government must be able to control the free market completely. Free markets must be able to implement the legal structures needed to succeed. All citizens must be able to decide what the free market can and cannot do.

Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic welfare of all citizens.

The problems with industrialized agriculture are discussed in the book and include dangerous chemicals, weather susceptibility, large amounts of energy, and health risks. Taken all together, what might we note about the sorts of global problems that industrialized agriculture helps create? It leads to dramatic increases in poverty worldwide. It is significantly reducing the pollution caused by pre-industrialized agriculture. The problems inherent in industrialized agriculture are increasing the human ecological footprint. The growth of industrial agriculture has created a severe shortage of capital around the world.

The problems inherent in industrialized agriculture are increasing the human ecological footprint.

Are structural adjustment loans as provided by organizations such as the World Bank consistent with the goals of neoliberalism? No, because organizations such as the World Bank are not promoting free trade. No, because organizations such as the World Bank are actually making poverty worse. Yes, because organizations such as the World Bank are nongovernmental organizations. Yes, because organizations such as the World Bank are government-controlled organizations.

Yes, because organizations such as the World Bank are nongovernmental organizations.

What model of kinship does the idea that a nuclear family consists of a mother, a father, and their children reflect? a nearly universal, cross-cultural understanding of kinship a Euro-American ideal a stable model that matches the lived experience of most Americans a model proven to be the best structure for society

a Euro-American ideal

What do physical anthropologists call the continuum of human variation that occurs in a particular geographic space? an ethnicity a racial group a cline a genetic family

a cline

What is American Sign Language (ASL) an example of a gesture-and-call system a language a paralanguage kinesics

a language

Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did, you have experienced redistribution. What would an anthropologist consider this to be? carrying capacity balanced reciprocity a leveling mechanism market exchange

a leveling mechanism

The Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English. Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research among the Hopi people suggested that this meant they have a worldview in which the past and the present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical. an ability to retain their cultural traditions by only having one dialect. a worldview that keeps past, present, and future as entirely separate concepts. the same conceptual idea of time as everyone else, with different ways of describing it.

a worldview in which the past and the present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.