Anthropology Ch 8

One precondition for the emergence of food production was the movement of people, animals, and products __________________

between environmental zones

Which term refers to the movement, when the Ice Age ended, in which forager began creating a more generalized economy that didn't rely on large animals?

broad- spectrum revolution

In the Middle East, sedentary village life developed before which of the following?

herding farming

The path from foraging to food production was followed _________________

in at least seven world areas

The formation of states in the Middle East was made possible by the developments of

irrigation techniques

Compared to wild plants, domesticated plants ___________

have larger seeds

Middle Easterners were living in Vibrant cities by ________________

5500 B.P.

Permanent architectural features existed in Natufian settlements such as ______________

Abu Hureyra, Syria

What is another name for the Neolithic Revolution?

Agricultural Revolution

Manioc

Cassava; a tuber domesticated in South American lowlands

Maize

Corn; domesticated in highland Mexico

T/F : In the New World, there were many large animals available for domestication

False

Mesoamerica

Middle America, including Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize

Sedentism

Settled (sedentary) life; preceded food production in the Old World and followed it in the New World

Vertical economies thrive in regions with zones that vary in which of the following aspects?

altitude rainfall vegetation

Mesolithic

Tool-making tradition between Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic, based on very small stone tools-microliths

Natufians

Widespread Middle Eastern culture, dated to between 12,500 and 10,500 B.P.; subsisted on intensive wild cereal collecting and gazelle hunting and had year-round villages.

Compared to the Middle East, food production reached western Europe _____________

about 3,000 years later

What is the term used to describe the rich, fertile soil that rivers and streams deposit?

alluvial

Early cultivation began as an attempt to ______________

copy the growth of wild grains

Which of the following became widespread after food- producing states came into existence?

crime slavery human sacrifice

Food production increased the rate of what?

degradation of environments

In both northern and southern China, food production supported large villages by 7500 B. P., ______________

despite dramatic differences in temperatures and rainfall

The only animal domesticated throughout the New World was the ____________

dog

Which of the following occurred as Europe warmed after the Ice Age?

dogs were domesticated as retrievers new hunting techniques were developed the smoking and salting of meat and fish became increasingly important

Which of the following were domesticated in the New World?

ducks turkeys dogs

In recent times, Anthropologists who have studied hunting and gathering groups have found which of the following to be true?

early retirement was optional child labor was unknown

States are social and political units that feature which of the following?

extreme contrasts of wealth central government social classes

The changes that occurred between 9000 and 8000 B. P. in the form and phytolith size of South American seeds suggests that _________________

farmers were selecting certain characteristics in plants for cultivation

After farmers burn to remove weeds, they use the ash as a (n) ________________

fertilizer

Nabta Playa, one of the earliest known Neolithic settlements in Egypt, was located in a basin that ________________

filled with water

Which of the following led to new kinds of wheat and barley?

genetic recombinations human selection mutation

Holocene

geological epoch beginning around 11,700 B.P.; the transition from foraging to food production took place during the early Holocene

Why was the Neolithic Revolution significant?

it marked the transition to permanent settlements

In comparison to the diets of foragers, food producers' diets are generally ______________

less nutritious less varied lower in proteins

According to many archaeologists, new subsistence strategies were most often adopted by Middle Easterners ___________

living in areas where wild foods were less abundant

As people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to ____________

lose their natural seed- dispersal mechanisms

Which of the following spread as food production spread during the Neolithic?

malaria smallpox

The characteristic tool type of the Mesolithic was the _________________

microlith

Compared to foragers, food producers tend to have _______________

more children

Anthropologists have come to believe that foragers have an excellent knowledge of what?

plant and animal reproduction

After 15,000 B.P., foragers turned to species that ________________

quickly and prolifically reproduced

Most Eurasian crops spread ____________

rapidly, from east to west

Social stratification increased as a result of food production, largely because _______________

resources were no longer common goods

Early farming in China was based on the production of which of the following?

rice millet

Dependence on which of the following are considered archeological evidence of the presence of Neolithic cultures?

sedentary life cultivation ceramic vessels

Caprine domestication involved which of the following?

sheep goats

As they were domesticated, animals generally became ____________

smaller

According to molecular and genetic studies, maize domestication first took place in _____________

southwestern Mexico

The Natufians were able to establish year- round villages before domestication as a result of ______________

the availability of wild cereals for half the year

Food production was an outcome not only of the spread of cereal grains outside their natural habitat but also of ______________

the need to feed a growing human population

Which of the following likely increased as maize became domesticated?

the number of kernels per cob the average cob size the number of cobs per stalk

Nabta Playa's significance as a regional ceremonial center is suggested by __________________

the presence of nine large stone slabs

How did humans spread cereal grains outside their natural habitats?

trade between zones migration

Compared to those of the Old World, the earliest domesticated plants of the New World ___________________

were developed at about the same time

Which of the following were the main caloric staples of early Native American farmers?

white potatoes maize manioc

Teosinte

wild grass; apparent ancestor of maize; also called teocentli

Anthropologists refer to the African practice of using cattle for their milk and blood rather than for their meat (except on ceremonial occasions) as the ___________

"African cattle complex"

Neolithic

"New Stone Age," coined to describe techniques of grinding and polishing stone tools; the first cultural period in a region in which the first signs of domestication are present

broad- spectrum revolution

Period beginning around 20,000 B.P. in the Middle East and 12,000 B.P. in Europe, during which a wider range, or broader spectrum, of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected, caught, and fished; revolutionary because it led to food production.

By 10,000 B. P., hunting, gathering, and fishing populations extended to which of the following formerly glaciated lands?

Scandinavia the British Isles