anthropology chapter 12

adaptation

Any cultural form that spreads from one Society to another, beer at Starbucks, McDonald's, or form of religion, has to fit into the country and culture of mentors. We can use the rapid spread of Pentecostalism as a case study of the process of __________ of foreign cultural forms to local settings.

universals

As Horton and lambeck Point out, they are __________ in human thought an experience, common conditions and situations that call out for explanation. One of these universal questions is what happens in sleep, trance, and with death. Another is the question of why some people prosper, while others fail. A religious exclamation blames the imbalances in success and prestige on such nonmaterial factors as luck, mana, sorcery, or being one of gods chosen.

decline

Add the 85% of Americans who were raised as Christians, nearly a quarter no longer follow that faith. Former Christians now represent about 19% of all US adults. Catholic schism has experienced a particularly steep __________. Of the 32% of Americans who were raised Catholic, 41% no longer practice. Catholics are declining both percentagewise and an absolute numbers. They were 51 million American Catholics in 2014, 3 million fewer than 2007.

16%

About one.2 billion people, _________ of the worlds population, lacked any religious affiliation. The unaffiliated therefore constitute the third largest group worldwide with respect to religious affiliation, behind Christians and Muslims. There are about as many unaffiliated people as Roman Catholics in the world. Many of the unaffiliated actually holds some religious or spiritual beliefs, even if they don't identify with a particular religion.

magic religion

According to Malinowski, __________ is used to establish control, but ____________ is born out of the real tragedies of human life. Religion offers emotional comfort, particularly when people face a crisis. Malinoski saw tribal religions as concerned mainly with organizing, commemorating, and helping people get through such life events such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death

image of limited good

Accusations of witchcraft are ethnographic as well as historical facts. Witchcraft beliefs are common in village and peasant societies, where people live close together and have limited mobility. Such societies often have what anthropologist George Foster called an _________ of _______ ________, the idea that resources are limited, so that one person can profit disproportionately only at the expense of others. In this context,The threat of witchcraft accusations conserve as a leveling mechanism if it motivates wealthier villagers to be especially generous or else face shining and social ostracism. Similarly, we saw on gender that etoro Women who wanted to much sex, as well as boys who grew to rapidly, could be shunned as witches who were depleting a man's limited lifetime supply of semen.

separation liminality incorporation

All rights of passage have three phases: _________, __________, and __________. In the first phase, people withdraw from ordinary society. In the third phase, they re-enter society, having completed a right that changes their status. The second, or liminal, phase is the most interesting. It is the limbo, or time out, during which people have left one status but haven't yet entered or joined the next.

tithes taxes

Although religion is a cultural universal, religion exists to particular societies, and cultural differences show up systematically in religious beliefs and practices. For example, the religions of stratified, state societies differ from those of societies with less marked social contrast, societies without kings, Lord, and subjects. Churches, temples, and other full-time religious establishments, with their monumental structures and hierarchy of officials, must be supported in some consistent way, such as by _________ and ________.

cultural ecology

Another domain in which religion plays a role is _________ _________. Behavior motivated by beliefs and supernatural beings, powers, and forces can help people survive in their material environment. Beliefs and rituals can function as part of a groups cultural adaptation to its environment.

day sleep

Another founder of the anthropology of religion was the Englishman sir Edward Burnett Tylor. Religion arose, tylor thought, as people try to understand conditions and events they cannot explain by reference to daily experience. Tyler believed that ancient humans, and contemporary non-industrial peoples, are particularly intrigued with death, dreaming, and trance. People see images they remember when they wake up or come out of a trance state. Tyler concluded that attempts to explain dreams and trances lead early humans to believe that to entities inhabit the body. One is active during the ________, and the other, a double, or soul, is active during __________ and trance states.

cultural universal

Anthropologists agree that religion exists in all human society; it is a ________ ________. However, will see that it is always easy to distinguish the sacred from the profane and that different societies conceptualize divinity, the sacred, the supernatural, and ultimate realities very differently.

cargo cults

Because of the experience with big man systems, Melanesians believes that all wealthy people eventually had to give away their wealth. For decades, they had attended Christian missions and worked on plantations. All the while they expected Europeans to return the fruits of their labor as their own big man dead when the Europeans refused to distribute the wealth or even let natives know the secret of its production and distribution, _______ _________ developed. Like arrogant big man, Europeans will be put in their place or leveled, by death if necessary. However, natives lacked the physical means of doing what their tradition said they should do. Forwarded by well armed colonial forces, natives resorted to magical leveling. They called on supernatural beings to intercede, to kill or otherwise deflate The European big men and redistribute their wealth

religious landscape studies

Because the US census doesn't gather information about religion, there are no official government statistics on America's religious affiliations. To help fill this gap, the pew research Center, based in Washington, DC, carried out ________ ________ __________ in 2007 and 2014. These comprehensive surveys of more than 35,000 adults provide a basis for systematic comparison, enabling us to assess changes in the religious affiliations of Americans between 2007 and 2014.

political offices

Believes in mana-like forces have been widespread, although the specifics of the religious doctrines have varied. Consider the contrast between mana in Melanesia and mana and Polynesia, The islands included in a triangular area marked by Hawaii to the north, Easter island to the east, and New Zealand to the southwest. In Melanesia, anyone can acquire a man by chance, or by working hard to get it. In Polynesia, however, mana was attached to _______ _______. Chiefs and nobles had more mana than ordinary people did.

protestantism

Capitalism, said weber, require that the traditional attitudes of Catholic peasants your place by values befitting and industrial economy based on capital accumulation. ____________ placed a premium on Hardwork, anesthetic life, and profit seeking. Early protestant saw success on earth as a sign of divine favor and probable salvation. According to some protestant Credos, individuals could gain favor with God through good works. Other sects Stressed predestination, the idea that only a few mortals have been selected for eternal life and that people cannot change their face. However, material success, achieved through hard work, could be a strong clue that someone was pre-destined to be saved.

beliefs

Congregants who worship together share certain ________; they have excepted a particular set of doctrines concerning the sacred and its relationship to human beings. The word religion derives from the Latin religare- to tie, to bind-but it is not necessary for all members of a given religion to meet together as a common body. subgroups meet regularly at local congregation sites. They may attend occasional meetings with adherence representing a wider region. And they may form an imagined community with people of similar faith throughout the world.

84%

Considered data from more than 230 countries, researchers estimated that ______ of the worlds population had some religious affiliation.

social status

Contemporary rights of passage include confirmations, baptisms, bar and bat mitzvah's, initiations, weddings, and application for Social Security and Medicare. Passage rights involve changes in ________ _______ such as from boyhood to manhood and from nonmember to sorority sister. More generally, a right of passage can mark any change in place, condition, social position, or age

crentes

Converts to Pentecostalism are expected to separate themselves from both their pasts and their secular social world that surrounds them. In arembepe Brazil, for example, the ___________,True believers, as members of the local Pentecostal community are called, set themselves apart by their behavior, beliefs, and lifestyle. They worship, chant, and pray. They dress simply and forgo such worldly Temptations, seen as vices, as tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and extramarital sexuality, along with dancing, movies, and other forms of popular culture.

effervescence

Durkheim focused on groups of people, congregants, who gather together for worship, such as a group of native Australians worshiping a particular totem. He stressed the collective, social, and shared nature of religion, the meanings it embodies, and the emotions it generates. He highlighted religious _____________, the bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated by warship. As Michael Lambek remarks, good anthropology understands that religious worlds are real, vivid, and significant to those who construct and inhabit them.

pentecostals

Evangelical Protestantism stresses conservative morality, biblical authority, and a personal, born-again conversion experience. Most Brazilian evangelicals are _______________, who also embrace glossolalia, speaking in tongues, and beliefs and faith healing, spirits, exorcism, and miracles. And it's focus on ecstatic and exuberant worship, Pentecostalism has been heavily influenced by, ensures features with, African-American Protestantism. And Brazil it's just features with candomble , Which also features chanting in spirit possession.

totemism

For Durkheim, although every society recognized a secret domain, the specifics of that domain would vary from society to society. In other words, he saw religion as a cultural universal, while recognizing that specific religious beliefs and practices would vary from society to society. Durkheim believed that native Australian societies had retained the most elementary or basic forms of religion. He noted that their most sacred objects, including plants and animals that served as totems, we're not supernatural at all. Rather they were real world entities example kangaroos, grubs, they had acquired religious meaning it became sacred objects for the social groups that worship them. Durkheim's saw __________ as the most elementary or basic form of religion.

magic

For the student of custom, ritual, and magic, baseballs and especially interesting game, to which lessons from anthropology are easily applied. The pioneering anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, writing about pacific islanders rather than baseball players, noted they had developed all sorts of magic to use in sailing, a hazardous activity. He propose that when people face conditions they can't control example: wind and weather, they turned a magic. _________ in the form of rituals, taboos, and sacred objects, is particularly evident in baseball. Like sailing ________, baseball ________reduces psychological stress, creating an illusion of control when real control is lacking.

baseball

Have you ever noticed how much _________ players spit? outside __________ even among other male sports figures spitting is considered impolite. Football players, with their customary headgear, don't spit, nor do basketball players, who might slip on the court. No spitting by tennis players, gymnast, or swimmers, not even Mark Spitz who is a swimmer turn dentist. But watch any _________ game for a few innings and you will see spitting galore. Because pictures appear to be the spitting champions, the custom likely originated on the mound. It continues today as the carryover from the days when pictures routinely chewed tobacco. Believing that nicotine enhance their concentration and effectiveness. The spitting custom spread to other players who unabashedly spew saliva from the outfield to the dugout steps.

40%

How about church and state? The pew research center determined that about ____________ of the 199 countries at surveyed favored one religion over others, either as an official, government endorsed religion, or as one receiving preferential treatment. Islam what is the most common state religion, endorsed by 27 countries, mostly in the middle east and north Africa. Only 13 countries, including night in Europe, made Christianity, or some Christian denomination, their state religion. However, 40 more governments unofficially favored a single religion, usually a form of Christianity. The governments of 10 countries either tightly regulated all religious activities or were hostile to religion in general. These countries include a China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, and several former Soviet republics. More than 100 countries and territories had no favorite religion. Among them were countries like the United States, which may offer privileges to certain religious groups, but generally without formally favoring one group over the others.

persuasion hatred or fear

How can leaders mobilize communities to support their own policies? One Way is by ___________; and others by _________ or __________. Consider witchcraft accusations. Which hands can be powerful means of social control by creating a climate of danger and insecurity that affects everyone. No one wants to seem deviant, to be accused of being a witch. Which hunts often aim at socially marginal people who can be accused and punished with the least chance of retaliation. During the great European witch craze, during the 15th and 16th and 17th centuries, most accusations and convictions were against poor women with little social support.

decrease

How might we explain the growth of the unaffiliated category? One factor may be the ___________ in religious in marriage or and or endogamy. Of the Americans who have webbed since 2010, 39% were in a religiously mixed marriage, compared was just 19% of Americans who married before 1960. When parents have different religions, or when one is affiliated while the other is not, it may be easier to raise children unaffiliated them to choose between faiths.

ethnocentric

However, these assumptions are both ___________ and wrong. Sacred cattle actually plan important adaptive role in an Indian ecosystem that has evolved over thousands of years. Peasants use cattle to pull plows in carts is part of the technology of Indian agriculture. Indian peasants have no need for large, hungry cattle of that sort that Westerners prefer. Scrawny animals Pohl plows in carts well enough but don't eat their owners out of the house and home.

magic religion

Humans use tools to accomplish a lot, but technology still doesn't let us have it all. To keep hope alive in situations of uncertainty, and for outcomes we can't control, all societies draw on _______ and _______ as sources of non-material comfort, explanation, and control.

fertilize

Indian do use cattle manure to __________ their fields. Not all the manure is collected, because peasants don't spend much time watching their cattle, which wander and Grace at Will during certain sessions. In the rainy season, some of them and newer that cattle deposit on the hillside washes down to the fields. In this way, cattle also __________ the fields in directly. Furthermore, in a country where fossil fuels are scarce, dry cattle dung, which burns slowly and evenly, Is basic cooking fuel.

folk traditional

In 2015, they were approximately 2.3 million Christians, 31.2% of the worlds population, 1.8 billion Muslims, 24.1%, 1.1 billion Hindus, 15.1%, about 500 million Buddhist, 6.9%, and 14 million Jews, .2%. In addition, about 400 million people, 5.7%, practiced _________ or ___________religions of various sorts. Around 60 million people, a bit less than 1% of the worlds population, belonged to other religions. Including Baha'i,Jainism,Sikhism,Shintoism,Taoism,Tenrikyo,Wicca, and Zoroastrianism

mana

In addition to animism, and sometimes coexisting with it in the same society, is a view of the supernatural as a domain of a personal power, or force, that people can control under certain conditions. Such a conception has been particularly prominent in Melanesia, the area of the South Pacific that includes new guinea in adjacent islands. Melanesians traditionally believed in __________, a secret, and personal force existing in the universe. _________ resides in people, animals, plants, and objects.

religion

In his book religion and anthropological view Anthony FC Wallace defined _________ as belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. By supernatural, Wallace was referring to a non-material realm beyond but believed to impinge on the observable world.The supernatural cannot be verified or falsified empirically and is in explicable and ordinary terms. It must be excepted on faith.

trinity

In monotheism, all supernatural phenomenon are believed to be manifestations of, or under the control of, a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent being. In the ecclesiastical monotheistic religion known as Christianity, a single supreme being is manifest in a __________. Robert Bellah, viewed most forms of Christianity as examples of world rejecting religion. According to Bella, the first world rejecting religions arose in inches of locations, along with literacy in a specialized priesthood. These religions are so named because of their tendency to reject a natural, mundane, ordinary, material, secular, world and to focus instead on higher, sacred, transcendent, realm of reality. The divine is a domain of exalted morality to which humans can only aspire. Salvation through fusion with the supernatural is the main goal of such religions

ship

In one early cult, members believed that the spirits of the dead will arrive in a ________. Those ghosts would bring manufactured goods for the natives and would kill all the whites. More recent cults replaced ships with airplanes. Many coats of used elements of European culture as sacred objects. The rationale is that Europeans use these objects, have wealth, and therefore must know the secret of cargo. By mimicking her European do use or treat objects, natives also hope to come upon the secret knowledge needed to get cargo for themselves. For example, having seen Europeans reverent treatment of flags and flagpoles, the members of One call begin to worship flagpoles. They believe the flagpoles were secret towers that can transmit messages between the living and the dead. Other natives bill airstrips to entice planes beer and canned goods, portable radios, clothing, wrist watches, and motorcycles.

uncertainty

In several publications about baseball, the anthropologist George Gmelch makes use of Malinowski's observation that magic is most common in situations dominated by chance and uncertainty. All sorts of magical behavior surrounding pitching and batting which are full of _________. There are fewer rituals for fielding, over which players have more control. Especially obvious are the rituals like the spitting of pictures, who may tug their hat between pitches, spit in a particular direction, magically manipulate the resin bag, talk to the ball, or wash their hands after giving up a run. Batters have their rituals too, Tampa Bay rays centerfielder Carlos Gomez, for example is known for smelling or kissing his back. Gomez notice as a child that good hitters tend to use rituals as they approach the plate or between pitches. One of Gomez's rituals has been to rotate his bat in front of the space while sniffing it smelling it for hits. Another batter routinely with spit then ritually touch his gob with his bat. This was to enhance his success at the plate.

switch

It has also been extremely common, and excepted, for people to _________between religions, or to religion at all. Just over 1/3, 34%, of Americans have a religious identity, or lack there of, different from the one in which they were raised. If switching from one protestant church to another, for example, from mainline to evangelical, is also included, this figure rises to 42%. Those raised without any religious affiliations as children are even more likely to switch to a new category in adulthood. About half of the 9% of Americans raised in a non-villages household claim a religious affiliation as adults.

max weber

It is influential book the protestant ethic in the spirit of capitalism, the social theorist ________ _________ linked to the spread of capitalism to the values preached by early protestant leaders. Reber saw European protestants and eventually the American descendants as more successful financially than Catholics. He attributed this difference in the value stress by the religions. Reber saw Catholics is more concerned with immediate happiness and security. Protestants are more entrepreneurial and future oriented he thought

western invention

Joel Robbins has examined the extent to which what he calls Penecostal/charismatic Christianity preserved its basic form and core beliefs as it spreads and adapts to various national and local cultures. Pentecostalism is a _________ ___________: its beliefs, doctrines, organizational features, and rituals originated in the United States, following the European rise and spread of Protestantism. The core doctrines of acceptance of Jesus as one Savior, baptism with the Holy Spirit, faith healing, and believe in the second coming of Jesus have spread across nations and cultures without losing their basic shape.

religion

Like ethnicity and language, ________ both unites and divides. Participation in common rights can affirm, and thus maintain, The solidarity of a group of adherents.Religious differences also can be associated with bitter emnity. Contacts and confrontations have increased between so-called world religions, such as Christianity and Islam, and the more localized forms of religion that missionaries typically lumped together under the disparaging term paganism. Increasingly, ethnic, regional, in-class conflicts come to be framed in religious terms. Contemporary examples of religion as a social and political force include the rise of the religious right of the United States, the world wide spread of Pentecostalism, the Islamic state, and various other Islamic movements.

social order

Like political organization, religion helps maintain ________ ___________. And like political mobilization, religious energy can be harnessed not just for change but also for revolution. Reacting to conquest or to actual or perceived foreign domination, for instance, religious leaders may seek to alter or revitalize their society.

nation states

Liminality is basic to all passage rights. Furthermore, in certain societies, including our own, liminal symbols can be used to set off one religious group from another, and from society as a whole. Such permanent liminal groups, for example sects, brotherhood, and Cults,Are found most characteristically in ______ ________. Such liminal features as humility, poverty, and equality, obedience, sexual abstinence, and silence may be required for all sect or cult members. Those who join such a group agree to its rules. As if they were undergoing a passage right, but in this case and never ending one, they may have to abandon their previous possessions and social ties, including those with family members.

Edward Sapir

Long ago, _______ _________ argued for a distinction between a religion and religion. The former term would apply only to a formally Organized religion, such as the world religions just mentioned. The latter, religion, is universal; it refers to religious beliefs and behavior, which exist in all societies, even if they don't stand out as a separate and clearly demarcated sphere. Indeed, many anthropologist argue that such categories as religion, politics, and the economy are arbitrary constructs that apply best, and perhaps only, to western, Christian, and modern societies. In such context, religion can be seen as a specific domain, separate from politics and the economy. By contrast, and non-industrial societies, religion typically is more embedded in society. Religious beliefs can help regulate the economy example: astrologers determine when to plant, or permeate politics example: divide right of kings.

beliefs and rituals

Magic and religion, as Malinowski noted, can reduce anxiety and allay fears. Ironically, __________ and ___________ also can create anxiety in the sense of insecurity in danger. Anxiety can arise because a right exists. Indeed, participation in a collective ritual, like circumcision of early teenage boys, common among east African Pastor Alise, can produce stress, who is common reduction, once the ritual is completed, and Enhances the solidarity of the participants.

trobriand islanders

Malinowski Found that the ________ ___________ used a variety of magical practices when they went on sailing expeditions, a hazardous activity. He propose that because people can't control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turned to magic. people may call on magic when they come to a gap in their knowledge or ability to control the situation, yet have to continue in a pursuit.

technology magic

Malinowski noted that it was only when confronted by situations they could not control the Trobrianders, Out of psychological stress, turned from _________ to __________. Despite our own advanced technical skills, we can't control every outcome, and magic persists in contemporary societies. As discussed, magic is particularly evident in baseball. George Gmelch describes a series of rituals, taboos, and sacred objects to use in the sport. Like Trobriand sailing magic, these behaviors reduce psychological stress, creating an illusion of magical control when real control is lacking. Baseball magic is especially president and pitching and batting.

yoruba religion

Many contemporary nations contain unofficial religions. One example is ___________- religion, a term applied to perhaps 15 million adherence in Africa as well as to millions of practitioners in syncretic, or blended, religions, with elements of Catholicschism and spiritism, in the western hemisphere. Forms of _________religion include Santeria in the Spanish Caribbean in the United States,candomble in Brazil, and vodoun in the French Caribbean. ____________religion, with roots and pre-colonial nation states of west Africa, has spread far beyond its region of origin, as part of the African diaspora it remains an influential, identifiable religion today, despite suppression, such as by Cuba is communist government. They are perhaps 3 million practitioners of Santeria in Cuba, plus another 800,000 in the United States. At least 1 million Brazilians participate in candomble, also known as Macumba. Voodo, vodoun,Has between 2.8 and 3.2 million practitioners, many, perhaps most, of him would name something else, such as Catholicism, as their religion.

good luck

Melanesian mana was similar to our notion of ______ ________. Objects with mana could change someone's luck. For example, a charm or an amulet belonging to a successful Hunter could transmit the hunters mana to the next person Who held or wore it. A woman could put a rock in her garden, see her yields improve, and attribute the change to the force contained in the rock.

collective

Members of a sect or colts often wear uniform clothing. Often they adopt a common hairstyle for example, shaved head, short hair, or long hair. Liminal groups submerge the individual in the _________. This may be one reason Americans, with its core values including individuality and individualism, are so fearful and suspicious ofcults. Not all collective rights are rights of passage. Most societies have occasions on which people come together to worship or celebrate and, in doing so, a firm and reinforce their solidarity. Rituals such as the totemic ceremonies described in the next section or rights of intensification: they intensify social solidarity. The ritual creates communitas and produces emotions, the collective spiritual effervescence described by Durkheim that enhances social solidarity.

our lord

Most people engage in religious activity because it works for them. Prayers get answered. Native Americans in south western Oklahoma use faith healers at high Montenery costs, not just because it makes them feel better about the uncertain, but because they believe it works. Each year legions of Brazilians visit a church, nosso senhor do bonfirm, In the city of Salvador Bahia. They vowed to repay "______ ________" if healing happens. Showing that the vows work, and are repaid, are the thousands of ex votos, plastic impressions of every conceivable body part, that adorn the church, along with photos of people who have been cured.

Raelian movement

New religious movements have very origins. some have been influenced by Christianity, others by eastern Asian religions, still others by mysticism and spiritualism. Religion also evolves in tandem with science and technology. For example, the _______ ________, a religious group center in Switzerland and Montreal, promotes cloning as a way of achieving eternal life.

supernatural beings

_________ _________, example: deities, ghost, demons, souls, and spirits, dwell outside our material world, which they may visit from time to time. There are also supernatural or secret forces, some of them wielded by deities and spirits, others that simply exist. In many societies, people believe they can benefit from, become imbued with, or manipulate such forces.

salvation afterlife

Notions of _________ and ___________ dominate Christian ideologies. However, most varieties of Protestantism like to hire her to go structure of earlier monotheistic religions, including Roman Catholic schism. With a Dominus role for the priest, minister, salvation is directly available to individuals. Regardless of their social status, protestants have unmediated access to the supernatural. The individualistic focus of Protestantism offers a close fit with capitalism and with American culture.

communitas

Passage rates often are collective. Several individuals, boys being circumcised, fraternity or sorority initiates, manymilitary boot camps, football players in summer training camps, women becoming nuns, pass through the rights together as a group. Most notable is the social aspect of collective liminality called ___________, and intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness. Liminal people experience the same treatment and conditions and must act alike. Liminality can be marked ritually and symbolically by reversals of ordinary behavior. For example, sexual taboos may be intensified; conversely, sexual access may be encouraged. Liminal symbols, Such as special clothing or body paint, market condition as extraordinary, beyond ordinary society in every day life.

disrupt

Pentecostalism spreads as other forces of globalization displace people and ________ local lives. People who feel socially adrift, Pentecostal evangelist offer tightly knit community and a Web like structure of personal connections within and between Pentecostal communities. Search networks can facilitate access to healthcare, job placement, educational services, and other resources.

patriarchal

Pentecostalism strengthens family and households through a moral code that respects marriage and prohibits adultery, gambling, drinking, and fighting. These activities were valued mainly by men and pre-conversion culture. Pentecostalism has appeal for men, however, because it's solidifies their authority within the household. Although Penecostal ideology is strongly ____________l, with women expected to subordinate themselves to men, women tend to be more active church members than an hour. Pentecostalism provide services in prayer groups by and for women. In such settings women develop leadership skills, as they also extend their social support network beyond family and kin

pentacostalism

Peter Burger thinks that modern _____________ may be the fastest growing religion in human history and focuses on its social dimensions to explain why. According to burger, _____________ promote strong communities while offering practical and psychological support to people whose circumstances are changing. My own experience and Brazil supports burgers hypothesis; most new Pentecostals encountered came from underprivileged, poor, otherwise marginalized groups in areas undergoing rapid social change.

action

Religion can work by getting inside people and mobilizing their emotions, their joy, their wrath, their righteousness. Adherents can feel a deep sense of shared joy, meaning, experience, communion, belonging, and commitment to their religion. The power of religion affects ________. When religions meet, they can coexist peacefully, or their differences can be a basis for enmity and does harmony, even battle. Religious fervor has inspired Christians on crusades against the infidel and has led Muslims to wage holy wars against non-Islamic peoples. Throughout history, political leaders have used religion to promote and justify their views and policies.

spiritual healing

Religion means a lot to people. It helps them cope with uncertainty, adversity, fear, and tragedy. It offers hope that things will get better. Lives can be transformed through ________ ____________. Sinners can repent and be saved, or they can go on sinning and be damned. If the faithful truly internalize a system of religious rewards and punishments, their religion becomes a powerful influence on their attitudes and behavior, as well as what they teach their children.

conversion

Reviewing the literature, Robbins finds little evidence that western political agenda is propelling the global spread of Pentecostalism. It is true that foreigners, including American pastors and televangelists, have helped introduce Pentecostalism to countries outside of North America. There's no evidence, however, the overseas churches are largely funded and ideologically shaped from North America. Penecostal churches typically are staffed with locals, who run them as organizations that are attentive and responsive to local situations. _____________ is typically a key feature of that agenda. Once converted, a Pentecostal is expected to be an active evangelist, seeking to bring new members. This evangelization is one of the most important activities in a Pentecostal culture and certainly aids it's expansion.

cargo cults

Revitalization movements known as ________ __________ have arisen in colonial situations in which local people have regular contact with outsiders but like their wealth, technology, and living standards. ________ ___________ attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior and manipulating symbols of the desired lifestyle. The ________ __________ of Melanesia in Papua New Guinea or hybrid creations that we've Christian doctrine with indigenous beliefs. They take their name from the focus on cargo, European goods of the sort natives have seen unloaded from the cargo hold of ships and airplanes.

social acts

Rituals or __________ ________. Inevitably, some participants are more committed than others are to the beliefs that lie behind the rights. However, just by taking part in a joint public act, the performers signal that they except a common social and moral order. One that transcends their status as individuals.

ahimsa

Sacred cattle are essential to Indian cultural adaptation. Biologically adapted to poor pasture land in marginal environment, the scraggly zebu provides fertilizer in fuel, is indispensable in farming, and is affordable for peasants. The Hindu doctrine of __________ put the full power of organized religion behind the command not to destroy a valuable resource, even in times of extreme need.

cultural domination local needs

Scholars have argued about whether the global spread of Pentecostalism is best understood as number one: a process of Western ________ _________ and homogenization, perhaps supported by a right wing political gender or number two: a process in which diffused cultural forms respond to ________ _______ and are differentiated and indigenized. Joel Robbins takes a middle ground position, viewing the spread of Pentecostalism as a form of cultural hybridization. He argues that global and local features appear with equal intensity within these Penecostal cultures. Churches retain certain core Penecostal beliefs and behaviors while responding to the local culture and being organized at the local level.

growing

Worldwide, Islam is __________at a rate of about 2.9% annually, compared with 2.3% for Christianity. Within Christianity, the growth rate is much higher for born-again Christian, then for either Catholics or mainline protestant. Recent demographic projections by the pew research Center suggests that by 2050 there will be almost as many Muslims, 29.7%, as Christians, 31.4%, in the world. In Europe, Muslims will constitute about 10% of the population, compared with about 6% today.

rituals

Several features distinguish ritual behavior from other kinds of behavior. __________are formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped. People perform them in special, sacred, places and at set times. __________ include liturgical orders, sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance in which they occur. ___________ convey information about the participants and their traditions. Repeated year after year, generation after generation, _________ translate enduring messages, values, and sentiments into action.

dangerous

So charged with the mana were the highest Chiefs that contact with them was __________ to commoners. The mana of the chiefs flowed out of their bodies. It could infect the ground, making it dangerous for others to walk in the chiefs footsteps. It could permeate the containers and utensils chiefs used in eating. Because high chiefs had so much mana, their bodies and possessions were taboo, set apart as secret and off-limits to ordinary people. Because ordinary people couldn't bear as much sacred current as royalty could, when commoners were accidentally exposed, purification rights were necessary.

professional priesthoods

Societies with productive economies, based on agriculture and trade in large, dense populations, that is, nation states, can support full-time religious specialists, _________ __________. Like the state itself, priesthoods are hierarchically and bureaucratically organized. Anthony Wallace describes the religions of such stratified societies as ecclesiastical pertaining to an established church and its hierarchy of officials And Olympian, after mount Olympus, home of the classical Greek gods. In such religions, powerful anthropomorphic gods have specialized functions, for example, gods of love, war, and see, and death. Such pantheons, collections of deities, we're prominent in the religions of many non-industrial nation states, including the Aztecs of Mexico, and several African and Asian kingdoms. Greco-Roman religion also were polytheistic, featuring many deities, the Olympian gods

European domination or native subjugation

Some cargo cult prophets proclaimed that success would come through a reversal of ________ __________ and ________ __________. The day was near, they preached, with natives, aided by God, Jesus, or native ancestors, will turn the tables. Native skins would turn white, and those of Europeans would turn brown; Europeans would die or be killed.

max weber's

The British sociologist David Martin argues that Pentecostalism is spreading so rapidly because it's adherents embody ________ _________ protestant ethic, valuing self discipline, hard work, and thrift. Others see Pentecostalism as a kind of cargo cult, built on the belief that magic and ritual activity can promote material success. Burger suggest that today's Pentecostals probably include both types, Weberian protestants working to produce material wealth as a sign of their salvation along with people who believe that magic and ritual will bring them good fortune.

evangelicals

The absolute number of mainline protestant, Methodist, Baptists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and a Pisca Palean's, also fell, from 41 million in 2007 to 36,000,000 in 2014. However, the number of Americans participating in historically black protestant churches has remained fairly stable in recent years. Around 16 million people.____________ represent the only group of protestants whose numbers have been increasing, even as their share of the US population has declined by a percentage point. ___________ now number around 62 million American adults, an increase of about 2 million since 2007.

spirits impersonal forces

The beliefs in spiritual beings like animism, and supernatural forces like Mana, fit within Wallace's definition of religion, given at the beginning of this chapter. Most religions include both ________ and ________ __________. Likewise, the supernatural believes of contemporary north Americans can include beings such as Gods, saints, souls, demons, and forces Such as charms, talismans, crystals, and sacred objects.

significant growth

This chapter is appreciating diversity describes changing patterns of religious affiliation of the United States, including________ __________ in the number of Americans to affiliate with no organized religion. This trend toward nonaffiliation, weather is atheist, agnostic, or nothing in particular can also be detected in Canada, western Europe, China, and Japan. In addition to increasing not affiliation, contemporary industrial societies also feature new religious trends and forms of spiritualism. The new age movement, which emerged in the 1980s, draws on and blends cultural elements for multiple traditions. It advocates change through individual personal transformation. In the United States and Australia, respectively, some people who are not native Americans or native Australians have appropriated the symbols, settings, and purported religious practices of Native Americans and native Australians for New Age religions. Native American activist decry the appropriation and commercialization of their spiritual beliefs and rituals, as when sweat lodge ceremonies are held on cruise ships, with wine and cheese served. They see the appropriation of their ceremonies and traditions as a theft. Some Hindus feel similarly about the popularization of yoga.

Brazil

The growth and spread of evangelical Protestantism has been particularly explosive in ________, traditionally, and still, the worlds most Catholic country. In 1980, when Pope John Paul II visited the country, 89% of ___________population claimed to be Roman Catholic, compared with under 65% today. This decline is due mainly to evangelical Protestantism, which is spread like wildfire in __________. Having made small inroads during the first half of the 20th century, evangelical protestant is him grew exponentially in _________during the second half. Protestants accounted for less than 5% of the population through the 1960s. By 2000, evangelical protestant comprised more than 15% of Brazilians affiliated with a church. The current estimate of the evangelical share of __________population is close to 25% and growing. I'm on the factors that I've worked against Catholic schism are these: a declining and mainly foreign priesthood, sharply contrasting political agendas of many of its clerics, and its reputation as a mainly woman's religion.

unaffiliated

The most notable increase, however, from 16% to 23%, has been in the __________ __________, Americans with no religious affiliation. These religious "nones" Include people who identify as atheist, agnostic's, or nothing in particular. Almost a third, 31%, of them admit to being atheist or agnostic's; 3% 7% of the American population overall. Religious nuns, at 56 million, now out number both Catholics and mainline protestant. These unaffiliated Americans tend to be young, with the median age of 36 years, compared with 46 years for the US population as a whole, and 52 years for mainline protestant. The unaffiliated percentage is highest in the west, followed by in order the north east, Midwest, and south. In the west, the unaffiliated, at 28%, outnumber all religious groups. Among ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites are most likely to be unaffiliated: 24%, versus 20% for Latinos and 18% for African-Americans. Men are much more likely than women to be unaffiliated, 27% to 19%.

zebu cattle

The people of India revere ________ ________, which are protected by the Hindu doctrine of ahimsa, A principle of non-violence that forbid the killing of animals generally. Western economic development agents occasionally, and erroneously, cite the Hindu cattle taboo to illustrate the idea that religious beliefs can stand in the way of rational economic decisions. Hindus might seem to be irrationally ignoring a valuable food, beef, because their cultural or religious traditions. Development agents also have asserted the Indians don't know how to raise proper cattle. They point to the scraggly ________ that wander around town and country. Western techniques of animal husbandry grow bigger cattle that produce more beef and milk. Western planner's lament that Hindus are set in their ways. Bound by culture and tradition, they refuse to develop rationally.

evangelical protestantism

The rapid an ongoing spread of _________ ____________, which originated in Europe and North America, constitutes a highly successful form of contemporary cultural globalization. A century ago, more than 90% of then approximately 80 million evangelicals in the world lived in Europe and North America. Today, estimate of the number of evangelicals world wide range from400 million to well over 1 billion. Most now live in Latin America, Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East and North Africa.

ethics morality

To ensure proper behavior, religions offer rewards, the fellowship of the religious community, and punishments, the threat of being cast out, or excommunicated. Religions, especially the formal, organized ones found and state societies, often prescribe a code of ________ and __________ to guide behavior. Moral codes are ways of maintaining order and stability that are reinforced continually and sermons, catechisms, and the like. They become internalized psychologically. They guide behavior and produce regret, guilt, shame, and the need for forgiveness, expiation, and absolution when they are not followed.

successful capitalists

Today, of course, in North America, as throughout the world, people of many religions and with diverse world views are _________ ___________. Furthermore, traditional protestant values often have little to do with today's economic maneuvering. Still, there's no denying that the individualistic focus of Protestantism was compatible with the severe ends of ties to land and kin that industrialism demanded. These values remain prominent in the religious background of many of the people of the United States.

demarcate

Totemic principles continue to __________ groups, including clubs, teams, and universities, in modern societies. Badgers and Wolverines are animals, and it said in Michigan, buckeyes are some kind of nut, more precisely, the Buckeye nuts come from the buckeye tree. Differences between natural species, like lions and tigers and bears, distinguish sports teams, even political parties for example donkeys and elephants. Although the modern context is more secular, one can still witness in intense college football rilvaries , Some of the effervescence Durkheim noted in Australian totemic religion and other rights of intensification.

cosmology

Totemism is one form of ____________, a system, in this case or religious one, for imagining in understanding the universe. Claude Levi Strauss, a prophetic French anthropologist and a key figure in Anthropology of religion, as well known for his studies of myth, folklore, totemism, and cosmology. Levi Strauss believe that one roll of religious rights and beliefs is to affirm, and that's maintain, the solidarity of a religion adherents. Totems are sacred emblems symbolizing common identity. This is true not just among native Australians but also among Native American groups of the north Pacific coast of North America, whose totem poles are well-known. They are totemic carvings, which commemorated and told visual stories about ancestors, animals, and spirits, we're also associated with ceremonies. And totemic rights, people gather together to honor their total. In so doing, they use ritual to maintain the social oneness that the totem symbolizes.

nature

Totemism uses __________ as a model for society. The totems usually are animals and plants which are part of _________. People relate to __________ through their totemic association with natural species. Because each group has a different totem, social differences mirror natural contrast. Diversity in the natural order becomes a model for diversity in the social order. However, although totemic plants and animals occupy different niches in nature, on another level they are united because they are all part of nature. The unity of the human social order is enhanced by symbolic association with and imitation of the natural order.

animism polytheism monotheism

Tylor proposed that religion evolved through stages, beginning with _________. ____________, the believe in multiple gods, and then ___________, the belief in a single, all powerful deity, developed later. Because religion originated to explain things, Tylor thought it would decline as science offered better explanations. To an extent, he was right. We now have scientific explanations for many things that religion once elucidated. Nevertheless, because religion persist, it must do something more than explain. It must, and does, have other functions and meanings.

sacred profane

Wallaces definition of religion focuses on beings, powers, and forces within the supernatural realm. Emily Durkheim, one of the founders of anthropology of religion, Focused on the distinction between the _________ (the domain of religion) and the _______ (the every day world). Like the supernatural for Wallace, Durkheims sacred was a domain set off from the ordinary, or the mundane, (he used the word profane).

rise

We see that diversity and religious beliefs and practices is on the __________ in the United States. Furthermore, the established religions themselves are becoming more radically and ethnically diverse in membership. Minorities now constitute 41% of American Catholics, 24% of evangelicals, and 14% of mainline protestant. There is every reason to believe that these trends involving religious affiliation, or lack there of, will continue in the United States.

business organization

Weber also argued that rational _________ __________ require the removal of industrial production from home, it's setting in peasant societies. Protestantism made such a separation possible by emphasizing individualism: individuals, not families or households, would be saved or not. Interestingly, given the connection that is usually made with morality and religion and contemporary American discourse about family values, the family was a secondary matter for webers early protestants. God and the individual reigns supreme.

knows

When did religion begin? No one ________ for sure. There are suggestions of religion in Neanderthal burials and on European cave walls, where painted stick figures may represent shamans, early religious specialists. Nevertheless, any statement about when, where, why, and how religion arose, or any description of its original nature, can be only speculative. Although such speculations are inconclusive, many have revealed important functions and effects of religious behavior. Several theories will be examined now.

verbal manifestations

_________ ___________ of religious beliefs include prayers, chance, myths, texts, and statements about ethics and morality. Other aspects of religion include notions about purity and pollution including taboos involving diet and physical contact, sacrifice, initiation, rights of passage, VisionQuest, pilgrimages, spirit possession, prophecy, study, devotion, and moral actions.

religion and magic

_________ and ____________ don't just explain things and help people accomplish goals. They are also important to the realm of human feelings. In other words, they serve emotional needs as well as cognitive, explanatory, ones. For example, supernatural beliefs and practices can help reduce anxietyi. Magical techniques can dispel doubts that arise when outcomes are beyond human control. Similarly, religion helps people face death and endure life crisises. When people face uncertainty in danger, according to Malinowski, they turn to magic: however much knowledge in science help man in allowing him to obtain what he wants, they are unable to completely control chance, to illuminate accidents, to foresee the unexpected turn of natural events, or to make human handiwork reliable and adequate to all practical requirements.

magic

_________ refers to supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims. These techniques include magical actions, offerings, spells, formulas, and incantations. Magicians might employ imitative magic to produce a desired effect by imitating it. For example, if magicians wish to harm someone, they can imitate that affect on an image of the victim, for instance, by sticking pins in voodoo dolls. With contagious magic, whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it. Sometimes practitioners of contagious magic use body products from perspective victims, their nails or hair, for example. The spell performed on the body product is believed eventually to reach the person. ________ exists in societies with diverse religious beliefs, including animism, mana, polytheism, and monotheism.

revitalization movements

__________ ____________are social movements that occur in times of change, and which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter a revitalize a society. Christianity originated as a revitalization movement. Jesus was one of several prophets who preached new religious doctrines while the Middle East was under Roman rule. It was a time of social unrest, when a foreign power ruled the land. Jesus inspired a new, enduring, and major religion. His contemporaries were not so successful.

liminality

___________ always has certain characteristics. Liminal people exist apart from ordinary distinctions and expectations; they are living in a time out of time. A series of contrast demarcate__________ from normal social life. For example, among the Ndembu of Zambia, a chef underwent a right of passage prior to taking office. During the liminal period, his past and future positions in society were ignored, even reverse. He was subjected to a variety of insults, orders, and humiliation's.

syncretisms

____________ are cultural, especially religious, mixes that emerge from acculturation. Cargo colts are ____________ that blend aboriginal and Christian believes. Melanesian myths told of ancestors shutting their skins and changing into powerful beings and of dead people returning to life. Christian missionaries also preached resurrection. The cults preoccupation with cargo is related to traditional Melanesian big man systems. Melanesian big man was expected to be generous. People worked for the big man, helping him as well, but eventually he had to host a feast and give away all that wealth.

totemism

____________ was a key ingredient in the religions of the native Australians. Totems could be animals, plants, or geographic features. And each tribe, groups of people had particular totems. Members of each totemic group believe themselves to be descendants of their totem, which they customarily neither killed nor eight. However, this taboo was suspended once a year, when people assembled for ceremonies dedicated to the totem. Only on that occasion where they allowed to kill and eat their totem. These annual rites were believed to be necessary for the totem's survival and reproduction.

rites of passage

_______________ can be individual or collective. Traditional native American vision quests illustrate individual __________________, customs associated with the tradition from one place or stage of life to another. To move from boyhood to manhood, a youth would temporarily separate from his community. After a period of isolation in the wilderness, often featuring fasting and drug consumption, the young man would see a vision, which would become his guardian spirit. He would return them to his community as a socially recognized adult.

declining

although the United States continues to have the worlds largest Christian population, the number percentage of Americans affiliated with a Christian church have been ___________. Between 2007 and 2014, the Christian share of the US population fell almost 8 points, from 78.4% to 70.6%. This change is due primarily to declines among Catholics and mainline protestants, each of which shrink by about three percentage points.

rising

as the Christian share of the population has been declining, the percentage of Americans belonging to non-Christian faith has been _________. Between 2007 and 2014, this percentage rose from about 4.7% to 5.9 with growth especially strong for Muslims and Hindus.