Anthropology Chapter 7

Early in the textbook, you learned about stratification as the unequal distribution of resources among a group of people. Place in order how Barbados factory workers are stratified, from highest social status to lowest.

-white-collar front-office workers and supervisors -pink-collar informatics workers -blue-collar factory workers

The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story influences contemporary U.S. gender ideologies. Identify whether or not these statements are components of the story.

Component of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" Story -The behavior of early humans was cemented into our DNA and continues to influence human behavior today. -Inventiveness, mobility, and time away from home are natural expectations of human males. -A more sedentary lifestyle, cooperativeness, and nurturance are natural expectations of female humans. Not a Component of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" Story -The behavior of early humans has no influence on human behavior today.

Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women's organization CO-MADRES in El Salvador.

Correct: CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality.` Incorrect: CO-MADRES successfully brought an end to the Salvadoran civil war. CO-MADRES supported transgender youth in El Salvador by creating religious communities for their safety. CO-MADRES was able to work peacefully with the Salvadoran government to achieve justice and equality.

While the "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story still influences contemporary gender ideology, scientific evidence on early human society and behavior does not support the narrative. Identify whether or not these are examples of current scientific evidence.

Example of Current Scientific Evidence -Foraging societies had (and have) a flexible division of labor. -Hunting may not have been as integral to human survival as was previously thought. Not an Example of Current Scientific Evidence -Historical patterns of male dominance show that men have been protecting women and children for thousands of years. -Early human teeth were adapted for a primarily carnivorous diet.

Hijras are transgender individuals and followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted as transgender. Identify whether or not these are experiences of hijras in Southeast Asia.

Experienced by Hijras -Hijras face discrimination in access to housing, health care, and education. -Hijras are revered as powerful religious figures. -Hijras support themselves through begging, performances, and sex work. Not Experienced by Hijras -Hijras are protected by law and are not harmed.

Contemporary gender ideologies are firmly rooted in the natural differences between men and women and gender roles from early human history.

False

Flexible accumulation refers to the ways in which globalization produces new opportunities for women to set their own work hours to achieve work-home balance.

False

Identify whether or not these findings were made by Carla Freeman in her study of women working in the informatics industry of Barbados.

Finding -Women work in comfortable, air-conditioned modern offices. -Women's status as wives and mothers allows them to access company-provided transportation and flexible work hours. Not a Finding -Informatics "pink-collar" work is typically a stepping stone to high-paying white-collar work. -Though their conditions are comfortable, informatics women feel exploited and afraid.

How Do Anthropologists Explore the Relationship between Gender and Power? Identify the following situations as examples of either gender stratification, gender stereotypes, or gender ideologies.

Hijras in India face unequal access to housing, education, and health care.gender stratification The tale of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" is used in U.S. culture to explain differences in gender roles.gender ideology Men in Mexico are uninvolved and uninterested in domestic life.gender stereotype

Identify how the expansion of Taiwan's economy has affected Taiwanese as well as Indonesian and Filipino women.

Indonesian and Filipino women: -becoming primary breadwinners -unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives Taiwanese women -unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives -movement into male workforce

Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast the experiences of Barbadian informatics workers and garment or textile factory workers in Barbados and elsewhere.

Information Workers are: -Married with Children -Pink Collar Workers Both are -Watched and Monitored by Supervisors Garment and Textile Workers -Young Single Women -Blue Collar Workers

In her ethnography Dude, You're a Fag (2007), C. J. Pascoe explores the construction of masculinity in a racially diverse high school in California. Identify whether or not she observed the following about gender construction in this school.

Observed by Pascoe -Masculinity could be associated with women. -White male students primarily engaged in "fag discourse." Not Observed by Pascoe -Only gay men were called "fags." -Lesbians were not allowed to participate in masculine gender performance.

The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" tale lies at the heart of U.S. gender ideologies. Anthropologists work to identify scientifically validated truths about the human past. Identify the following statements as based in fiction or science.

Science: -Our human ancestors likely had flexible gender roles that shifted in response to the needs of a given situation. Fiction: -Our human ancestors had rigid gender roles because they lived on the edge of starvation and needed strict roles in order to secure food. -Women today are more nurturing than men because of women's gathering skills developed in the evolutionary past. -The pleasure of killing animals developed a hardwired aggression in men that we still see today.

---Sex refers to the observable physical differences between male and female, while --- refers to the cultural expectations of behavior based on these differences.

Sex, Gender

Match the feminist scholar to her theory about male dominance across cultures.

There is a pervasive symbolic association of men with culture and women with nature. -Sherri Ortner Men's greater physical strength is reflected in cultural dominance. -Nancy Chodorow Gender roles are split between public (male) and private (female) spheres. -Michelle Rosaldo

Identify whether or not anthropologist Matthew Gutmann found the following to be true about machismo among the working-class Mexican men of a small community in Mexico City.

True of Mexican Men and Machismo -Mexican men negotiate their roles with women. -Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world. Not True of Mexican Men and Machismo -In general, all Mexican men have the same ideas about machismo. -Mexican culture has one stable, fixed idea about how men should behave.

Gender performance refers to the way gender identity is expressed through action. Identify the following statements about gender performance as true or false.

True: -Cultural anthropologists are increasingly focused on gender as an identity that is expressed through action. -Both men and women may display stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics. False: -Gender roles reflect fixed identities that are either male or female. -People's choices about how they will express their gender identity are always conscious.

When Annette Weiner revisited Bronislaw Malinowski's study of the Trobriand Islanders, what did she find?

Women engaged in elaborate economic activity that Malinowski failed to recognize.

Why did biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling propose a theory of five sexes?

because intersex shows a complex middle ground between male and female

Gender studies is a new subfield of anthropology, developed in the early twenty-first century.

false