Anthropology Exam #2

Gender

The different ways of men and women are socially defined and evaluated. How society describes a man and a women

General purpose money

-Incorporates all six functions -Our money (but limits exist)

Limited purpose money

-Incorporates some functions -Banana bundles/Yams -Salt Rods/Raffia Cloth -Cattle

Why do biological fathers stop providing parental care? (based on notes and ready by Hewlett and Macfarlan on fathering)

-Because fathers' have low certainty that the child is his -Other kin are available to raise children -Residence rules cause father's to live away from their children

4 major elements of kinship

1. Descent 2. Marriage 3. Terminology 4. Residence

Avuncular

2 moves: -Virilocal: wife moves in with husband & they produce children (nuclear family) -Avunculocal: Mature male children move in with MB Benefits: Keeps male of the same matriline together

Dollar Bill in the US

According to the lecture notes, which is not an example of a limited purpose money?

1.Patrilocal: husband stays with his kin and wife moves in -Virilocal: wife moves in with husband 2.Matrilocal: wife stays with her kin and husband moves in -Uxorilocal: husband moves in with wife 3.Neolocal: Both husband and wife move away from both kins and start a new family (nuclear family) 4.Natalocal:Husband & wife live with respective natal kin group -Brothers take care of sister's children 5.Ambilocal: Both husband and wife life near/between both kins 6.Avunculocal: 2 moves -Virilocal: wife moves in with husband -Avunculocal: husband moves in with his mother's brother

6 Residence rules & define

TRUE

A major different between clans and lineages is that in a clan people do not know al of the connections between individuals and the founder is often mythical

In terms of: -What can be paid -Who can use it -When it should be used -How it is used

All cultures have economic systems. This means all cultures have rules specifying

Reciprocity: give something -expect return Redistribution: give something -Authority tells Exchange: give something -get something else Altruism: give something -expect nothing in return

All societies circulate goods. Name three primary mechanisms for circulation goods

Residence

Among whom one actually lives Determines -Where you sleep -With whom you eat -Majority of social interactions

Money is power

Away to demand goods/services from others

Competitive altruism because if an individual helps another person, then the other person feels obligated to help them back. Dominican Labor Exchange has Chief For a Day, where one is a chief and others help them, and this goes for every individual in the group. People rely on Labor Exchange because it provides better relationships with others and creates a good reputation

Based on the lecture about Dominican Labor Exchange, what mechanism best explained labor exchange: Reciprocity or Competitive Altruism? Why do you say that? Why do people rely on Labor Exchange even if cash is present?

Patrilocal & Matrilocal

Benefit: Greater social affiliation between & within generations Disadvantage: limited autonomy

According to the lecture notes on the Sambia of New guinea, for boys to become men they must undergo ____

Boy-insemination

Kula is largely a mole activity that involves separate islands to have interconnected network of trade. Armshells and necklaces are traded. Usually it would involve 3 partners: you and 2 others. One will want an armshell or amband and will trade it for an equal value necklace and the other one will want a necklace and will exchange it for equal value armshell/band. People participate in Kula to form relationships with others on separate islands, to achieve goods that aren't found on their homeland, and to create a reupation. The goal for Kula is to form friendships, have many partners, get birth often, and to make a name in history.

Briefly describe the Kula exchange system. Why do people participate in Kula?

Tracking people through ancestors

Cognatic - Through mom and dad Patrilineal - through males Matrilineal- through females

Gender schema

Cognitive mechanism dedicated to categorizing & structuring our experiences related to societal sex roles

Rivalrous goods

Consumption by one party prevents simultaneous consumption by others

Neolocal

Couple leaves family of origin and start new household Benefit: Relative autonomy from kin Disadvantage: -Difficulty motivating work from others -Greater social distance

Ambilocal

Couple live near kin either of groom or bride

Male provisioning hypothesis

Dad contribute directly to child wellbeing Dad contribute to mom's wellbeing

How is the matriline (dala) maintained/regenerated?

Dead spirit (Baloma) finds a woman of the same dala and enters her

Sexual attraction

Desire for sexual contact with another

Sex

Determined chromosomally Differentiated hormonally Cognitions & behavior are modulated by hormones

Substantivist Economics

Economies are imbedded within a culture The substance of the economy

Kula

Exchange of armshells for an equally valued necklace Largely male activity that links separate islands into an interconnected Each participant is linked to 2 others

Based on chromosomal structure alone, there are only two sexes in humans

FALSE

Co-sleeping is rare across human cultures, as well as across most species of apes

FALSE

In Trobriand society sexual relationships are very open for adults, but relatively restrained in children

FALSE

In matrilineal societies, such as the Trobrianders, fathers have limited to no emotional or economic roles over biologic children

FALSE

Nondisjunction

Failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division

Cross cousin

Father's sister's kids Mother's brother's kids

Male mating competition hypothesis

Fathering pays when cost of switching partners is too high Pair bonding is mate guarding Polygyny Should occur in areas with Male-Biased Sex Ratios

Matrifocality refers to a socio-economic condition

Females are the center of households Males are socially marginal to households That facilitates life under poverty and economic uncertainty That is found in many Afro-Caribbean societies

Sambia Gender: Female

Females born with all vital organs and fluids to become reproductively competent Active TINGU (menstrual blood organ) causes early motor coordination and speech, later rapid attainment of height and secondary sex characters

Hawaiian

Gender & Generation Emphasizes sameness on Mom's & Dad's family

Hawaii kinship terminology places emphasis on which categories

Gender and Generation

Iroquois

Gender, generation & lineality -Distinguishes on basis of relatedness to mom or dad Strongly associated with unilineal descent Emphasizes parallel vs cross-cousins

Eskimo

Gender, generation & nuclearity Separates immediate nuclear family from others Ignores gender at various levels away from nuclear

Sundanese

Gender, generation, nuclearity & lineality Fully descriptive kinship terminology Occurs in complex, stratified societies

Redistribution

Give stuff away because authority says so

Exchange

Give stuff away to get another thing

Altruism

Give stuff away, expect nothing

Reciprocity

Give stuff away, get it later

Phratry

Grouping of clans

Sexual Orientation

Habitual & enduring preference for one or more gender/sex practice

Natolocal

Husband & wife live with respective natal kin group -Brothers take care of sister's children

Patrilocal

Husband stays with his family and wife moves in Virilocal: wife moves to husband's residence

The woman's brother makes the yam garden for her husband. Her husband then rewards brother after yam harvested. (Yams represents wealth for the husband; Yam houses are bank accounts). Husband supports wife by using yams to get more banana bundle leaves for her, for funerary distributions. The relationship between brother and husband is important. If it's strong, then there is more wealth.

In Trobriand society, a woman, her husband, and her brother form an economic unit. Describe what each male provides to this economic unit.

Exludable goods

Individuals can be excluded from consuming good

Human Life History

Infancy- 3 yrs Childhood-3.5-5.5yrs Juvenile-5.5-10yrs Adolescent-10-19yrs Adult

Co-sleeping

Infants sleep with parents (especially mothers); danger avoidance; teach infant how to breathe, and generate heat for babies

Matrilineal descent

Inheritance through female side Matrilineage Requires daughters Men still in control Tend to practice matrilocality or avuncularity

Patrilineal descent

Inheritance through male side Require sons Tend to be patrilocal Patrilineage

Marriage

It links group, especially in unilineal system Really about propagating the lineal group & organizing alliances between lineages

Lineage

Know all of the connections between individuals Founding members is known + non-mythical Provides grounded genealogical connections

Pair Bonding

Long-term affiliation of two individuals

Sambia Gender: Male

Males must achieve masculinity No Tingu Have Kere-ku-kereku (semen organ) -Is only a vessel, cannot produce fluids -Only insemination "fills the vessel" -One must receive jerungdu

1.Quantifiable 2.Fungible 3.Durability 4.Portibility 5.Divisibility 6.Recognizible

Many human societies use money. What are 6 desirable traits associated with money?

Exogamy

Marry outside group

Endogamy

Marry within group

Money Functions

Means of payment Medium of exchange Standard of value Store of value/wealth Standard of Deferred payment Unit of Account

Unplanned Economy

More demand/$ for a good More supply is generated because of increased capital Increasing demand allows suppliers to increase price Which means less money placed into alternative goods/services Goal is to create wealth for owners/shareholders Bottom Up process

Parallel cousin

Mother's sister's kids Father's brother's kids

Clan

Not knowing the connections between individuals Founding member is unknown or mythical - Totem Provides general idea of relatedness

Common property

Owner: Collective Duties: Objectives set by group Owner rights: control access to members, exclude all others

Private property

Owner: Individual/firm Duties: avoid socially unacceptable uses Owner rights: control access to members, exclude all others

Open Access

Owner: None Owner duties: None Owner rights: Total

State property

Owner: State Duties: objectives set by state Owner Rights: determine rules of exclusion and use

Allomothers

People who helps raised the children besides mothers Dads, grand-moms, other adult kin, juveniles & adolescents

Which marriage type is practiced across most human societies?

Polygyny

3 types of marriages

Polygyny: 1 male, multiple females Polyandry: 1 female, multiple males Monogamy: 1 female, 1 male

Chief For a Day

Private goods produced through collective action

Cognatic descent

Relatedness to others based on an ancestor, not ego

Gender identity

Sense of belonging to a particular gender role

Cooperative Breeder

Sex -Involves at least two individuals Birthing -Is a social act Childcare & parenting -Children are born altricial -Growth & development are subsidized by others

Sexual culture

Shared values/meanings associated with sexual behaviors

Sexual scripts/Schema

Socially constructed lines or roles people enact

Command economy

State agencies determine what should be created and in what amount Prices are set a priori to manage action of people to achieve state goals Goal is to maximize profits for state, not industry Top Down process

Dominican society

Subsistence: Horicultural Residence rule: Descent Rule: Patrilineage Marriage: Monogamy

Feminine

The ideal cluster of traits society attributes to females

Masculine

The ideal cluster of traits society attributes to males

Paternity Certainty

The more certain dad is the child is his, the more dad & other paternal kin provide care

Circulation

The movement of goods

Formalist Economics

The study of choice under conditions of scarcity or uncertainty

Economic Anthropology

The study of unity and diversity of human choices under conditions of scarcity and uncertainty

Gendered division of Labor

The tendency for productive work to be performed by one sex and not the other

Kinship system

The way societies organize themselves

Unilineal descent

Tracing inheritance through a single line Removes ambiguity about group membership

Horicultural (Yams) Avunculocal Matrilineal Hamlet exogamy -Leaders/chiefs can do polygyny while the res is monogamy

Triobriand society Subsistence: Residence Rule: Descent Rule: Marriage:

Iroquois kinship termology strongly reflects which

Unilineal Descent

Competitive altruism

Variation in cooperative abilities Preference for highly cooperative people Reputations are salient Market place for social relationships

According to the movie, "Kingdom of Women," which marriage and residence system did the Mosuo of China practice?

Walking marriage and Natalocal Residence

Labor exchange

When money isn't available, exchanges work/labor for work

Matrilocal

Wife stays with her family & husband moves in Uxorilocal: husband moves to wife's residence

Festive labor

Work performed irregularly Large labor force Host does not give work back Feast of food & alcohol