Anthropology exam 2

14. What is the term for the bony protuberance found on top of the skulls of robust australopiths? A. temporalis B. sagittal crest C. masseter D. foramen magnum E. ischium

B. sagittal crest

48. Arboreal primates tend to be smaller and more agile.

True

54. Postcranial material from Ardipithecus, the earliest widely accepted hominin genus (5.8-4.4 m.y.a.), indicates a capacity—albeit an imperfect one—for upright bipedal locomotion.

True

27. What is the name of the stone-tool tradition associated with Neandertals? A. Oldowan B. Acheulean C. Mousterian D. blades E. microliths

C. Mousterian

50. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter period.

False

52. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.

False

63. One of the most surprising aspects of the recent discovery of H. floresiensis, a species of tiny people who lived, gathered, and hunted on the Indonesian island of Flores from about 95,000 B.P. until at least 13,000 B.P., is the specimens' very large skulls; yet they lacked behaviors associated with anatomically modern humans.

False

65. Recent genetic research comparing Neandertal DNA and modern human DNA supports the theory that Neandertals evolved into the European populations of anatomically modern humans.

False

19. Which of the following statements describes a key difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools? A. Oldowan tools show an increase in size and a focus in being used for hunting. B. Acheulean tools, such as the hand ax, represent a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker, suggesting a cognitive leap between earlier hominins and H. erectus. C. Oldowan tools are based on the production of blades, associated with an increasing range of ways hominins exploited their biological and cultural environments. D. Acheulean tools show representations of the human form on nonfunctional surfaces. E. Acheulean tools constitute a move away from wood toward more plastic media like clay.

B. Acheulean tools, such as the hand ax, represent a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker, suggesting a cognitive leap between earlier hominins and H. erectus.

10. The earliest widely accepted hominin genus is A. Ardipithecus. B. Australopithecus. C. Kenyanthropus platyops. D. Paranthropus. E. H. erectus.

Ardipithecus.

9. Bipedalism, considered a key defining characteristic that differentiated early hominins from other apes, A. may have evolved as a result of anatomical changes caused by stone tool manufacturing. B. evolved as a result of anatomical changes caused by an increase in brain size. C. perhaps developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat. D. resulted in greater exposure to heat stress because on two feet, hominins spent increasingly more time in the open grasslands. E. was accompanied by a sharp increase in hominins' climbing abilities.

C. perhaps developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat.

11. The hominins known collectively as the australopiths had at least eight species, A. Au. anamensis, Au. afarensis, Au. kenyanthropus, Au. kadabba, Au. garhi, Au. robustus, Au. paranthropus, and Au. sediba. B. Au. sediba. Au. garhi, Au. africanus, Au. afarensis, Au. anamensis, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, and Paranthropus aethiopicus C. all discovered and named by the Leakey family. D. all discovered in Africa except Au. boisei. E. but only five of them have been confirmed to be bipedal, thus putting into question that all australopiths were hominins.

B. Au. sediba. Au. garhi, Au. africanus, Au. afarensis, Au. anamensis, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, and Paranthropus aethiopicus

6. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail? A. prosimian B. New World monkey C. Old World monkey D. gibbon E. extinct

B. New World monkey

44. Which of the following aided the expansion of human populations throughout North America? A. the invention of the wheel B. abundant big-game animals C. the domestication of primitive horses D. widespread slash-and-burn horticulture E. raised-field cultivation

B. abundant big-game animals

46. Through the use of new, refined dating techniques, fossil teeth found in England and Italy indicate that modern humans reached Europe by 45,000 years ago. Currently, these fossils are the oldest dated modern human specimens in Europe. The new dates A. confirm that Neandertals taught modern humans how to make stone tools. B. allow more time for anatomically modern humans to have been in contact with Neandertals. C. suggest modern humans followed Neandertal migration routes. D. call into question the dates of modern human specimens from Romania. E. suggest anatomically modern humans planned for the extinction of the Neandertal.

B. allow more time for anatomically modern humans to have been in contact with Neandertals.

3. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate adaptations discussed in the textbook? A. relatively large brain size B. aquatic lifestyle C. five-fingered hands D. small litter size E. stereoscopic vision

B. aquatic lifestyle

20. The spread of H. erectus from tropical and subtropical climates into temperate zones was facilitated by all of the following EXCEPT A. the use of fire for defense. B. living in rock shelters and caves. C. blade-toolmaking traditions. D. increasingly efficient hunting methods. E. the use of fire for cooking.

B. living in rock shelters and caves.

23. What is the most likely explanation of why early Homo left Africa and spread into Eurasia? A. a hyperspecialization in vegetarian diets B. the pursuit of meat C. Homo's smaller bodies, which made them more fit for long-distance travel D. overpopulation in Africa E. a maladaptation to a more energy-inefficient system of locomotion

B. the pursuit of meat

26. Which of the following cold-weather adaptations predates the appearance of Neandertals? A. a stocky anatomy B. the use of fire C. wearing clothes D. massive nasal cavities and brow ridges E. a facial projection

B. the use of fire

5. New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that A. have rough patches of skin on the buttocks. B. exhibit sexual dimorphism. C. have prehensile tails. D. are capable of brachiation. E. have orthograde posture.

C Have prehensile tails

42. Recent research has pushed back the probable date of the first arrival of anatomically modern humans in the Americas to A. 12,000 years ago. B. 10,000 years ago. C. 5,000 years ago. D. 18,000 years ago. E. 3,000 years ago.

D. 18,000 years ago

22. H. erectus is generally associated with which of the following technologies? A. Neolithic B. Oldowan C. Mousterian D. Acheulean E. Upper Paleolithic

D. Acheulean

24. Which of the following sites is NOT included in the probable range of H. erectus? A. Java B. China C. South Africa D. Alaska

D. Alaska

12. What major hominin group, for which we have an extensive fossil record, lived from approximately 4 to 1 m.y.a.? A. Homo sapiens B. Homo erectus C. Ramapithecus D. Australopithecus E. Dryopithecus

D. Australopithecus

41. What is the name of the land bridge that linked the eastern tip of Siberia to Alaska? A. Tehuantepec B. Pont-Terre C. Clovis D. Beringia E. Monte Verde

D. Beringia

13. What is the most important difference between Australopithecus afarensis and the modern apes? A. Au. afarensis had increased cranial capacity. B. Au. afarensis had better color vision than apes. C. Au. afarensis had a narrow chest, whereas living apes have a barrel chest. D. Au. afarensis had lost its prehensile tail. E. Au. afarensis was bipedal.

E. Au. afarensis was bipedal.

33. Anatomically modern humans spread out of Africa and eventually replaced what nonmodern human type in the Far East? A. H. habilis B. H. erectus C. Neandertals D. H. floresiensis E. H. antecessor

C. Neandertals

37. What species is associated with the broad-spectrum revolution? A. robust australopithecines B. Neandertals C. anatomically modern humans D. archaic Homo sapiens E. Homo erectus

C. anatomically modern humans

51. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.

True

53. Chimpanzees' social networks involve complex systems of dominance relationships.

True

55. Bipedalism has traditionally been viewed as an adaptation to open grassland or savanna country, although Ardipithecus lived in a humid woodland habitat. Perhaps bipedalism developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat.

True

56. A characteristic trend in hominin evolution has been an increase in brain size, especially with the advent of the genus Homo

True

58. With the movement of H. erectus out of Africa, H. erectus eventually colonized Europe and Asia.

True

59. Given evidence of cooperative hunting and the manufacture of complicated tools, it is plausible to assume that H. erectus had rudimentary speech.

True

60. In addition to their stocky bodies, adapted to conserve heat, Neandertals made clothes, developed elaborate tools, and hunted reindeer, mammoths, and woolly rhinos in order to adapt to the cold climate in Europe during the Würm glaciation.

True

61. The stone-tool tradition associated with Neandertals is called the Mousterian.

True

62. Compared to anatomically modern humans, Neandertals exhibited a greater degree of sexual dimorphism.

True

64. Anatomically modern humans (AMHs) evolved from an archaic Homo sapiens African ancestor. Eventually, AMHs spread to other areas, including western Europe, where they replaced or interbred with the Neandertals, whose robust traits eventually disappeared.

True

68. Some researchers have proposed that early humans with a biological penchant for music may have been able to live more effectively in social groups, thus conferring an adaptive advantage to this penchant.

True

2. The tribe hominini consists of A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas. B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago. C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today. D. all the great apes. E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans. Learning Objective: Understand how the human relationship to other primates is

all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.

43. Although there is now evidence that several human groups colonized the Americas, possibly using different routes, those that crossed over through Beringia to reach the Americas did so A. because they were fleeing from warlike Cro-Magnon groups. B. in order to take advantage of large flint deposits in South America. C. following herds of big-game animals (woolly mammoths, especially). D. because they were gradually forced into new territories by the expansion of more advanced agricultural groups in Asia. E. in their search for colder climates, because these Neandertals were adapted to cold weather.

C. following herds of big-game animals (woolly mammoths, especially).

1. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor? A. analogy B. homology C. phenotype D. allele E. meiosis

homology

32. In 1997, ancient DNA was extracted from one of the Neandertal bones originally found in Germany's Neandertal Valley in 1856. This was the first time the DNA of a premodern human had been recovered. When comparing this DNA with that of modern humans, the researchers found A. 27 differences between the two, many more than would be expected in closely-related humans, suggesting that their common ancestor probably lived 600,000 years ago. B. only 5 to 8 differences between the two, as is typical of closely-related humans, placing Neandertals within modern humans' direct line of descent. C. many more mutations in the Neandertal DNA, suggesting the species had been around 100,000 years longer than previously estimated. D. no differences, demonstrating that Neandertals and modern humans are the same species. E. that the two samples were not comparable, since the Neandertal DNA was molecularly different from the DNA of the reference sample.

A. 27 differences between the two, many more than would be expected in closely-related humans, suggesting that their common ancestor probably lived 600,000 years ago.

39. How did modern humans take advantage of global climate change to expand their range? A. During major glacials, with so much water frozen in ice, land bridges formed, aiding human colonization of new areas such as Australia by 46,000 B.P. and the Americas perhaps by 18,000 B.P. B. During interglacial periods the seas rose, encouraging human exploration of the oceans, such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P. C. Warmer periods forced people to adapt their diets to a smaller range of staples, in turn forcing them to move to ensure that these staples remained part of their diet, such as the case of the colonization of Sahul by 50,000 years ago. D. During major glacials, with so much of the earth's soils too frozen for agriculture, humans had to turn to hunting and foraging, which in turn forced them to be on the move once they depleted an area of its food resources. E. During interglacial periods the sea levels dropped, encouraging human exploration along the coasts, leading to unexpected discoveries such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P.

A. During major glacials, with so much water frozen in ice, land bridges formed, aiding human colonization of new areas such as Australia by 46,000 B.P. and the Americas perhaps by 18,000 B.P.

21. Which of the following is NOT associated with H. erectus? A. cave painting B. a massive ridge above the eyes C. more sophisticated toolmaking D. the use of fire E. the development of Acheulean tools

A. cave painting

29. Who were the Denisovans? A. distant hominin cousins of the Neandertals B. tiny human descendants of H. erectus C. the most recent australopiths D. AMHs with thick skulls, jutting jaws, and flat faces E. the earliest known members of the genus Homo

A. distant hominin cousins of the Neandertals

31. In 1987, a group of molecular geneticists at the University of California at Berkeley offered support for the idea that anatomically modern humans arose fairly recently in Africa, then spread out and colonized the world. The geneticists analyzed genetic samples of 147 women whose ancestors came from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. By estimating the number of mutations that had taken place in the mithochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of each of these samples, the researchers concluded that A. everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve") who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago and that her descendants left Africa no more than 135,000 years ago. B. everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve") who lived in Asia around 50,000 years ago and that her descendants left Asia 100,000 years ago. C. establishing a "genetic clock" to model human evolution is reliable only when focusing on 50,000 years into the past. D. everyone alive can count the Neandertal of western Europe as their ancestor. E. Neandertals coexisted with modern humans in the Middle East for at least 2,000 years.

A. everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve") who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago and that her descendants left Africa no more than 135,000 years ago.

28. Although the Neandertals are remembered more for their physiques than for their manufacturing abilities, their tool kits were sophisticated. In fact, the Mousterian technology with which Neandertals are associated A. included a variety of categories of tools designed for different jobs. B. was characterized by a revolutionary use of metals in combination with wood and stone. C. provides the first definitive evidence of tool construction based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker. D. illustrates how blades became progressively more important in human evolution, particularly in Middle and Upper Paleolithic toolmaking. E. included a very complex technique involving chipping the core bilaterally and symmetrically, something never before seen in hominin toolmaking.

A. included a variety of categories of tools designed for different jobs.

36. Climate changes had a profound impact on the hominin way of life. In southwestern Europe, for example, A. the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually pushed big game farther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods. B. hominins turned to a more specialized diet based on big-game meat after the glacial retreat. C. hominins began a sedentary life after the end of the Würm glacial period, forming the first villages in human history. D. the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period caused animal diversity to drop, challenging hominins to shift their diets from meat to coarse grasses. E. hominins were forced to migrate northward during the Würm glacial interval. Learning Objective: Understand the role that the ice ages played in the evolution of modern humans.

A. the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually pushed big game farther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods.

15. Which of the following is/are evidence of robust australopiths' adaptation to eating hard-shelled seeds and grasses? A. the presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull B. fine finger bones and a large mandible C. massive fossilized temporalis muscles D. bipedalism, providing the mobility necessary to gather food in open grasslands E. a small but flexible masseter muscle and an enlarged occipital bun

A. the presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull

38. Why was the broad-spectrum revolution a significant event in human evolution? A. It consisted of a massive fluorescence of colored cave paintings beginning about 70,000 B.P., which suggests the evolution of color vision and a truly human-style brain organization. B. It brought about a new tool tradition based on flaked tools. C. It provided the environmental circumstances that selected for the evolution of "Mitochondrial Eve." D. It provided new environmental circumstances that made important sociocultural adaptations like the development of plant cultivation more likely. E. It led to the extinction of the Neandertals, who had survived until then by eating big-game animals.

D. It provided new environmental circumstances that made important sociocultural adaptations like the development of plant cultivation more likely.

25. What group was found to have a pronounced brow ridge, stocky build, and massive nasal cavities, characteristics that were adaptations to cold weather? A. H. habilis B. H. rudolfensis C. H. erectus D. Neandertals E. anatomically modern humans

D. Neandertals

17. Which of the following statements about H. erectus fossils is NOT true? A. They had a thicker skull bone and a very robust skeleton. B. They indicate increasing hunting proficiency. C. They are often found associated with Acheulean stone tools. D. They have hyperrobust chewing muscles and broad, flat molars. E. They show an increasing reliance on cultural adaptation.

D. They have hyperrobust chewing muscles and broad, flat molars

47. Findings of finely shaped bones dating from more than 100,000 years ago in South Africa's Blombos Cave suggest that A. anatomically modern humans were good toolmakers but terrible artists. B. australopiths had the ability of symbolic thought. C. scientists need to be careful with tampered evidence about the emergence of culture. D. anatomically modern humans had the ability, as early as 100,000 years ago, of symbolic thought. E. bones were used for their functional, not aesthetic, value.

D. anatomically modern humans had the ability, as early as 100,000 years ago, of symbolic thought.

8. Which of the following is NOT an adaptive trend in anthropoids? A. stereoscopic vision B. enhanced sense of touch C. grasping hands and feet D. decreased sociality E. increased brain complexity

D. decreased sociality

7. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps. Rather, A. they are descended from gorillas. B. they are descended from chimps. C. it is the other way around: gorillas and chimps are descended from humans. D. humans and African apes share a common ancestor. E. humans are descended from Adam and Eve.

D. humans and African apes share a common ancestor.

18. Biological and cultural changes enabled H. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy—gathering and hunting. This in turn was crucial for H. erectus to A. diminish the rate of mortalities due to violent encounters with large animals and other hominins. B. overcome its greatest challenge: an imperfect bipedal gait. C. beat out H. habilis in competition for key ecological niches. D. push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe. E. bring about the onset of complex language.

D. push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe.

35. Although the debate over the origin of behavioral modernity continues, archaeological work in many world areas A. provides undisputed evidence that human anatomical modernity was achieved in Asia. B. continues to prove that anatomical modernity preceded behavioral modernity. C. illustrates how archaeological evidence is often more reliable than fossil evidence. D. suggests strongly that neither anatomical modernity nor behavioral modernity was a European invention. E. shows that examples of behavioral modernity are obvious among material remains once they are found.

D. suggests strongly that neither anatomical modernity nor behavioral modernity was a European invention.

34. There is much debate among scientists about when, where, and how anatomically modern humans achieved behavioral modernity. Some researchers suggest that about 50,000 years ago a genetic mutation acted to rewire the human brain, allowing for an advance in language and other related modern behaviors. Others propose A. that drastic climatic changes 40,000 years ago led archaic humans to turn to ritual—a definite sign of behavioral modernity—to explain the unforeseen environmental changes that suddenly altered their way of life. B. that the advent of the nuclear family within larger nomadic groups made possible intense social interactions that triggered more complex social behaviors. C. a culinary hypothesis, suggesting that Homo's capacity to increase the range of foods in the diet triggered the necessary brain development to make modern behaviors possible. D. that instead of a sudden event in Europe due to a mutation, behavioral modernity resulted from a slow process of cultural accumulation within Africa, where Homo sapiens became fully human long before 40,000 years ago. E. a hearth hypothesis, suggesting that the most important trigger to behavioral modernity was Homo's capacity, achieved 50,000 years ago, for manipulating fire and thus living in caves and cooking their meat.

D. that instead of a sudden event in Europe due to a mutation, behavioral modernity resulted from a slow process of cultural accumulation within Africa, where Homo sapiens became fully human long before 40,000 years ago.

45. Which of the following is NOT true about the peopling of the Americas? A. The Clovis people were not the first settlers of the Americas. B. The first migration(s) of people into the Americas may date back 18,000 years. C. Analysis of DNA suggests the Americas were settled by more than one haplogroup—a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations. D. Researchers calculate that it would have taken from 600 to 1,000 years for the first Americans and their descendants to travel by land from the southern part of the Canadian ice-free corridor to Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America—a distance of more than 8,680 miles. E. The first migration of people into the Americas reached the continent's southwestern coasts from the Pacific islands.

E. The first migration of people into the Americas reached the continent's southwestern coasts from the Pacific islands.

16. Oldowan pebble tools A. were found at the same site and stratigraphic layer as the Ardipithecus kadabba fossils, dramatically pushing back in time the onset of stone tool use to the late Miocene. B. contain evidence that they were used on fellow hominins, providing the earliest evidence of human warfare and cannibalism. C. include elaborate axes and spears. D. were also used to decorate burial sites, suggesting very early symbolic thought. E. are obviously manufactured stone tools that consist of flakes and cores. Learning Objective: Remember the sequence for the earliest stone tools. Topic: The earliest stone tools

E. are obviously manufactured stone tools that consist of flakes and cores.

30. According to mtDNA analyses, when did the first modern humans leave Africa? A. 2 m.y.a. B. 1 m.y.a. C. over 735,000 years ago D. 535,000 years ago E. no more than 135,000 years ago

E. no more than 135,000 years ago

4. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees? A. fewer offspring and bipedalism B. meat eating and aggression C. larger females and gentle males D. fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips E. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb

E. stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb

49. Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life.

False

66. Some authors attribute the rise of modern human behavior more to increasing social competition than to population increase or a mutation that led to reconfigurations of the brain.

False

67. Most researchers today no longer believe that the Upper Paleolithic cave paintings were ritualistic; rather, they argue that these paintings were used to decorate domestic residences.

False

57. Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced in modern Homo sapiens than in the australopiths.

TRUE