anthropology final (quiz questions)

the !kung people of southern africa are an example of what kind of society? A. acephalous B. segmentary lineage C. lawless D. structural-functional

A. acephalous

the idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________. A. social evolution B. exorcism C. dominion theology D. socio-cultural growth

A. social evolution

a good illustration of the marxist concept of surplus value is A. a worker shows up to work late & gets his pay reduced, generating more profit for the owner B. a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15 C. a worker improves her or his efficiency by not taking bathroom breaks D. a factory owner prevents labor unions from forming in the factory

B. a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15

a good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"? A. diabetes B. alcoholism C. albinism D. HIV

B. alcoholism

the use of money is a human universal A. true B. false

B. false

there are more undernourished people than obese & overweight people in the world A. true B. false

B. false

if you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family? A. nuclear B. traditional C. extended D. unnatural

C. extended

women who practice polyandry tend to marry A. 2 or more male cousins B. father & his sons C. 2 or more male friends D. 2 or more brothers

D. 2 or more brothers

the idea that ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as A. a reflection of underlying binary structures of thought B. an adaptive response to nature's dynamics C. a psychological disturbance D. a way of explaining how the world works

D. a way of explaining how the world works

the subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called A. biological anthropology B. linguistic anthropology C. cultural anthropology D. archaeology

D. archaeology

assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called A. cultural relativism B. patriotism C. natural selection D. ethnocentrism

D. ethnocentrism

what do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives? A. ethnic forgetting B. ethnic amnesia C. genealogical forgetting D. genealogical amnesia

D. genealogical amnesia

typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles & fashions through which of the following classes of object? A. tools B. bones C. burials D. pottery

D. pottery

brent berlin & paul kay that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), & _______

neutral

the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute & unilaterally makes a decision is A. adjudication B. mediation C. laws D. negotiation

A. adjudication

a powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is A. advertising B. stealing & various kinds of fraud C. austerity D. commodity fetishism

A. advertising

when workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. karl marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of A. alienation B. joy over what they had made C. boredom with the process of production D. freedom

A. alienation

an anthropologists interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking... A. an emic perspective B. tunnel vision C. an etic perspective D. primary sources

A. an emic perspective

Why was symbolic anthropologist mary douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws? A. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety B. because they are wrong C. because they are strictly biological D. because they helped people avoid disease

A. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

the subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called A. biological anthropology B. linguistic anthropology C. cultural anthropology D. archeology

A. biological anthropology

cultural anthropologists do research by A. building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time B. gathering data to produce statistical models C. focusing on single dimensions of people's lives D. studying economic data

A. building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

how do religious rituals function politically? A. by legitimizing community authority B. reducing fear C. fostering disputes D. they do not

A. by legitimizing community authority

according the medical anthropologists csordas & kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following? A. clinical processes, symbolic processes & social support B. placebo effect & symbolic medicine C. social support & nocebo effect D. clinical processes, ritual sacrifice & placebos

A. clinical processes, symbolic processes & social support

clans come in 3 types, matrilineal, patrilineal & A. cognatic B. acephalous C. nuclear D. corporate

A. cognatic

people's fascination with having the newest nike shoes or iphone is an example of which of the following? A. commodity fetishism B. high aesthetic taste C. repartriation D. flair of style

A. commodity fetishism

the concept that people have images, knowledge & concepts of physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called A. cultural landscape B. ecosystem C. subsistence strategy D. metaphor

A. cultural landscape

the process of learning culture from a very young age is called A. enculturation B. ethnocentrism C. symbolism D. acculturation

A. enculturation

interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-western societies classify natural phenomena is called ________ A. ethnoscience B. linguistics C. pseudoscience D. mythological studies

A. ethnoscience

which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things? A. foraging B. intensive agriculture C. horticulture D. pastoralism

A. foraging

an explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is A. growth in profits for insurance & pharmaceutical companies B. decrease the prestige of physcians C. denial among people to see the social problem in scientific terms D. inaccurate, as there is a movement toward demedicalization

A. growth in profits for insurance & pharmaceutical companies

long-term damage to soil quality is typical of A. intensification B. foraging C. pastoralism D. horticulture

A. intensification

key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that A. it's an important avenue through which people express & change their social relationships B. it helps the economy C. it helps us understand the innate superiority of some people in society D. it helps shed light on distinct cultures of capitalism

A. it's an important avenue through which people express & change their social relationships

which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups? A. jews, italians, and finns B. brazilians, new zealanders, and jews C. irish, jews, and egyptians D. italians, madagascans, and brazilians

A. jews, italians, and finns

the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called______________. A. lactase persistence B. lactose intolerance D. arrested development D. transhumance

A. lactase persistence

during anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists A. learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture B. examine items of material culture and the rise of cities and states C. excavate sites where written historical documentation exists in order to understand the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture D. study how language use is shaped by group membership and identify and how language helps people organize their cultural beliefs and ideologies

A. learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture

culture is A. learned and shared B. a product of biology C. a product of individual psychology D. something you get when you go to the opera

A. learned and shared

a voodoo doll is a good illustration of A. magic that follows the law of similarity B. magic that follows the law of contagion C. totemism D. animism

A. magic that follows the law of similarity

eating practices are A. marked by identifies such as a gender, age & ethnic group B. influences only by elders in a society C. disconnected from political & economic processes in a society D. unique to each culture & rarely show similarities across cultures

A. marked by identifies such as a gender, age & ethnic group?

religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what secular argument is often used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers? A. most religions are really no more than a particular worldview B. it would be unfair to leave scientists out of the afterlife, even if they do not believe in it C. nonbelievers may not have a religion, but deep down they must believe in something D. we don't need to study physicists or geneticists because they are well educated and it would be better to learn from their experiences

A. most religions are really no more than a particular worldview

why were american birth rates low from 1942 to 1946 A. most young married men serving in the military B. great depression C. were not having sex D. legislation

A. most young married men serving in the military

anthropologist sherry ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following EXCEPT A. narrative symbols B. key scenarios C. summarizing symbols D. elaborating symbols

A. narrative symbols

which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor & money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction? A. neoclassical economies B. marxist economies C. substantivist economies D. cultural economies

A. neoclassical economies

animal call systems A. only express responses to stimuli in their present environment B. fail to communicate in response to real-world stimuli C. combine calls to make new call meanings D. are highly irregular among primates

A. only express responses to stimuli in their present environment

___________ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out" A. participant observation B. personal survey C. parachute anthropology D. thoughtful analysis

A. participant observation

linguistsics refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as A. pidgin language B. creole language C. language ideology C. slang

A. pidgin language

western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as A. proof of their primitive nature B. basic human diversity C. a positive characteristic D. something to be celebrated and reproduced

A. proof of their primitive nature

an important ethical concern for anthropologists is to A. protect their informants B. protect the ethnographic data C. protect the community at large D. protect themselves

A. protect their informants

the purpose of fieldnotes is to A. provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects B. avoid collecting personal information about informants C. engage in the deep analysis of the data D. record results from blood samples

A. provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects

research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study. A. qualitative B. historical C. scientific D. quantitative

A. qualitative

fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a A. savage & bloodthirsty society B. deeply religious society, whose members spent more time in performing religious rituals than on agriculture C. peaceful community, whose members lived in harmony with the world D. complex society interested in social status

A. savage & bloodthirsty society

which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach between conservationists & indigenous people can be so challenging? A. scientists & conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims B. indigenous communities do not have scientifically rigorous knowledge which is necessary for conservation C. the fact that indigenous people often want to continue living on their land undermines conservation goals D. collaboration is unnecessary for sustainable development

A. scientists & conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

in some pentecostal and charismatic christian religions, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as A. speaking in tongues B. pilgrimage C. praying D. meditation

A. speaking in tongues

clifford geertz proposed an interpretive approach to religion, arguing that religion was a system of ___________. A. symbols B. myths C. rules D. deceptions

A. symbols

even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because A. the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture B. they do not do research in a laboratory C. they use only qualitative methods D. ethnography is part fiction

A. the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

according to marshall sahlins, when production is organized by families it is A. the domestic mode of production B. capitalism C. neoclassical economies D. less valued

A. the domestic mode of production

the idea that things have social lives refer to which of the following? A. the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives B. they are imbued with life via sacred ceremonies C. most objects that anthropologists study are either relics or sacred objects D. a belief in animism bc objects are often linked to particular spirits

A. the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

why would english colonial leaders portray africans as uncivilized heathens? A. to justify African slavery B. to get elected to local government C. to follow religious doctrine D. to illustrate the intersectional nature of identity

A. to justify African slavery

anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality. A. true B. false

A. true

anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law. A. true B. false

A. true

beliefs, (and unbelief) get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other group behaviors. A. true B. false

A. true

buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. A. true B. false

A. true

diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated. A. true B. false

A. true

exchange is a human universal A. true B. false

A. true

genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them. A. true B. false

A. true

in some societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control A. true B. false

A. true

nuclear family units occur in & are important to nearly every society around the world A. true B. false

A. true

patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as african americans. A. true B. false

A. true

the stereotype that tahitiann women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of captain samual wallis in 1767, when tahitians recognized that the british had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors. A. true B. false

A. true

to follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions A. true B. false

A. true

the main difference between economists & economic anthropologists is that economists A. try to understand & predict economic patterns B. do not assume economic transactions are the same everywhere C. tend to look at the day-to-day economic decisions of people D. find macrolevel economic transactions irrelevant

A. try to understand & predict economic patterns

a surrogate mother is a A. women who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb B. women who adopts C. women who orphans D. women who raises another child

A. women who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

the way a people conceptualizes the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. anthropologists call these conceptualizations a ____________. A. worldview B. superstition C. bias D. philosophy

A. worldview

what is "fortress conservation" A. protection of old walled cities, castles & forests B. an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature C. an approach to conservation that allows for human-animal interaction D. an approach to national parks that includes building high-security fences & walls for protection

B. an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

advertisers have trained american consumers to focus on the newest & most exciting products through their A. constant innovations & improvements B. attempts to constantly frame their products as new & improved C. disparing remarks about celebrities D. removal & destruction of old stock to make new way for new products

B. attempts to constantly frame their products as new & improved

barter, or the direct swapping of goods, is an example of (reciprocity) A. generalized B. balanced C. bargain D. negative

B. balanced

fieldwork involves A. speaking through a state-provided interpreter B. becoming involved in people's lives C. excavating sites without written documents D. statistical analysis of gendered distributions of labor

B. becoming involved in people's lives

in the melansian conception of time, the future is spatially located A. above the head B. behind the body C. in the spirit of a river C. in front of the body

B. behind the body

a political system that governs 10,000 persons, whose central leader is determined by heredity & supported by a class of elites, with informal laws, the beginnings of intensive agriculture & labor specialization is A. state B. chiefdom C. tribe D. band

B. chiefdom

when a doctor observes a patient's symptoms & prescribes a treatment that he/she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process? A. medicalization B. clinical therapeutic process C. symbolic process D. persuasion

B. clinical therapeutic process

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called A. diversity B. cultural relativism C. ethnocentrism D. a waste of time

B. cultural relativism

the human ability to speak about the past, about items not present & about how imaginary worlds is called A. call system B. displacement C. productivity D. imagination

B. displacement

if you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on A. ceremonialized aspects of a society B. everyday interactions C. the symbolic use of the body D. the principles and values people hold dear

B. everyday interactions

all humans are born with some culture. A. true B. false

B. false

contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity. A. true B. false

B. false

environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are "natural" environmentalists A. true B. false

B. false

for anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions & political offices A. true B. false

B. false

it has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine. A. true B. false

B. false

anthropologists think of bride price as not being about buying a person but compensation for rights in women. what social payment below, is structurally most dissimilar to bride price payment? A. series of child price payments B. father's purchase of a new car for his daughter C. counter gift D. american valentines gift

B. father's purchase of a new car for his daughter

which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology? A. fieldnotes B. fieldwork C. observations D. interviews

B. fieldwork

what are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called? A. faithful B. fundamentalists C. practitioners D. believers

B. fundamentalists

when a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he/she is engaging in A. delayed reciprocity B. generalized reciprocity C. balanced reciprocity D. negative reciprocity

B. generalized reciprocity

on the north coast of papua new guinea, a religious cult leader name barjani was remembered through which object? A. shoes B. hat C. cloack D. staff

B. hat

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists A. are inefficient in their adaptation to nature B. have developed effective social institutions & knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape C. are living backward lives & need to modernize C. are a relatively new example of culture adaptation to nature

B. have developed effective social institutions & knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

which english philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder & argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government? A. calvin & hobbes B. hobbes & locke C. smith & marx D. sahlins & service

B. hobbes & locke

what is the "subjectivity of illness"? A. the idea that diseases cannot be measure objectively B. how people understand & experience their condition on a personal level C. process of testing that determines if a patient is really sick or not D. effort to blame people for their own sickness

B. how people understand & experience their condition on a personal level

the earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where? A. in the great palaces of asia B. in museums where objects from around the world originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were C. in the flea markets of paris D. in the gift shops of the world's great art museums

B. in museums where objects from around the world originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were

the "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by A. making skin color the chief marker of status and difference B. including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population C. separating the poor European farmers and the poor African farmers D. linking blood type with racial difference

B. including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

the serpent mound in ohio & woodhenge in missouri are examples of A. religious myths that are fictions B. info about solar & lunar patterns embedded in art & religions C. primitive art by an "artist" D. modern science

B. info about solar & lunar patterns embedded in art & religions

because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is A. static B. integrated C. a system D. symbolic

B. integrated

a symbol A. has no basis of influencing human behavior B. is something that conventionally stands for something else C. has a very limited period of cultural salience D. is the idea that people collectively build meanings through collective negotiation

B. is something that conventionally stands for something else

for a society to have a separate occupational category of artist, it needs to have which of the following characteristics? A. its people must be ethnocentric B. it must have a considerable degree of social stratification & lots of different kinds of occupational categories C. it must be creative & allow its youth to explore the world around them D. it must be small & isolated from contamination of ideas from outside

B. it must have a considerable degree of social stratification & lots of different kinds of occupational categories

why was meat eating important for human biological development? A. it provides us with more muscle B. it provides high-quality protein for human brain development C. it is not important for human evolution D. it breaks down toxins in the body

B. it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

the social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called _______. A. kith & kin B. kinship C. tribal membership D. atomic family

B. kinship

when anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on A. parole B. langue C. phonetics D. morphology

B. langue

until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's A. solidarity B. limited intellectual capacity C. sophistication D. spiritual flexibility

B. limited intellectual capacity

the subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called A. biological anthropology B. linguistic anthropology C. cultural anthropology D. archaeology

B. linguistic anthropology

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures? A. physical B. medical C. linguitic D. biological

B. medical

Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender? A. men & women are encultured to eat certain foods B. men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from C. foods are linked to gender-appropriate behaviors D. foods take on qualities associated with one gender or another

B. men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

the study of how words fit together to make meaningful units is called A. phonology B. morphology C. syntax D. cognates

B. morphology

matrilineal decent is traced through which relative? A. father B. mother C. mother's brother D. father's mother

B. mother

which of the following refers to the family into which one is born & raised? A. traditional B. natal C. nuclear D. family of procreation

B. natal

the process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as A. evolution B. natural selection C. degeneration D. genetic mutation

B. natural selection

when language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by french linguist ferdinand de saussure? A. langue B. parole C. cognate D. phonology

B. parole

when a women marries more than one man she is practicing A. polygyny B. polyandry C. adultery D. matrilineally

B. polyandry

a pre-formed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is A. discrimination B. prejudice C. racism D. stereotyping

B. prejudice

animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite # of word combinations. this ability in human language is called A. garrulousness B. productivity C. displacement D. gossip

B. productivity

ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following EXCEPT A. ensuring informant confidentiality B. protecting informants' blood samples & other biological information C. controlling & protecting access to filednotes D. being open about their research

B. protecting informants' blood samples & other biological information

what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another? A. animism B. rite of passage C. totemism D. magic

B. rite of passage

which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races A. politicians B. scientists C. discrimination D. violence

B. scientists

which of the following is an example of american totemism? A. money B. sports team mascots C. beauty D. cross

B. sports team mascots

the core of anthony f. c. wallace's understanding of religion was belief in A. jesus B. supernatural things C. god D. afterlife

B. supernatural things

the difference between a survey & a structured interview is... A. survey questions are asked orally; structured interviews are written B. survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews aren't C. goal of using survey questions is typically to produce qualitative data, while for structured interviews it is to produce quantitative data D. there is no difference between surveys & structured interviews

B. survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews aren't

the themes of reciprocity & gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because A. they are economically insignificant in market-based economies B. the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies C. reciprocity is rarely embedded in social relations D. they are only found in pristine, untouched societies

B. the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies

the primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to A. themselves B. the people or species they study C. the agency that funds the research D. the institution in which they work E. the government of the country they work in

B. the people or species they study

one of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is A. they don't allow big-game hunting B. they assume nature must be uninhabited by people C. they don't charge enough to visitors for entering the area D. they focus too much on integrating animals

B. they assume nature must be uninhabited by people

if a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that A. learning happens best when students are being talked at B. this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals C. this mode of teaching evolved over time D. the teacher is the symbolic head of the class

B. this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals

key principle of the holistic perspective developed by franz boas is A. understanding the racial diversity of the human species B. identifying the holes peoples's understanding of their worlds C. a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience D. that people are fundamentally ethnocentric

C. a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

research committed to making a change & improving the lives of marginated people is called A. rapid appraisal B. development anthropology C. action anthropology D. participant observation

C. action anthropology

a central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to... A. make sure you ask questions from the printed script exactly as they are written B. figure out the main goal of the interview ahead of time C. allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview D. hang out

C. allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

early british settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in north america as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was A. ecosystem B. cultural landscape C. anthropogenic landscape C. an example of sustainable development

C. anthropogenic landscape

which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm? A. archaeologists study other people's trash by salvaging it B. anthropologists study the natural destruction of societies C. anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out D. anthropologists produce paradigms to salvate the dignity of oppressed people

C. anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms A. borderine personality disorder B. depression C. anxiety disorders D. bipolar disorder

C. anxiety disorders

when you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called A. gift exchange B. surplus value C. appropriation D. exchange value

C. appropriation

salins & service (1960) typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as A. headman of a tribe B. big man C. bureaucrat in a centralized state D. chief

C. bureaucrat in a centralized state

in evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because we A. have much larger brains B. can learn ASL C. can speak using a larynx D. have much smaller brains

C. can speak using a larynx

a key difference between caste & social class is A. class divides people in terms of biological relatedness, caste in terms of social relatedness B. class divides people in terms of moral purity, caste in socioeconomic terms C. caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms D. irrelevant, there are no differences between caste and social class

C. caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

when americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of A. prejudice B. discrimination C. class D. equality

C. class

words that originate from a common word in the same ancestral language are called A. loan words B. synonyms C. cognate words D. phonology

C. cognate words

which of the following is a feature of language? A. is rarely used to communicate B. not systematic C. consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar D. only used by civilized races

C. consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

the subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called A. biological anthropology B. linguistic anthropology C. cultural anthropology D. archaeology

C. cultural anthropology

the view that nature & environmental conditions shape the characteristics & lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental __________ A. balance B. relativism C. determinism D. collapse

C. determinism

negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called A. racism B. prejudice C. discrimination D. violence

C. discrimination

what is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient & a medical anthropologist's perspective? A. physicians will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will focus only on the patient's symptoms B. doctors will not be concerned with the patient's feelings since as physicians they know what is happening, while the median anthropologist will be concerned with the patient's anxiety & fear during treatment C. doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness form all perspectives D. there is often little difference in perspective

C. doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness form all perspectives

what social distinction classifies people according to genealogical descent? A. class B. race C. ethnicity D. caste

C. ethnicity

the study of how people classify things in the natural words is called A. ethnography B. sociolinguistics C. ethnoscience D. biological determinism

C. ethnoscience

when social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is A. corporate group B. endogamous C. exogamous D. lineage

C. exogamous

the structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as A. life systems B. horticulture C. foodways D. intensification

C. foodways

anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food A. structurally B. ethnocentrically C. holistically D. indifferently

C. holistically

which part of the zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to western ecological understandings? A. planting practices B. harvesting practices C. idea that maize has a soul D. taxonomy

C. idea that maize has a soul

the people anthropologists gather data from are called... A. partners B. employees C. informants D. subjects

C. informants

an ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by geertz, turner, and douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings. A. functionalist B. structuralist C. interpretive D. determinist

C. interpretive

which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships? A. objective B. subjective C. intersubjective D. ethnographic

C. intersubjective

why is karl polanyi's distinction between formal & substantive economies important? A. it explains why states control economies in europe B. it distinguishes between primitive & capitalist economic systems C. it recognizes that economies involve both how people think & the actual transactions they engage in D. it laid the groundwork for the rise of marxist theory

C. it recognizes that economies involve both how people think & the actual transactions they engage in

examples of social institutions are A. numbers and the alphabet B. numbers and the alphabet C. kinship, marriage, and farming D. material artifacts

C. kinship, marriage, and farming

the US government's prohibition of native american children speaking their indigenous languages in indian schools has contributed most profoundly to A. ethnocentrism B. cultural relativism C. language death D. language ideology

C. language death

bride price (wealth) or dowry are two ways of acquiring a bride in some cultures; dowry is A. gifts of money given by the groom's clan or family B. commercial exchange C. large sum of money or givens given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's family D. social mechanism

C. large sum of money or givens given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's family

the exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle of the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of A. surplus value B. general purpose money C. limited purpose money D. exchange value

C. limited purpose money

you & your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. when your parent intervenes & seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of A. adjudication B. negoatiation C. mediation D. avoidance

C. mediation

frank pulled his back out & went to see a chiropractor, an orthopedic surgeon & an acupuncturist. which of the following practices was frank engaging in? A. medicalization B. placebo effect C. medical pluralism D. medical singularism

C. medical pluralism

"mother nature" & "natural resources" are a good example of A. cultural landscapes B. ecosystems C. metaphors of human-nature interaction D. idioms

C. metaphors of human-nature interaction

all biological approaches to race are problematic because A. they accurately describe an actual individual or characterize whole groups of people B. the sampling is too broad and focuses only on invisible traits C. one trait is assumed to be correlated with other characteristics like intelligence and personal character D. they do not take into account variation in nail growth variation

C. one trait is assumed to be correlated with other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

norms are stable because A. culture doesn't change B. people learn them when they are older C. people learn them when they are young D. they are the same in every culture

C. people learn them when they are young

________ refers to the study of speech sounds A. cognates B. parole C. phonology D. syntax

C. phonology

the collection of goods in a community & the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called A. exchange B. production C. redistribution D. capitalism

C. redistribution

which of the following social structures was identified as a way that african socieites maintained order? A. educational systems B. presidential authority C. religious practices & beliefs D. parliamentary systems

C. religious practices & beliefs

stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called A. witchcraft B. magic C. rituals D. ceremonies

C. rituals

a key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in: A. dogma B. phenomena C. social behavior & social action D. historical documents

C. social behavior & social action

in latin america, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on A. skin color B. eye color C. social behaviors D. genetic markers

C. social behaviors

the "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by A. biology B. truth C. social institutions D. historical facts

C. social institutions

violence is A. static B. inherited C. socially constructed D. absolute

C. socially constructed

when anthropologist robert welsch got sick in papua new guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to A. the flu B. malaria C. sorcery D. homesickness

C. sorcery

the earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was e. b. tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in A. magic B. the sacred C. spirits D. totems

C. spirits

slash-and-burn agriculture, also called ________________, is the most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low. A. crop rotation B. horticulture C. swidden agricutlure D. transhumance

C. swidden agriculture

repatriation is A. seizing the cultural resources of one culture to benefit another B. tracing the physical evidence of the movement of cultural objects from one culture to another C. the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged D. returning to the country of your ancestors

C. the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged

what prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people? A. the writings of early explorers B. the enlightenment C. the industrial Revolution D. world war II

C. the industrial revolution

why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences? A. bc their culture is different B. american audiences are much more sophisticated C. the specific cultural content & images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions D. they do not take on meanings

C. the specific cultural content & images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions

hawaiians and other polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except A. sites where rituals were performed B. chief's shadow C. the sun D. things that chief had touched

C. the sun

for anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk? A. the absence of genetic aspects of the practice among humans B. the way human children innately crave cow's milk C. the ways cultural beliefs & practices can support milk consumption D. the lack of social & political power of the milk industry

C. the ways cultural beliefs & practices can support milk consumption

a rise in fundamentalism is often seen when A. things are stable B. there is peacetime C. there are many changes in society D. people are in rural settings

C. there are many changes in society

the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as A. values B. norms C. traditions D. symbols

C. traditions

the comparative method... A. compares cognate words in different languages B. focuses on one society over a long period of time C. uses data from many different societies D. emphasizes statistical regressions

C. uses data from many different societies

in the 18th & 19th centuries american doctors often had second jobs as A. nutritionists B. politicians C. morticians D. barbers

D. barbers

in many societies people resolved disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. why? A. bc it's better to win a dispute B. bc most people would rather avoid the issue altogether C. bc adversarial relationships are more effective at getting to the bottom of the problem D. bc of a preference for justice, fairness & the rule of law

D. bc of a preference for justice, fairness & the rule of law

medical anthropologist nancy scheper-hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of A. illegal drugs B. children C. bacteria D. body parts

D. body parts

throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as A. climate change B. environmental determinism C. cultural relativism D. carrying capacity

D. carrying capacity

a clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a A. unilineal B. patrilineal C. matrilineal D. cognatic

D. cognatic

anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they call all be grouped into 6 different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives? A. grandparents B. parents C. children D. cousins

D. cousins

which perspective incorporates symbols & morals into the understanding of a society's economy? A. neoclassical economies B. sustantivism C. marxism D. cultural economies

D. cultural economies

according to anthropologists, what social institution are the structured patterns & relationships through which people exchange goods & services? A. political systems B. holistic systems C. kinship systems D. economic systems

D. economic systems

for pastoral groups such as the dinka & nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol? A. metaphor B. summarizing symbol C. narrative symbol D. elaborating symbol

D. elaborating symbol

people who study the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships & the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are A. medical B. ecological C. naturalist D. environmental

D. environmental

social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination & injustice, social equity & environmental quality is A. political ecology B. demography C. political economy D. environmental justice

D. environmental justice

what is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer? A. simplified physical model of the body will all the organs affected by cancer identified in it B. general approach to explaining the incidence of cancer among various groups C. biological theory that explains why certain people get cancer & others do not D. general explanation held by individual patients & their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes & how to best treat the cancer

D. general explanation held by individual patients & their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes & how to best treat the cancer

when anthropologists go into the field, they A. go as a completely clean slate, without reading anything about the topic beforehand B. never change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing C. seek to interrupt the flow of everyday life D. go with a set of questions they want to ask & have answered

D. go with a set of questions they want to ask & have answered

health & illness A. can readily be objectively measured by doctors with the right equipment B. form a straightforward concept well understood by physicians C. are stable & unchanging across the world D. have much variation throughout different cultures & societies

D. have much variation throughout different cultures & societies

for anthropologists, materiality refers to A. american indian objects B. technologically simple objects C. only objects that are aestheically pleasing D. having the quality of being physical or material

D. having the quality of being physical or material

for anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is A. aesthetic quality B. the value of the object as an auction C. how the use of its raw materials affects the environment D. how it emerges & exists within a set of human social relationships

D. how it emerges & exists within a set of human social relationships

according to itzaj & many native american beliefs A. cutting down trees brings good luck B. humans & nature exist in separate realms C. water is the elixir of life D. humans & nature exist in the same realm

D. humans & nature exist in the same realm

a process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is A. transhumance B. localization C. subsistence farming D. intensification

D. intensification

anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because A. it illustrates clearly how different racial groups have different biology B. it illustrates how government agencies like the US food and drug administration (FDA) fight racism C. it shows how social classifications like ethnicity are normalized D. it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

D. it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

the exercise of political power requires A. force B. violence C. authority D. legitimacy

D. legitimacy

"owning" culture A. happens inevitably over time B. makes it better C. is a naturally occurring process as a result of globalization D. means controlling symbols that give meaning

D. means controlling symbols that give meaning

what pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways? A. humans learned to make tools B. humans developed language C primates walked bipedally D. meat consumption increased

D. meat consumption increased

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called A. medicalization B. sick role C. symbolic treatment D. medical pluralism

D. medical pluralism

traditional ecological knowledge is A. rarely shared in local languages B. not useful in contemporary world C. extremely valued by westerns D. not well known in the west because some species & ecological interactions exist only in one place

D. not well known in the west because some species & ecological interactions exist only in one place

the human diet is A. vegan B. carnivorous C. vegetarian D. omnivorous

D. omnivorous

for a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful & valuable tool? A. force B. formal authority C. corruption D. persuasion

D. persuasion

control over symbolic, material & human resources are important dimensions of A. age-grades B. adjudication C. mediation D. political power

D. political power

for anthropologists, political power refers to how A. elected officials use power B. violence is used by the nation-state to subdue dissent C. politics operates informally D. power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

D. power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige & power instead of money & material wealth are known as A. capitalist B. surplus value C. market exchange D. prestige economies

D. prestige economies

techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing A. qualitative data B. historical data C. ethnographic data D. quantitative data

D. quantitative data

micheal rockefeller sought carved bjj poles from the asmat people because he thought they were beautiful art. the asmat people thought of their carvings as A. phalic art identified with erotic cult B. hobby handcraft C. way to make money from foreigners D. ritual act that restored balance to their world

D. ritual act that restored balance to their world

anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by A. developing theories to explain human action B. studying a culture's customs C. defending whatever another culture does D. seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

D. seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

a good example of disguised discrimination is when A. the police do racial profiling B. a teacher divides her or his class into brown eye and blue eye groups C. formal laws prevent certain social groups from being full citizens D. shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

D. shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

anthropologists daniel miller suggested that shopping for & consuming objects are fundamentally as much _______ acts as they are economic acts. A. religious B. political C. psychological D. social

D. social

which of the following do americans traditionally inherit patrilineally? A. land B. height C. wealth D. surnames

D. surnames

a cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal A. taste is biologically hardwired B. that eating insects is culturally maladaptive C. that eating insects is disgusting in all cultures D. the cultural constructions of insects as food

D. the cultural constructions of insects as food

what is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates how people eat? A. they love carbs most of all B. relishes defining a tasty meal C. intersections between culture & biology D. there is a common pattern of how people around the world eat

D. there is a common pattern of how people around the world eat

an anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because A. he or she has ample research funding to go into other field sites B. statistical evidence suggests that participant observation in unnecessary C. there is little data about the field site produced by others D. there is conflict of violence in the field site

D. there is conflict of violence in the field site

using life history interviews, researchers are able to... A. detect genetic traits linked to disease B. what myths society tells its members C. what plants are used for D. understand how a person's age affects his/her role in the community

D. understand how a person's age affects his/her role in the community

arthur kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different A. access to medical technology B. access to education & medical training C. class backgrounds D. ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons

D. ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons

the main reason men of the malaysian langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that A. women are better at saving money than men B. women are the political leaders C. men do not value money D. women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household

D. women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household