Anthropology
The Must Farm village dates to at least __________ years after Stonehenge was erected.
1000
Jane Elliott estimated that it took about __________ for the children to begin discriminating against one another.
15 minutes
How can we best understand the use of the term "dialect?"
A dialect is a variation of a language, usually distributed across geographic regions, that is considered lower in social and political prestige to another "standard" variety.
Who was Zhang Qian?
All of the answer choices are correct
__________ is the biggest of the direct-to-consumer DNA companies.
AncestryDNA
Which subfield of anthropology aims to solve specific practical problems in collaboration with governmental, non-profit, and community organizations?
Applied anthropology
Why do anthropologists think agriculture arose nearly simultaneously in different regions of the world?
Both of the answer choices are possible hypotheses(correct) A quest for power among elites led to a culture of feasting and gift-giving, requiring additional and intensive production from the land None of the answer choices are correct Global climate change led to the extinction of the megafauna (large game animals) that hunters had relied upon
__________ discovered the laws of inheritance by breeding thousands of pea plants and observing how they changed from one generation to the next.
Gregor Mendel
How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?
It is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger
The Great Pyramid of Giza was ordered by the pharaoh __________ as his tomb.
Khufu
__________ is the site director of the archaeological excavation of the village at Must Farm Quarry.
Mark Knight
____________________ was an architect, artist, and Mayan scholar who first determined that Mayan stele were the family histories of rulers.
Tatiana Proskouriakoff
Why do the authors of this chapter decide to talk to a patron of a coffee shop?
The authors are interested to know how non-anthropologists define culture
The vocabulary of a language is called
a lexicon
Following Jane Elliott's workshop, participants reported feelings of __________, hopelessness, depression, and powerlessness within 15 minutes of facing discrimination.
anger
During the seminar, the "lower" group felt stereotyped as __________ if they tried to complain about their treatment.
argumentative
The American Anthropological Association's (AAA) Code of Ethics specifies all of the following guidelines EXCEPT
complete your research by any means necessary
The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as
ethnography
Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates
generalized reciprocity
An approach to culture that emphasizes the interrelationships between all aspects is referred to as
holistic
The authors mention many reasons for telling stories within a society. They identify all of the following reasons EXCEPT
keeping members glued to storytelling devices, such as televisions
The term for all forms of human body language is
kinesics
Artificial __________ were made to allow boats to deliver raw material for the building of the Great Pyramid.
lakes
Malinowski is known to have done all of the following EXCEPT
marrying a Native Trobriand woman
Deborah Tannen, linguistics professor at Georgetown University, argues that men and women have different speaking styles. Her research found that
men tend to use styles that show status and competitiveness, while women tend to use styles that are cooperative and assert equality
A minimal unit of meaning in a language, that may be bound or unbound, is a
morpheme
Once home in Kent, England, Darwin began examining his collections, as well as the nature around him, and came to the realization that species best suited to their environments live longer and reproduce more, a process he called __________.
natural selection
A person's attempt to take advantage of another person economically is called
negative reciprocity
The term "vernacular" is used to identify
non-standard or stigmatized forms of a language, also may be called a "dialect"
What phrase does Bob Myers use to encourage his students to appreciate that anthropology happens all around them?
"Have an anthropological weekend"
The research technique in which an ethnographer records their own observations and thoughts, as well as what they do while engaging in daily community activities, is called
participant observation
"Going native" means that an anthropologist
participates more fully in local life than an observer, becoming romantically or sexually involved with Native people and/or taking on leadership roles in society
Nineteenth century anthropologists identified three stages of "cultural evolution," which were called (in this order of development)
savagery, barbarism, and civilization
Because they were stereotyped as greedy, and "not smart", the lower group children were forbidden from having __________ at lunch.
seconds
Clinical DNA testing looks at every single base pair in genes, a process known as __________.
sequencing
The "gold standard" of DNA testing is identifying the _____ _____ _____, short strings of DNA's letters that repeat.
short tandem repeats
The places in DNA that vary are called _____ _____ _____ or SNPs.
single nucleotide polymorphisms
Margaret Mead's book Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) provided an example of cultural determinism in that
the stress and anxiety of American adolescence were not experienced by Samoan youth, who grew up in a different cultural environment
Descriptive linguistics is a subfield that studies
the structures of language
In subsistence studies, the term domestic economy refers to
the work associated with obtaining food for a family or household
The common English phrases "I won the argument" and "I had a fight with my boyfriend last night" are examples of the conceptual metaphor in American culture that argument is
war
The Must Farm Quarry villagers were using tools and __________ made of bronze.
weapons
When something is given or traded with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specified time period, it shows
balanced reciprocity
Sir E.B. Tylor is known for
becoming the first professor of anthropology at Oxford University writing a book called Primitive Culture writing a definition of "culture" that is widely considered to be the foundation of the culture concept Correct! all of the answer choices are correct
During Jane Elliott's workshop, people with __________ eyes were bombarded with discriminatory rules and behavior.
blue
Most often, ethnographers include in their writing
both emic and etic perspectives
The principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider's standard is called
cultural relativism
Before beginning fieldwork, researchers usually must submit their plans to an Institutional Research Board (IRB). The role of the IRB is to
ensure that study participants will not be harmed, and know they will not be harmed, by the research
Jane Goodall's work with nonhuman primates highlights the value of
field-based research
The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of
none of the answers are correct global systems commodification both answers are correct
The three modes of exchange are
reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution
The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is
redistribution
Clifford Geertz' term, "thick description," refers to the ethnographer's focus on
the context and meanings of any cultural practice
Benjamin Whorf's research into the Hopi language led to
the idea of linguistic relativity
Linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf's main argument was that
the language one speaks plays a critical role in how one thinks about the world
Pastoralists raise animals in order to
use the fur and wool of animals for warmth and clothing use animal dung for fuel for their cooking fires utilize the food products of the animal Correct! all of the answer choices are correct
The Must Farm Quarry villagers may have used __________ as tools for boat making because they are a lot less labor intensive and can split off bigger sections and bigger chunks as they go.
wedges
Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that
while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another
The Great Pyramid had an exterior of high-quality _____ _____.
white limestone
Anthropologist Philippe Bourgois lived with Puerto Rican crack dealers in East Harlem in order to find out
why pockets of extreme poverty persist in the United States
The practice of moving gardens to new areas, cutting down fast-growing trees, burning the undergrowth, and planting crops is called
"slash and burn"
According to __________ from Ancient Egypt Research Associates, the fine tools and blades recovered from the huge garbage pit on the edge of the last city are evidence of highly skilled workers.
Claire Malleson
____________________, the first person to decipher a Mayan glyph, determined that the dots and bars in the glyphs were numbers.
Constantine Rafinesque
Which of the following is true about a gesture-call system?
Humans share a number of non-verbal communication forms with non-human primates who use a gesture-call system Body movements and facial expressions are aspects of a gesture-call system Neither of the answer choices are correct Correct! Both of the answer choices are correct(correct)
Who wrote the book commonly known as Al Rihla, considered to be among the first examples of early pre-anthropological writing?
Ibn Battuta
After studying Hopi language, linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf concluded that
Hopi speakers understand time in a fundamentally different way than English speakers
Armchair anthropology is a term used to refer to
a type of early anthropology based on the tales of others who had traveled to foreign lands
The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own is called
cultural relativism
The theory of structural-functionalism, as used by Radcliffe-Brown, believed that social structures
functioned to maintain social stability over time
Modern DNA analysis is so detailed that science can demonstrate how a __________ taken from a jellyfish can be transplanted into a mouse, turning the mouse luminous.
gene
The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called
language shift
Clifford Geertz, a post-modern anthropologist, stressed the importance of
language, as a means of transmitting symbolic knowledge in public contexts
Salvage ethnography was an approach that emphasized
preserving and collecting "authentic" and traditional ways of life that were disappearing
Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two structures that
process language in the human brain
A sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship in which the informant and the ethnographer are at ease with each other is referred to as having
rapport
In his book, The Golden Bough (1890), Sir James Frazer
relied on the accounts of others, such as missionaries and government officials, to formulate his ideas
Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has an arbitrary meaning, is best referred to as a
symbol
The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of
the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood
In a pastoralist society, wealth and status are measured by
the number of animals a person owns
All people alive today share more than __________% of their DNA
99
Approximately __________ million people have used consumer DNA testing.
30
____________________ first photographed Mayan hieroglyphs in the 1880's.
Alfred Maudslay
Darwin delayed publishing his theory for many years until he received a paper by __________ outlining a similar theory, but lacking Darwin's 20 years of research and supporting evidence.
Alfred Russel Wallace
An etic perspective would include which of the following?
Analyzing a cultural practice by examining how it fits into the recent economic practices of a region
What do paleoanthropologists study?
Ancient human relatives
Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States?
Athletic anthropology
One medical use of DNA testing is the identification of __________ gene variations that put women at very high risk for breast cancer.
BRCA
Which of the following would likely NOT be utilized by an archeologist doing research?
Bacteria
How does a fable become a tradition within a culture?
By being retold and accepted by others in the community
Which mode of production has these three central features: private property is owned by a business class; workers sell their labor power to survive; and surpluses of wealth are produced?
Capitalist production
The first Pre-Cambrian fossil ever identified was __________, discovered in 1957 in the forests outside of Leicester, England and dated to 562 million years old.
Charnia
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cultural relativism and ethnocentrism?
Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding from an insider's view, and ethnocentrism judges other cultures from an outsider's view
Maya hieroglyph expert ____________________, the youngest ever recipient of the MacArthur genius award, discovered that the language was extremely complex with multiple phonetic substitutions spelling exactly the same word in slightly different ways
David Stuart
Biological anthropology and archaeology use what kind of approach to research?
Deductive
The Iowa __________ hired Jane Elliot to teach a workshop on discrimination using her eye color experiment.
Department of Corrections
Globalization has had all of the following effects EXCEPT
Dialects spoken by people in small communities are gaining in popularity
Zealous friar __________ inflicted a primitive inquisition on the Mayan culture with the intention of destroying their writing system, which he viewed as devil worship
Diego de Landa
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics stresses which of the following ethical responsibilities?
Do no harm
Librarian __________ determined that very large numbers in the Dresden Codex were counts back in time to a specific date, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku, the date the Maya believed the universe was created.
Ernst Forstemann
According to __________, a biologist at Howard University, most genetic testing has been done on North Atlantic Europeans, making reference databases biased.
Fatimah Jackson
Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of an immediate return system?
Foraging for plant foods in a forest
The four modes of subsistence recognized by anthropologists are
Foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture
Which of the following anthropologists is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern North American anthropology, with its focus on fieldwork and cultural relativism?
Franz Boas
The shift from Old English to Middle English occurred when
French conquerors from Normandy invaded England in 1066 AD
Which of the following is true about anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski?
He "went native" during his fieldwork, becoming personally involved with the locals in ways that are ethically questionable
What was the problem with Flaherty's "documentary" film, Nanook of the North?
He staged certain scenes and provided traditional props to recreate an imagined past for the Inuit
In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?
Immersive fieldwork
____________________ was a brilliant archaeologist and epigrapher who created a meticulous classification system for over 800 Maya signs.
J. Eric Thompson
According to __________, the glass beads found at Must Farm Quarry were likely made and imported from the Middle East.
Julian Henderson
Only four Mayan books have survived, the Dresden Codex, the Paris Codex, the Mexico Codex, and the __________ Codex.
Madrid
According to __________, the houses at Must Farm Quarry were built on stilts above the water, similar to villages in Central Europe.
Mike Bamforth
According to maritime archaeologist __________, Egyptian boats were stitched together with rope to allow them to be dismantled and transported across the desert to where they were next needed.
Mohamed Abd El-Meguid
According to Dr. Harald Meller, prehistoric farmers used celestial sky maps like the __________ to know when to plant their crops.
Nebra Sky Disk
To which of the following does ethnography NOT refer?
Novels written by cultural anthropologists
How did the "Age of Enlightenment" plant seeds for many academic disciplines, including anthropology?
Ordinary people could learn the "truth" through observation and experience
What term is used to refer to the immersive, long-term research that cultural anthropologists undertake?
Participant-observation fieldwork
How do anthropologists understand the ritual of Christmas for its participants?
Participants engage in the process of buying, wrapping, and giving gifts to celebrate personal social relations within a sphere of monetary exchange
The __________ is a Mayan myth describing the miraculous birth of the twin sons of the Maize god and how they restore their father to life and become the sun and the moon.
Popol Vuh
Of the following, which is the LEAST likely position for an applied anthropologist to hold?
Professor at a research university
The brilliant zoologist __________ was the first to recognize and name dinosaurs and became the creator and first director of the Natural History Museum in London.
Richard Owen
Which of the following anthropologists wrote about how culture shapes a region's personality traits in Patterns of Culture (1934)?
Ruth Benedict
The Pharaoh __________ built three great monuments known as the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid.
Sneferu
The __________ University Psychology Department informally confirmed that after spending a day as "superior" people, Jane Elliott's students' test scores maintained a higher level for the remainder of the school year.
Stanford
According to textile expert __________, the fabric found at Must Farm Quarry is woven from natural plant fibers with incredible care and expert workmanship.
Susanna Harris
Anthony Kwame Harrison argues that anthropology places taken-for-granted notions of progress within the broader context of human culture. What example does he give of a taken-for-granted notion of progress?
The increasing number of razor blades
What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis propose?
The language you speak allows you to think about some things and not others
Instead of studying social groups that differ from their own, to where are cultural anthropologists increasingly turning their focus?
Their own societies and subgroups within them
____________________ was a Russian Mayan scholar who determined that Maya script was a mixed system, combining word signs and phonetic signs corresponding to the sounds of spoken Maya.
Yuri Valentinovich Knorosov
In the 1990's, Mark Lehner collaborated with renowned Egyptian Archaeologist __________ on the remarkable discovery of an ancient lost city just south of the Great Pyramid.
Zahi Hawass
The minimal unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning, but that does not carry meaning itself (such as /b/ in "bit" or /p/ in "pit") is
a phoneme
The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that
all normally developing human infants have an innate ability to acquire the language(s) used around them
Anthropologist Anthony Kwame Harrison argues that
all of the answer choices are correct
Rarely, foraging groups may become sedentary instead of nomadic. This is possible when
abundant natural resources create a food surplus, allowing some members of society to pursue other occupations than foraging
In cultural anthropology, the term "belief" refers to
all mental aspects of culture
By recess on the first day of the experiment, the term __________ had become a slur used to taunt the "lower" group of children.
brown eyes
The bipedal position of humans, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of other animals, led to some changes in the vocal anatomy. These are
all of the answer choices are correct(correct) a longer pharynx a rounded palate a lowered laryn
The term primitive is a term that implies all of the following EXCEPT
an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples
Jane Elliot imposed discriminatory rules, such as not being allowed to go to recess and not being allowed to have seconds at lunch, against the children with __________ eyes the first day.
brown
The finches that Darwin had brought back from the Galapagos were very similar except for their __________, which were adapted to the environment in which they were found.
beaks
Direct-to-consumer DNA testing relies on shared unites of measurement called __________.
centimorgans
The communication of animals using sounds and visual cues (such as color changes, expressions, or body movements) is referred to as a
closed system
Lynn Kwiatkowski's participant observation research consisted of
conducting interviews and surveys sharing daily and ritual experiences living in Ifugao Province of the Philippines Correct! all of the answer choices are correct
Digital communication has had all of the following effects, EXCEPT
confusing students in terms of which register to use when speaking to people in their communities
The "three sisters" crops of the New World are
corn (maize), beans, and squash
The idea that one's cultural upbringing and social environment, rather than one's biology, primarily determine behavior is an idea called
cultural determinism
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" is Tylor's definition of
culture
Today, anthropologists recognize all of the following EXCEPT
culture change has led to the loss of an authentic way of life for peoples around the world
Ethnographers tend to write two kinds of field notes:
descriptive field notes and personal observations
All of the following are hallmarks of agriculture EXCEPT
division of labor, resulting in slavery and indentured labor in some cases a rapid increase in human population density a food system geared toward producing subsistence for families rather than for surplus(correct) reliance on a few staple crops
According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are
domestic, tributary, and capitalist
All of the following are correct about the Maasai's use of land EXCEPT
each herder tries to take more than their share, leaving less for others, and leading to the destruction of the local environment they preserve both grass and water over the long run by moving their cattle to different pastures their use of the land improves the health and biodiversity of species in the area they rotate pastures for herding seasonall
In anthropology, the process of learning culture as it is transmitted by others is called
enculturation
For centuries, the building of the Great Pyramid was incorrectly ascribed to __________ laborers.
enslaved
The idea that one's own group is better than any other is called
ethnocentrism
The tendency to view one's own culture as more important and correct than any other culture is called
ethnocentrism
Evidence from Must Farm Quarry suggests that the villagers were __________ crops and livestock.
exporting
Chapter author Nelson tells the story of her fieldwork experience in two Mayan villages in highland Chiapas in order to describe
how learning to weave helped her understand her ethnographic research in a new way
Undertaking a period of fieldwork in cultural anthropology typically requires
interacting on a daily basis with a group of people to learn about them spending a few months to a few years living among the research participants the anthropologist to go to where the people of the research study are Correct! all of the answer choices are correct
What aspects of culture did Bob, the coffee shop patron, identify in his definition of culture?
language and changing cultural values
Eight pristine __________ boats suggest that the Must Farm Quarry villagers travelled extensively.
log
The mode of exchange that is characterized by regulation by supply and demand and transactions that are often impersonal (with strangers) but may be personal (with acquaintances or family members) is
market exchange
The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers of Central America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and also produce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that
their economic activity is uniquely adapted to the contemporary global economy by utilizing several modes of production simultaneously
Foragers have a broad spectrum diet, that is
they have a diet based on a wide range of food resources
In the book Darkness in El Dorado (2000), Patrick Tierney published a book in which he aimed to expose the practices of two ethnographers who worked among the Yanomami of the Amazonian rainforest. He made all of the following claims against Napoleon Chagnon and James Neel EXCEPT
they introduced cigarettes, creating an epidemic of lung cancer
The use of __________ may be combined with sound to produce meaning in a gesture-call system
touch
Suitable field sites for conducting ethnography include
urban environments, such as a city in the U.S. multiple locations, especially when gaining a full understanding of an issue requires traveling to different locations isolated, non-industrialized societies Correct! all of the answer choices are correct
Thomas Malthus' idea that connects population and resources basically argues that
without something to slow it down, a population will grow faster than the resources that the environment can provide
Charles Darwin served as naturalist and companion to the captain on the British surveying ship Beagle during its voyage around the world which began in __________.
1831
At the time of filming, Iowa was 98% white Anglo-Saxon, but minorities accounted for more than __________% of the prison population.
20
Egypt's Old Kingdom began approximately __________ years ago.
4500
The base of the Great Pyramid is a near-perfect square with each side measuring __________ feet.
756
Franz Boas' student who was most interested in documenting Native American languages before they disappeared was
Alfred Kroeber
Two years after the publication of On the Origin of Species, the Natural History Museum purchased __________, a transitional fossil that was part reptile, part bird.
Archaeopteryx
Which statement best represents the practice of horticulture?
Horticulturalists move their gardens periodically, use simple tools, and largely consume their own crops
Which of the following does NOT describe culture?
It is the genetic range of a society or subgroup
Medical anthropologists
all of the answer choices are correct
The oralist approach to the education of Deaf and hard-of-hearing people
attempts to prevent Deaf children from using signed languages and teach them to blend in to the hearing community by lip reading Correct! all of the answer choices are correct approaches deafness as a medical disability, an idea the Deaf community does not share is criticized by members of the Deaf community as a threat to Deaf culture
Which of the following methods would an ethnographer use specifically to collect data on important relationships that form the foundation of the society?
genealogical method
Police used _____ _____, a type of DNA analysis that looks at links between relatives and family trees, to solve the nortorious "Golden State Killer" cold case.
genetic genealogy
Margaret Mead's book, Coming of Age in Samoa (1925), was an important contribution to the nature-nurture debate, arguing that teenagers experience less stress in Samoa than in the United States. Her fieldwork provided evidence that
learned cultural roles are more important than biology in most types of behavior
The hypothesis of linguistic relativity promotes the idea that
one's cultural environment and one's language are so interrelated that the way a person speaks may influence the way they see the world
Paul Farmer, working as both a __________ and a __________, demonstrates the applied potential of anthropology.
physician/medical anthropologist
The __________ is considered the most primitive living mammal because it lays eggs and is, therefore, a link between reptiles and mammals.
platypus
Groups of languages classified together based on words that have the same or similar meanings are called
taxonomies
The idea that children will gradually lose the ability to acquire language naturally without effort is called
the Critical Age Range Hypothesis
