Anthropology third test

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms?

reliance on the extended community in making decisions

As cities and states emerged, there was an increase in demand for higher yields to support growing populations. What did this force farmers to do?

work as peasants on small plots of land owned by the state

What term refers to a cultural group without an official leader?

Acephalous

What term refers to the process of raising animals to obtain animal by-products?

Animal domestication

According to Weber, social change is brought about by:

Charismatic individuals

Having access to material resources such as crops or oil is an example of:

Economic capital

Social capital is the use of an education to bring about power.

False

Why do humans lives in a society?

For collective survival

What mode of subsistence have humans practiced for most of their evolutionary history?

Gathering-hunting

Cultural relativism was the basis for:

Historical particularism

Which area of linguistics focuses on the social contexts in which language is acquired?

Language socialization

The relationship between a person and the political state they are affiliated with describes a person's_________________.

Nationality

What term refers to a form of herding in which people live in small seasonal camps as they move with their animals?

Nomadism

What mode of subsistence is associated with the care and use of domesticated herd animals?

Pastoralism

Which term best describes the act of self aligning with who the self thinks it ought to be?

Performativity

What term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus?

Persuasive power

Examining how people use a language in real settings rather than studying language as a formal set of rules is which kind of linguistics?

Sociolinguistics

What subfield of linguistics examines the social context of language?

Sociolinguistics

What percentage of the world's languages are in danger of dying out in the next hundred years?

40%

Modernization is:

The processes that make a culture compatible to the larger global economic landscape.

Transparency of power (such as the use of open-source materials) and categorizing power (through defining different types) can help minimize the malicious use of unequal power.

True

While a society is a collection of people that work together for survival, culture is how social relationships are facilitated and made meaningful.

True

In American culture, which human-other is symbolically understood as the least real?

Vampires

Which of the following anthropologists used liminality to describe how social structures make sense of the out-of-ordinary?

Victor Turner

Which of the following BEST describes the universalist approach to understanding economic processes?

assumes that economic processes work the same way all over the world

Which of the following BEST describes the primary focus of political anthropologists?

the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture

The biological ability of humans to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences is the study of:

Evolutionary linguistics

Americans are often characterized by anthropologists as having a concept of the self in which individuals are primarily responsible for their own actions. This is reflected in which trait?

Individualism

Which of the following is not an example of liminality?

Spending the day at work

Environmental degradation, healthcare denial, and the oppression of free speech are examples of:

Structural violence

The capacity of individuals to act freely and make their own choices is called:

Agency

In Durkheim's mechanical solidarity, the strongest cohesive factor is kinship.

True

People are generally ethnocentric because they are most familiar with their own experiences, which feels "right" to them.

True

Power is maintained through the manipulation of different types of capital, structural violence, the control of ideologies, and mass surveillance.

True

Quantitative studies focus on statistics.

True

Medicine based on principles of western natural sciences is referred to by anthropologists as:

Biomedicine

Which of the following is NOT associated with globalization?

the rise of the Industrial Age and the growth of local factories

Which of the following anthropologists focused on symbols as the central way that culture is composed?

Clifford Geertz

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, and objects of another is called

Cultural appropriation

The formal rules of a language, including how it sounds, is the study of:

Descriptive linguistics

"Social conflicts caused by material needs result in political and historical events as people seek to find solutions." This idea attributed to Marx is known as:

Dialectical materialism

Which is an example of embodiment?

Dressing professionally while at work to maintain a good working relationship with colleagues

"Social facts reinforce the collective conscience to maintain social solidarity" is a thought attributed to:

Durkheim

Which type of colonization happens when large areas of land are occupied by imperial forces for resource extraction and locals are forced to build the infrastructure of their own subjugation and environmental ruin?

Economic colonization

Learning the ways of a culture in an authentic, experiential way, often also defined as the process of one generation passing on cultural values to the next is called:

Enculturation

The first method of farming developed by humans is known as what?

Extensive horticulture

Anthropologists are exclusively interested in studying culture.

False

Culture does not change, people change.

False

Culture has an ideal and traditional form that all people strive towards.

False

Culture is synonymous to civilization.

False

Dialects and accents that vary from the standard language are incorrect and should be corrected.

False

Identity is completely constructed from the culture around us.

False

In Durkheim's organic solidarity, everyone in the community participates in all the same economic activities.

False

Most anthropologists these days take ownership of the culture they are studying.

False

National news always manages to be unbiased in their framing of events.

False

Primitivism and orientalism are types of cultural relativism.

False

Society is synonymous with nation or civilization.

False

Medicalization describes:

How certain conditions, variations, or other behavioral or biological phenomenal are constructed to be thought of as a problem.

Which of these is not a focus for medical anthropologists?

How to treat cancer with biomedicine

Education, government, medicine, and family are different areas of dense social complexity. These structures are referred to as:

Institutions

What is the name for the use of irrigation systems, a plough, and continuous cultivation of the same plots?

Intensive agriculture

Which farming method would generate the greatest yield and support the largest population?

Intensive agriculture

Which statement about communication is false?

It is synonymous with the term language.

Technological development, agricultural development, urbanization, industrialization, and communication infrastructure are the five processes of:

Modernization

The continued influence of a nation-state on a former colony after official political occupation is called:

Neocolonization

Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are differentiated by:

Political and subsistence patterns

According to Durkheim, society changes (or "evolves") because of:

Population growth

The rights and obligations of a particular status are:

Roles

Which type of colonization best describes what happened to the Indigenous people of North America?

Settler colonization

What is the name for using several plots of land in various stages of fallow and cultivation?

Shifting cultivation

The culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that a patient is legitimately sick, which involves certain responsibilities and behaviors that caregivers expect of the sick is called

Sick role

Someone who succeeds in college because they have a large family network that supports them while they study is cashing in on:

Social capital

The ways that individuals perceive aspects of social and natural reality and divide that reality into categories that are culturally variable are called:

Social constructions

The feeling of connectedness we feel to other members within our group is called:

Social solidarity

The creation of classes in a society to reflect different levels of capital is referred to as:

Social stratification

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what?

Think about reality

What term did Elman Service use for a type of acephalous society that relies on extended family structures for leadership, decision-making, and conflict resolution?

Tribal societies

A shared culture helps us trust people we do not know, but share norms with.

True

All humans practice, use, and express culture.

True

Anthropologists can use the scientific method, but their findings are often not objective.

True

Culture is integrated into society's infrastructure, social structure, and superstructure.

True

Culture is learned from others around you.

True

Culture is something that is understood by both actor and audience, outside of formal rules.

True

Culture is the unique beliefs, behaviors, norms, values, ideas, and actions that are taken for granted as a shared way of life.

True

Culture manifests in both the material and ideological.

True

For most of humanity's existence, groups of humans were relatively isolated.

True

Globalization requires compatible infrastructure between states.

True

Humans have the ability to ascribe meaning to things, allowing for knowledge structures to form that make life and social relations possible

True

In social settings, meaning emerges from conversation and social interaction, not (just) from rules.

True

Most anthropologists these days see cultural relativism as tool rather than a rule.

True

Our social reality creates stress, causes wear, enables certain healthy or unhealthy habits, and has a real impact on physical health.

True

Queer Anthropology examines how the hegemonic forces in society work to marginalize and silence alternative ways of being.

True

Social constructions feel very real because we are surrounded by people immersed in the same cultural context.

True

Status and roles help to create structure to interact with others in society.

True

Symbols make to work culture real to those that understand them.

True

What term refers to small seminomadic groups who are gatherer-hunters?

bands

What do anthropologists believe was the first step in the development of agriculture?

gatherer-hunters growing plants in areas that were more convenient for them

What term refers to people sharing things with no regard to value or compensation?

generalized reciprocity

Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common?

linguistic universals

What term describes how people interact with their environments in order to make a living?

mode of subsistence