A+P 1: Study Guide Book Questions
association areas
Areas of cerebral cortex that identify or interpret sensory information are called
cauda equina
Below L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the...
Sutures
Bones of the skull are joined by what
Thyroxine
CRH secretion would not raise the blood concentration of:
vitamin D
Calcitriol is made from what?
choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted partly by a mass of blood capillaries called the _______ in each ventricle.
basilar membrane
Cochlear hair cells rest on the...
Frontal
A lesion in which the lobe of the cerebrum is most likely to cause a radical altercation of the personality?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Most cellular membranes are made by the...
Acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptors bind what?
Adrenergic
Nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called what?
the macula sacculi
The acceleration you feel when an elevator begins to rise is sensed by
sympathetic
The adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic neurons of what nervous system?
skeletal muscle
The autonomic nervous system innervates all of these except...
Cytosol
The clear structureless gel in a cell is the...
Talus
The tibia and fibula article with what tarsal bone at the ankle?
Transverse process of vertebra
The tubercle of a rib articulated with the...
transverse foramina
Thoracic vertebrae do not have what?
outer hair cells
Three rows of _______ in the cochlear have V-shaped arrays of stereocilia and tune the frequency sensitivity of the cochlea.
Hyperextension
To bend backward at the waist involves _____ of the vertebral column.
Crossed Extension
contraction of flexor muscles in one limb is accompanied by the contraction of extensor muscles in the contralateral limb is caused by what reflex?
firing frequency
differences in the volume of a sound are likely to be encoded by differences in ______ in nerve fibers from the inner ear.
ventral horns
in the spinal cord, the somas (cell bodies) of the lower motor neurons are found in
ball and socket
internal and external rotation of the humerus is made possible by what joint?
Epiphysis
one long bone meets another at its..
positive feedback loop
self-amplifying cycles in which an initial change leads to a greater change
Interneurons
the integrative functions of the nervous system are performed mainly by
G1
the normal functions of a liver cell - synthesizing proteins, detoxifying wastes, storing glycogen - are done during what phase
Buccinator
what muscle is the prime mover in sucking through a straw or spitting out liquid?
Anticodon
when a ribosome reads a codon on mRNA, it must bind to what part of a corresponding tRNA?
fibers and ground substance
What is the matrix of connective tissue made of?
threshold
What is the minimum stimulus intensity that will make a muscle contract?
Hypothalamus
What is the most significant autonomic control center within the CNS?
prime mover (agonist)
What is the muscle that generates the most force in a given movement?
glycogen
What is the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body?
Myoglobin
What is the oxygen binding pigment that muscles contain?
absolute refractory period
What is the period of time in which a neuron is producing an action potential and cannot respond to another stimulus of any strength?
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
What is the primary motor area of the cerebrum?
Exocytosis
What is the process in which fusion of a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane releases its contents?
recruitment
What is the process to make a muscle contract more strongly, so the nervous system can activate more motor units?
Mesothelium
What is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity called?
myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier)
What is the special region that myelinated nerve fibers can produce action potentials at?
stapes
What is the tiny bone that vibrates in the oval window and thereby transfers sound vibrations to the inner ear?
metaphysis
What is the transitional region between the epiphyseal cartilage and the primary marrow cavity of a young bone?
pivot
What joint allows one bone to swivel on another?
interphalangeal
What joint cannot be circumducted?
extension
What knee action is involved in kicking a football?
piloerector muscle
What muscle causes hair to stand on its end (goose bumps)?
gastrocnemius and soleus
What muscles insert on the heel by way of the calcaneal tendon?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle?
terminal cisternae
What parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum lie on each side of a T tubule?
collagen fibers
What prevents bones from shattering in children when jumping?
Osmosis
What process do the transmembrane proteins, aquaporins, promote?
styloid process
What process of the radius and ulna form the bony protuberances on each side of the wrist?
Collagen
What protein are tendons and ligaments made of?
Myosin
What protein do thick filament consist of?
tactile cells
What skin cells have a sensory role?
Aprocrine glands
What sweat gland is a scent gland?
peroxisomes and smooth ER
What two organelles can liver cells detoxify alcohols with?
Isometric
What type of contraction causes an increase in muscle tension without a change in length?
dense regular connective tissue
What type of tissue are tendons composed of?
Dehydration
What would be the consequence of defective ADH receptors?
when it contains two different elements
When is a substance considered to be a chemical compound?
When an anion meets a cation
When is an ionic bond formed?
On the target cell membrane
Where are the receptors for insulin located?
myelinated nerve fibers
Where does saltatory conduction occur?
axon hillock
Where is the trigger zone of a neuron?
sphenoid bone
Which bone has greater and lesser wings and protects the pituitary gland?
osteoclasts
Which cells have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid?
simple columnar epithelium
Which epithelium do every cell touch the basement membrane?
Oxytocin
Which hormone would no longer be secreted if the hypothalamo-hypophseal tract were destroyed?
digestive secretions
Which is these does not result from sympathetic stimulation? (digestive secretion, pupil dilation, HR acceleration, enhanced blood clotting, piloerection)
sympathetic
Which nervous system has short preganglionic and long postganglionic nerve fibers?
Thyroxine
Which of the following hormones has the least in common with the others? (thyroxine, ACH, FSH, Thyrotropin, Prolactin)
crista galli
Which of these cannot be palpated on a living person?
Pancreas
Which of these has more exocrine than endocrine tissue?
raise blood phosphate levels
Which of these is NOT an effect of PTH? (reduce calcium secretion, increase intestinal calcium absorption, increase osteoclast, increase calcitriol synthesis)
Pelvic
Which of these is not a region of the spinal cord?
active transport
Which process could occur only in the plasma membrane of a living cell?
dendritic cells
Which skin cells alert the immune system to pathogens?
Troponin
before a skeletal muscle fiber can contract, Ca2+ must bind to...
myosin heads
before skeletal muscle fiber can contract, ATP must bind to...
Uracil
which of the following is not found in DNA?
Collagen
which of the following muscle proteins is NOT intracellular?
quadriceps femoris
which of the following muscles does NOT extend the hip joint?
teres major
which of the following muscles does not contribute to the rotator cuff?
the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine is secreted by what?
acromegaly
Growth hormone hypersecretion In adulthood causes a disease called:
Hypophseal portal system
Hypothalamic releasing factors are delivered to the anterior pituitary by way of a network of blood cells called the:
opposite of the fulcrum
In a second-class lever, the effort is applied to which end?
Synostosis
In the adult, the ischium and pubis are united by...
referred pain
In the phenomenon of _______, pain from the viscera is perceived as coming from an area of the skin.
Vagus (X)
In which cranial nerve are most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers found?
stratum corneum
In which layer of the skin are cells keratinized and dead?
Organ
two or more tissues working together
Hyperpolarization
A IPSP is ______ of the postsynaptic neuron.
Hypertonic
A concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink is ____ to the cell
hyprophilic
A substance capable of freely dissolving in water is called...
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal steroids that regulate glucose metabolism are collectively called:
accessory
All of the following except what nerve begin or end in the orbit?
monosynaptic
All somatic reflexes share all of the following properties except they are...
ligand-gated ion channel
An ion gate in the plasma membrane that can open or close when a chemical binds to it is called...
Hypothalamus
Because of a brain lesion, a certain patient never feels full, but eats so excessively that she now weighs nearly 600lbs. The lesion is most likely in her:
Abducens (VI)
Damage to what nerve could result in defects of eye movement?
arbor vitae
On a sagittal plane, the cerebellar white matter exhibits a branching pattern called the..
Lacunae
Osteocytes anf chondrocytes occupy little cavities called what?
Ganglia
Outside the CNS, the somas of neurons are clustered in swellings called
negative feedback loops
Self-corrective mechanisms in physiology
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
negative feedback inhibition
Target cells can reduce pituitary secretion by a process called:
transmembrane proteins
The Sodium potassium pump is a...
Decussation
The crossing of a nerve fiber or tract from the right side of the CNS to the left or vice versa is called
Tarsal
The cuboid is what type of bone?
enteric nervous system
The digestive tract has a semi-independent nervous system is known as the...
otoliths
The gelatinous membranes of the macula sacculi and macula utriculi are weighted by a protein-calcium carbonate granules called
the higher its pitch
The higher the frequency of a sound...
myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
The marrow cavity of an adult bone may contain
fovea centralis
The most finely detailed vision occurs when an image falls on a put in the retina called the
Broca's area
The motor pattern for speech is generated in an area of cortex called the ________ and then transmitted to the primary motor cortex to be carried out.
Proprioception
The nonvisual awareness of the body's position and movements is called
Epineurium
The outermost connective tissue wrapping of a nerve is called the...
the choroid
The retina receives its oxygen supply from
corpus callosum
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by a thick C-shaped bundle of fibers called the...
Autosomes
What are all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes called?
Microvilli
What are on the cells specialized for absorption of matter from the ECF?
sebaceous glands
What are the Holocene glands that secrete into a hair follicle?
linea alba
What are the abdominal aponeuroses converge on a median fibrous band on the abdomen called?
Phospholipids
What are the amphiphilic lipids of the cell membrane called?
Osteoblasts
What are the cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition?
Canaliculi
What are the channels called in which osteocytes contract each other in the bone matrix?
flexor retinacula
What are the connective tissue bands that prevent flexor tendons of the forearm and leg from rising like bowstrings?
ventricles; CSF fluid
What are the four chambers of the brain and what are they filled with?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
Microglia
What are the glial cells that fight infections in the CNS?
afferent
What are the neurons that convey sensory information to the CNS?
dermal papillae
What are the projections of the dermis that are toward the skin surface?
Hamstrings
What are the three large muscles on the posterior side of the thigh are commonly known as?
sister chromatids
What are two genetically identical strands of a metaphase chromosome, joined at the centromere?
ribosomes and proteasomes
What are two granular organelles that synthesize and degrade proteins?
ischium
What bone supports your body weight when you're sitting?
voltage-gated ion channels
What channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in electrical charge?
posterior root ganglion
What contains the somas of neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord?
third
What degree of a burn destroys the entire dermis?
free radicals
What do dietary antioxidants neutralize?
capitulum
What does the disc shaped head of the radius articulate with on the humerus?
carbohydrate has a lower ration of oxygen to hydrogen
What feature distinguishes a lipid from a carbohydrate?
Oligodendrocytes
What glial cells in the CNS produce myelin?
appositional growth
What growth does bone increase in diameter?
knee
What has anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?
sphincter
What is a circular muscle that closes a body opening?
bursa
What is a fluid filled sac that eases movement of a tendon over bone?
Synergist
What is a muscle that works with another to produce the same or similar movement?
dual innervation
What is a state in which a target organ receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
autonomic tone
What is a state of continual background activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
muscle tone
What is a state of continual partial muscle contraction?
earwax
What is cerulean?
genetic code
What is known as the pattern of nitrogenous bases that represent that 20 amino acids of a protein?
cyanosis
What is the blueness of the skin to to low oxygen in the blood called?
Fibroblasts
What is the collagen of areolar tissue produced by?
Ribosomes
What is the cytoplasmic granule of RNA and protein that reads the message in mRNA?
Sacromere
What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?
Gomphosis
What is the joint between a tooth and the mandible?
synovial fluid
What is the lubricant of a diarthrosis (synovial joint) called?
reticular activating system
While studying in a noisy café, you get sleepy and doze off for a few minutes. You awaken with a start and realize that all the café sounds have just "come back". While you were dozing, the auditory input was blocked from reaching your auditory cortex by:
Fascicle
a bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium is called
Recessive
an allele that is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of an alternative allele of the same gene is said to be...
dermal palillae
hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projection called...
Pleiotropy
production of more than one phenotypic trait by a single gene is called
epiphyseal plate
the spurt of growth in puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the
Palpation
to examine by touch
