AP Bio

Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?

A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation. the role of oxygen in the muscle tissue is to break it down to produce carbon dioxide and water, so without it the lactic acid will build up.

Fermentation

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

bottleneck effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

control variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.

ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

During the infection cycle for a typical retrovirus, such as HIV, which uses RNA as genetic material, the genetic variation in the resulting population of new virus particles is very high because of:

Errors introduced in the DNA molecule through reverse transcription. during reverse transcription there is an increase of the likelihood/frequency of mutations/errors.

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Fertilization

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell

cell cycle checkpoints

G1, G2, M

Which of the following sets of observations would best support the claim that the two species have structural similarities as a result of convergent evolution?

Genetic similarity low → Function of structure different→ Form of structure the same. convergent evolution is when organisms are not closely related but have similar structures in functions or form.

Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence?

Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life. glycolysis being a universal energy would explain why it is present and virtually identical in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.

amino acid structure

H, NH2, COOH bonded to a central carbon and then a variable R group

conjugation

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Which of the following best explains how the extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane benefits a eukaryotic cell?

It increases the area available for proteins involved in energy transfer. because folding the membrane increases surface area, and the inner mitochondrial membrane is where the electron transport chain is, which needs proteins.

The amino acid in Figure 1 is found in a region of a polypeptide that folds away from water. Which part of the amino acid most likely contributes to the hydrophobic behavior of this region of the polypeptide?

Methyl (CH3) group every amino acid has everything the same except for the r group and the CH3 is in the R group in the figure.

Meiosis steps

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

Which of the following best illustrates the flow of information required for the synthesis of proteins encoded in the genome of a retrovirus?

RNA→ DNA → RNA→ Protein. a retro virus has RNA as its genetic material so when it infects the host it turns into DNA, (reverse transcription.), but then that DNA must be turned into RNA to produce proteins.

M checkpoint

Spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

Which of the following best explains how some cells of an individual produce and secrete a specific enzyme, but other cells of the same individual do not?

The cells transcribe and translate different combinations of genes, leading to the production of different sets of proteins. it's not the one about selective pressure because every cell is not affected differently by selective pressure. Cells don't produce different types of ribosomes and cells don't contain different types of genes, just combination.

A researcher is investigating the effects of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions (H+). Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of adding the chemical to plant cells?

The chloroplasts will generate less ATP. in order to make ATP you need h+ gradient so it can go through ATP synthase so if there is something making it more permeable that means the gradient won't be there anymore resulting in less ATP.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Mercurial sulfhydryl is an inhibitor of aquaporins. Which of the following is the most likely effect of adding mercurial sulfhydryl to the distilled water solution?

The grape cells will gain water more slowly because of a lack of facilitated diffusion.-- This is the correct answer because aquaporins are proteins that facilitate the diffusion of water,water can get out of the cell through the membrane but less will get out without aquaporins.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Which of the following best explains how the phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contributes to cellular functions?

The phospholipid bilayer allows the vesicle to fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, allowing the exocytosis of proteins. because the bilayer allows the exocytosis proteins.

Which of the following best explains why larger grapes have a different rate of water absorption per gram of mass than smaller grapes do?

The rate is slower because smaller grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the larger grapes do. the smaller grapes having a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio means that it has more area to absorb water at a faster rate, the reactions also occur faster.

Which of the following observations would provide the strongest evidence that two plants belong to different biological species?

They produce viable but sterile offspring. if they're in different species they would provide sterile offspring.

patterns of inheritance

Various ways traits are inherited from parents to offspring Autosomal Dominant Inheritance. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance. X-linked Inheritance.

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

RNA nucleotides

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

enzymes break down

big molecules to small

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

phosphorus and magnesium dont go into

carbohydrates or amino acids

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

G2 checkpoint

checks for cell size and DNA replication, go ahead signal triggers mitosis

G1 checkpoint

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

in hardy weinberg equations p is the

frequency of the dominant allele

mitochondrial genes

genes located in the DNA of mitochondria and transmitted in a matrilineal manner

cholestrol in membrane

helps in the permeability and fluidity of the membrane

small diffusible solutes move from

high to low concentration.

surface tension

is the strong attraction of the particles

if there is water added, the polymers will break down into

monomers

smaller molecules move

more quickly

plants inherit their genes only from their,,,

mother

water is

polar and will not mix with the nonpolar solute as water only mixes with polar molecules

monomers form

polymers

lipids dont have

potassium.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Mitosis steps

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

aquaporins

proteins that facilitate the diffusion of water,water can get out of the cell through the membrane but less will get out without aquaporins.

What are ribosomes made of?

rRNA and proteins

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Hydrolis

the breaking of a bond molecule using water

Water molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain.

the electrons from the water molecules are replacements for the electrons the chloroplast loses.

q is the

the frequency of recessive allele

calculate amino acids from nucleotides

there are 3 nucleotides in 1 amino acid

when the chi square value is larger than the critical value..

there is a larger possibility that there is significant difference and is likely due to chance

If error bars overlap

there is no significant difference.

RNA has

uracil instead of thymine

phenotypic variation

variation in physical and physiological traits among individuals differences in appearance or function that are passed from generation to generation

cladogram

when you read the cladogram, anything past the points of embryo and xylem has embryo and xylem, including the ferns and pines. It cant be wood, seeds, or flowers because they are at a point after ferns, meaning ferns don't have them.