AP Bio Ch. 16 and 17

5-3 DNA to mRNA makes the mRNA __ to __

3 to 5

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA in the ______ direction, and adds nucleotides to the __ end of the growing transcript

3 to 5, 3

DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides at the free __ end, forming new DNA strands in the __ to __ direction only

3, 5, 3

Each of the following options is a modification of the sentences THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a frameshift mutation? 1) THECATARETHERAT 2) THERATATETHECAT 3) CATATETHERAT 4) THETACATETHERAT 5) THECATATTHERAT

5

Codons are written in the ________ direction

5 to 3

mRNA chart goes from ____ to ___

5 to 3

mRNA must be read _______

5 to e

Small subunit attaches to the _____

5' cap

mRNA must be made in the _____ direction

5-3

Holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

A site

The function of the ribosome in polypeptide synthesis is to? a. hold mRNA and tRNAs together b. Catalyze the addition of amino acids form tRNAs to the growing polypeptide chain c. move along the mRNA and eject tRNAs during the translocation process.

A, B, C

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Replicating the lagging strand of DNA-that is, adding bases in the 3-5 direction-utilizes which of the following? DNA ligase RNA primers Okazaki fragments First two All of the above

All of the above

In ____________, introns enable a single gene to encode more than one polpypeptide, depends on which segments are treated as exons during splicing

Alternative RNA splicing

Protein monomer

Amino Acids

Chmicals from heat-killed S cells were purified. The chemicals were tested for the ability to transform live R cells. The transforming agent was found to be DNA

Avery

Discovered transformation agent was DNA

Avery

5' end ___________ (Modified guanine nucleotide)

Cap

Assists protein folding by providing "shelter" for proper polypeptide folding

Chaperonin

______ rule, A=T, C=G

Chargaff

Complex of DNA and proteins

Chromatin

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine

Radioactive phosphorous makes ________ radioactive

DNA

Catalyzes the elongation of new DNA

DNA polymerase

DNA repair, mismatch repair

DNA polymerase

A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5 to 3 direction because

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3 end

Central dogma

DNA-mRNA-Protein

Sugar in DNA

Deoxyribose

Gene ______ is nearly always harmful

Duplication

Exit site on ribosome

E site

Less compacted interphase DNA (can be transcribed)

Euchromatin

Portion of pre-mRNA that isn't spliced

Exons

Did acterial work, discovered transformation

Griffith

Catalyzes the untwisting of the DNA at the replication fork

Helicase

Used radioactive phosphorous and radioactive sulfur

Hershey and Chase

Highly condensed interphase DNA (can not be transcribed)

Heterochromatin

Large subunit is brought in using _________ and using ____ for energy

Initiation factors, GTP

Two types of frameshift mutations

Insertion and Deltion

No _____ in prokaryotes=no mRNA modification

Introns

Spliceosomes cut

Introns

What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?

It introduces a stop codon into the mRNA

Alternative RNA splicing Is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription Can allow the production of proteins of drmatically different sizes from a single mRNA Can allow the production of Proteins of dramatically different amino acid sequences from a single mRNA Last Two All of the above

Last Two

Discovered modes of heredity in pea plants

Mendel

Start codon AUG codes for

Methionine

Changes amino acid coded for (sickle cell)

Missense

Discovered genes located on chromosomes

Morgan

Physical or chemical agents that interact with DNA to change its nucleotide sequence

Mutagens

Changes amino acid coded for to a STOP codon (no protein made)

Nonsense

Excision repair helped by

Nuclease

Beads on a string, basic unit of DNA packing

Nucleosome

DNA/RNA monomer

Nucleotides

Holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

P site

Bond formed between amino acids of P and A sites using GTP

Peptide Bond

Single nucleotide affects single amino acid

Point Mutation

Single mRNA is translated by several ribosomes simultaneously to make many polypeptides

Polyribosomes

Unique Amino acid sequence

Primary structure

Short RNA sequence that begins the replication process

Primer

In ______ translation directly follows transcripton

Prokaryotes

DNA sequence where attaches and initiates transcription

Promoter

Radioactive sulfur makes _________ radioactive

Protein

Double-ringed bases

Purines

Single-ringed bases

Pyrimidines

Overall protein structure-aggregate of polypetide subunits

Quaternary structure

What kind of molecule or substance is the primer that is used to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand

RNA

Adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule

RNA polymerase II

Untwists the DNA double helix

RNA polymerase II

Which of the following is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression After transcription, a 3' poly-A tail and a 5'cap are added to mRNA Translation of mRNA can begin before transcription is complete RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to begin transcription mRNA is synthesized in the 3-5 direction The mRNA transcript is the exact complement of the gene from which it was copied

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to begin transcription

Pries apart the two DNA strands, hooks RNA nucleotides together as they base-pair along the DNA template

RNA polymerase enzyme

_________ is unique to eukaryotes

RNA processing

Nonoverlapping three letter words

Reading frame

Enters A site-hydrolyzes tRNA and last amino acid of polypeptide chian

Release Factor Protein

Y-shaped region where new strands of DNA are elongating

Replication fork

mRNA carries the genetic message from DNA to the ______

Ribosome

Makes proteins for excretion (Ex: insulin)

Rough ER

Due to H-bonds b/w hydrogen and oxygen in polypeptide backbone (A helix, pleated sheat)

Secondary Structure

Point mutation in hemoglobin protein causes

Sickle-cell anemia

20 aa sequence at end of polypeptide

Signal peptide

Escort ribosome to receptor protein in ER membrane

Signal recognition particle

No change in amino acid; due to redundancy of genetic code

Silent

Non-sex cell

Somatic cell

Protein+snRNPs

Spliceosome

_________ backbone of DNA

Sugar-phosphate

The one DNA strand that is transcribed

Template Strand

Sequence that signals the end of transcription (In prokaryotes)

Terminator

Interactions b/w amino acid side chains (R-Groups)

Tertiary structure

DNA-mRNA

Transcription

Stretch of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

Transcription Unit

Change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external substance (DNA) by a cell

Transformation

Ribosome moves tRNA in A site to P site; empty tRNA in P site is moved to E site, where it is released

Translocation

Genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain written in in the DNA in the form of three-nucleotide words

Triplet Code

Stop Codons

UAA, UAG, and UGA

Examples of Mutagens

UV radiation from sun, cigarette smoke, alcohol in excess

Strands are complementary; nucleotides line up on template according to base pair rules, discovered this

Watson and Crick

Versatility in base-pairing at third base of codon (explains genetic code's redundancy)

Wobble effect

Joins specific amino acids to tRNA

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Transformation in bacteria involves the ________ of _________

assimilation of external DNA into a cell

Most mutagens are carcinogenic (------ causing)

cancer

Translation

mRNA-Protein

3' end _________ (50 to 250 adenine nucleotides)

poly-A tail

Genetic code is ______

redundant