AP BIO Ch. 4 STUDY GUIDE

Cell Theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

central Vacuole

A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography.

Glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Light Microscope (LM)

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.

Chromatin

Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins (histone)

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Prokaryotic Cells

Small, simple, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, single loop of DNA (nucleosome), no cellulose, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall (made of carbs), somtimes have cilia or flagella (movement).

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Mitochondrial Matrix

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.

Nucleolus

The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus

Extracellular Matrix

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

Cytoplasm

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.

Cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence

Nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Granum

a stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

Transport Vesicle

a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Nuclear Envelope

double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus

Endosymbiont Theory

explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells

Microtubules

hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell

Integrins

in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.

Peroxisomes

membranous sacs containing enzymes used to break down hydrogen peroxide. creates H20 as a bi-product

Electron Microscope

microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

no ribosomes are found on surface; contains collection of enzymes that perform special tasks that include the synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification; the liver contains a lot of smooth er

Ribosomes

non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Chloroplasts

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

Micrograph

photograph of the view through a microscope`

Cilia

short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Organelles

small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs (little organs)

Vacuoles

spaces in the cytoplasm that store food and water

Golgi Apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Plasma Membrane

thin outer boundary of a cell that regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Eukaryotic Cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.

Plasmodesmata

Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.

Endomembrane System

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Cellular Metabolism

The sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions in a working cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed