AP Bio Chapter 22-25

Natural selection primarily favors _____. (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] phenotypes genotypes mutations heterozygotes homozygotes

phenotypes

In the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, 1 represents _____. (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] the sum of the frequencies of all the alleles of a particular gene that exists in a gene pool the frequency of heterozygous dominants in the gene pool the frequency of homozygous recessives in the gene pool all the possible phenotypes in the gene pool the frequency of homozygous dominants in the gene pool

the sum of the frequencies of all the alleles of a particular gene that exists in a gene pool

By applying a molecular clock, researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory have proposed that the first HIV-1 M invasion into humans occurred in the _____. (Concept 25.5E-Book) [Hint] 1830s 1890s 1930s 1950s 1980s

1930s

Assume a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a character trait with these genotypic frequencies: AA = 0.25, Aa = 0.50, and aa = 0.25. If you remove all the homozygous dominants and allow the remaining population to reproduce (again under Hardy-Weinberg conditions), what will be the frequency of homozygous dominants in the next generation? (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] 0 0.11 0.22 0.44 0.50

.11

In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1% of the individuals in a population show the recessive trait of a certain characteristic. In this situation, what is the value of p? (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] 99% 0.81 0.9 0.18 The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

.9

If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] 6 12 24 48 none of the above

12

In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease? (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] 2% 4% 8% 16% 32%

32%

In a large population of bonobos, the frequency of the recessive allele is initially 0.1. There is no migration and no selection. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? Assume that there are two alleles of this gene. (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] 10% 20% 50% 90% 99%

90%

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the microevolution of a population of humans? (Concept 23.2E-Book) [Hint] Only random mating takes place among all the people that reproduce in North America. A colony of humans on the moon is isolated from Earth. The incidence of skin cancer in adults over age 40 rises significantly. Hundreds of thousands of people are killed in a natural disaster. Both random mating and an increase in middle-aged skin cancer occur.

A colony of humans on the moon is isolated from Earth.

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] The predatory fish will evolve smaller mouths so that they do not drive their prey to extinction. The zooplankton will become sexually mature at larger sizes. The predatory fish will evolve poor eyesight so as to preserve their food supply. Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small. The first and the third choices are both good predictions.

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.

According to the experiment of Diane Dodd, can adaptive divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations lead to reproductive isolation? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] After several generations, the reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute. After several generations, the reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete. After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) was evident, but not absolute. Even after several generations, there was no evidence of a reproductive barrier forming between the populations.

After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute.

The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of _____. (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] Darwin Lamarck Aristotle Mendel Lyell

Aristotle

Which example below correctly describes average heterozygosity? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] Average heterozygosity refers to the number of individuals in a population that are heterozygous for a certain trait. Average heterozygosity is measured by comparing the nucleotide sequences of DNA samples, and then averaging the data from the comparison. Average heterozygosity is usually less than the average difference between nucleotide sequences. Average heterozygosity refers to the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous in a population. Human populations have an average heterozygosity of 0.1%.

Average heterozygosity refers to the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous in a population.

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of _____. (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] Cuvier Lamarck Aristotle Wallace Lyell

Cuvier

At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] Gene pool changes adapt a population to a local environment. Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations. An allopatric separation occurs. Viable, fertile hybrids occur. All of the above.

Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.

Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin? (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] He was the first to discover that living things can change, or evolve. He based his theory on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He worked out the principles of population genetics. He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. He was the first to conclude that Earth is billions of years old.

He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.

Tay-Sachs disease, which is lethal, results from having the homozygous recessive condition of the responsible gene. Which one of the following statements is true? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] Because homozygous recessive individuals die, the recessive allele will eventually be lost from the population. Only homozygous dominant individuals will be able to survive and reproduce. Heterozygous individuals will survive and may pass the recessive allele on to their offspring. In the heterozygous condition, the dominant allele will overcome the recessive allele and only the dominant allele will be passed on to offspring. Homozygous dominant individuals will be more likely to reproduce than heterozygous individuals.

Heterozygous individuals will survive and may pass the recessive allele on to their offspring.

Which is not an assumption of the neutral theory? (Concept 25.5E-Book) [Hint] Much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection. Most harmful mutations are removed from a population quickly. Differences in the rate of the clock in different genes are a function of how important each gene is. If a particular sequence of amino acids is less critical for survival, fewer new mutations will be harmful and more will be neutral. These genes will change slowly over time. When a population has reached equilibrium between the introduction of new neutral alleles and the effects of genetic drift, neutral alleles become fixed at a constant rate.

If a particular sequence of amino acids is less critical for survival, fewer new mutations will be harmful and more will be neutral. These genes will change slowly over time.

Imagine a scenario in which part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] The island birds all have red feathers, but the mainland birds have green feathers. Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile. The preferred food of the island birds is quite different from the diet of mainland birds. Individuals from the different populations frequently direct courtship behavior toward members of the other population. Hybrid offspring of matings between individuals from the two populations do not look like either parent.

Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile.

Comparison of human fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] It is about time for humans to undergo a burst of change. That is about how long we have been reproductively isolated. It is impossible to see major internal changes by looking at fossils. You would expect lots of changes in the skeleton in that time period. Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.

Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.

_____ and _____ generate variation, while _____ results in an adaptation to the environment. (Concept 23.2E-Book) [Hint] Genetic drift ... natural selection ... mutation Mutation ... sexual recombination ... natural selection Overproduction of offspring ... mutation ... sexual recombination Natural selection ... mutation ... sexual recombination Sexual recombination ... natural selection ... overproduction

Mutation ... sexual recombination ... natural selection

Lake Victoria, in Africa, is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Many of these fishes are similar in appearance but have different feeding habits. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or members of entirely different species? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring. Study the fossil record. Compare DNA sequences, because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical. Do studies on comparative anatomy, especially looking for homologous structures. All of these must be done to determine whether a single population or different species are present.

Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring

Which example below is not a weakness of the fossil record? (Concept 25.1E-Book) [Hint] It is biased in favor of species with hard shells or skeletons. It is biased in favor of species that were widespread and abundant. A large number of Earth's species may not have died in the right place or time to be fossilized. Only animals can be fossilized; thus, the fossil record cannot be used to study the evolutionary history of plants. All of the above are weaknesses of the fossil record.

Only animals can be fossilized; thus, the fossil record cannot be used to study the evolutionary history of plants.

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering? (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] Organisms have the capacity to overreproduce. Natural selection should be capable of considerable modifications over hundreds of thousands of generations. Population size usually remains relatively stable. Favorable characteristics of a population accumulate over time. All of the above.

Organisms have the capacity to overreproduce.

Which example below would most likely be a cline? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] Individuals who are heterozygotic for the sickle-cell disease allele have a greater resistance to malaria. Rabbits that live in colder regions tend to have smaller ears than rabbits of the same species that live in warmer regions. Male bowerbirds decorate stations to attract females. Cows are selectively bred to gain a higher milk yield. Seals have flippers that make them great swimmers but make their movements on rocks and land very cumbersome.

Rabbits that live in colder regions tend to have smaller ears than rabbits of the same species that live in warmer regions.

Which statement below is not true about neutral variation? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] A variant allele may be neutral in one environment, but not in another. Even mutational changes that alter proteins can be neutral. Relative frequencies of neutral variations are controlled by natural selection. It is difficult to determine whether a variation is neutral because detrimental effects are usually much more apparent than beneficial ones. All of the above statements are true.

Relative frequencies of neutral variations are controlled by natural selection.

Which statement below is true about sexual selection? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] Intrasexual selection leads to the death of most unfit males in combat. Showy secondary sexual characteristics cannot be explained because they break all of the rules of natural selection. In most vertebrates, females court the males. There is no evidence that intrasexual selection takes place between females. Sexual dimorphism is the term that describes marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics that are not associated directly with reproduction.

Sexual dimorphism is the term that describes marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics that are not associated directly with reproduction.

How did HIV become resistant to the drug 3TC? (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] The drug did not work in the way that the developers intended. Patients did not take the drug as it was prescribed. The virus mutated in response to the drug. Some members of the virus population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to 3TC. None of the above.

Some members of the virus population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to 3TC.

Which statement below about sexual reproduction is true? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] As a mechanism of population expansion, sexual reproduction is superior to asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction cannot promote genetic variation on a generation-to-generation time scale. Some researchers think that natural selection favors sexual reproduction because genetic variation is important in resistance to disease. Natural selection sustains sexual reproduction alleles because genetic variation enables future adaptations to dynamic environments. None of the above statements are true.

Some researchers think that natural selection favors sexual reproduction because genetic variation is important in resistance to disease.

Species A and Species B are in the same phylum. Species A and Species C, but not Species B, are in the same order. From this information you can conclude that _____. (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] Species C could be in the same class as Species A and B Species A and Species B are in the same family Species B and Species C share a less recent ancestor than do Species A and B all three species are members of the same genus all three species are not members of the same phylum

Species C could be in the same class as Species A and B

Which statement below is true of parsimonious trees? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters. The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared primitive characters. Given the rules of how morphological traits change over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. Given the rules of how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. Trees can be constructed that are parsimonious or the most likely, but not both at the same time.

The best tree requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characters.

Darwin was well aware of what effect his theory of evolution would have on the public and on the Church of England. This was why he delayed publishing his work for several decades while he gathered additional evidence. Which one of the following was not evidence he used to support his theory? (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] The common belief about the age of Earth. Many more offspring are produced than can survive. When breeders select for specific traits, these become fixed in future generations. Some individuals leave more descendants than other individuals. In a population of organisms, every individual is different from every other one.

The common belief about the age of Earth.

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] One Ceanothus shrub lives on acid soil, another on basic soil. Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of the year. Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls. The hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing. Pollen of one kind of tobacco cannot fertilize another kind.

The hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing.

Which statement about cladogram branches is true? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] The lengths of the branches that connect the taxa and the order of the branch points are both arbitrary. The order of the branch points is arbitrary, but the lengths of the branches that connect the taxa are not. Neither the lengths of the branches that connect the taxa nor the order of the branch points is arbitrary. The lengths of the branches that connect the taxa are arbitrary, but the order of the branch points is not. The length of a branch reflects the number of evolutionary changes that have taken place in that lineage.

The lengths of the branches that connect the taxa are arbitrary, but the order of the branch points is not.

Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] It shows that the common ancestor of birds and mammals must have had a four-chambered heart. This represents a problem with the principle of parsimony, rather than a problem with the analogy-homology issue. The most likely tree is always the most parsimonious. The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious. None of the above.

The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.

Which statement below is true about an outgroup? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] Outgroup comparison is based on the assumption that homologies present in both the outgroup and ingroup must be derived characters. The outgroup would be found at one of the highest branches of a phylogenetic tree. The outgroup and ingroup display a mixture of shared and derived characters. The outgroup should be less closely related to any members of the ingroup than they are to each other. None of the above is true.

The outgroup should be less closely related to any members of the ingroup than they are to each other.

What did Darwin observe about species on islands? (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] They are rarely endemic. They are often closely related to species from similar ecological niches all over the world. They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands. Darwin only studied the Galapágos and, therefore, could not develop many insights about species on islands. None of the above.

They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands.

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] One species of frog mates in April, but another mates in May. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring. The sperm of a marine worm penetrate eggs of the same species only. One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows. Two pheasant species perform different courtship dances.

Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.

Which of the following is the best example of gene flow? (Concept 23.3E-Book) [Hint] A small population of humans colonizes a newly formed island. Genes are shuffled by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis. An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon, splitting a population of toads apart. Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs. All the mutations in a population were neutral.

Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs.

A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to insecticides that were once quite effective. Biologists think that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because _____. (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] individual mosquitoes built up an immunity to an insecticide after being exposed to it mosquitoes needed to develop insecticide resistance to survive after the insecticide was used a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used, and these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce mosquitoes attempted to adapt to their environment a new allele developed in response to the insecticide that provided future generations the benefit of resistance

a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used, and these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce

Which of the following is not an example of adaptive radiation? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] bony fish adapting to all areas of the ocean and fresh water insects adapting to every land environment speciation of finches into each Galápagos Island environment a few species of roundworms existing virtually everywhere in the world placental mammals replacing reptiles and earlier mammals in their niches

a few species of roundworms existing virtually everywhere in the world

Approximately 1 out of every 2,500 Caucasians in the United States is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers? (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] about 1 in 50 about 96 in 100 about 1 in 25 about 1 in 10 none of the above

about 1 in 25

What information cannot be inferred from studying a cladogram? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] patterns of shared characteristics absolute dates of branch points whether the clade is valid if the shared characteristics are explained by common ancestry the relative sequence in which certain traits originated

absolute dates of branch points

Lake Malawi, in the African Rift Valley, is home to more than a hundred species of cichlid fishes, each with slightly different diets and habits. All these species probably evolved from a common ancestor, making them an example of _____. (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] sympatric speciation hybrid breakdown adaptive radiation convergence hybrid sterility

adaptive radiation

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by _____. (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] the works of others such as Lamarck fossils he collected studying adaptations of organisms to their environments the unique organisms he saw in the Galápagos Islands all of the above

all of the above

The two-part format of the scientific name, referred to as binomial, ensures that _____. (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] each species is assigned a unique name each species has a name that is understandable regardless of language barriers among scientists systematists can easily specify the closest relatives of any species all of the above none of the above

all of the above

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] there's only one possible way to encode information in a macromolecule the earliest macromolecules probably arose when lightning struck an oxygen-free atmosphere all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor the genetic code will never be broken none of the above

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

The feet of tree-dwelling salamanders are webbed and have shorter digits than the feet of ground-dwelling salamanders. This adaptation could be _____. (Hint: Ancestral salamanders were ground dwellers.) (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint] an exaptation an example of paedomorphosis an example of heterochrony an example of sympatric speciation none of the above

an example of heterochrony

Which term below is a pattern of evolutionary change involving the accumulation of changes that gradually transform a species into a species with different characteristics? (Overview E-Book) [Hint] anagenesis cladogenesis branching evolution microevolution macroevolution

anagenesis

The wings of a hummingbird and a bee are _____. (Concept 25.1E-Book) [Hint] homologous phylogenetic analogous binomial taxonomic

analogous

Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species? (Concept 25.1E-Book) [Hint] a comparison of DNA base sequences homologous structures fossils amino acid sequences of proteins analogous structures

analogous structures

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called _____. (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] natural selection sexual recombination founder effect artificial selection neutral variation

artificial selection

Which type of selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] balancing selection neutral variation heterozygote advantage stabilizing selection relative fitness

balancing selection

An earthquake hits a small island. All but a small group of closely related lizards are eliminated, and the survivors spread out over the island. This is an instance of _____. (Concept 23.3E-Book) [Hint] founder effect bottleneck effect gene flow mutation nonrandom mating

bottleneck effect

In practice, how do scientists distinguish most species? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] by using the morphological species concept by using the paleontological species concept by using the ecological species concept by using the phylogenetic species concept by using the biological species concept

by using the morphological species concept

Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] homologous proteins have arisen independently in many different animal groups closely related animal species have similar geographic distributions closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins closely related organisms have similar stages of development none of the above

closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins

Which one of the following methods to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms has been developed most recently? (Concept 25.1E-Book) [Hint] comparing morphology (shape and structure) comparing physiology (the functioning of structures and systems) comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids comparing behavioral patterns comparing embryonic development

comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids

Which term or phrase below can be referred to as a summary of Darwin's view of life? (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] adaptive evolution natural selection descent with modification differential success in reproduction inheritance of acquired characteristics

descent with modification

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which of the following? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium macroevolution

directional selection

A population of squirrels is preyed upon by small hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows. The larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. After several generations, the squirrels in the area tend to be very small or very large. What process is responsible for this outcome? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection balancing selection Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

disruptive selection

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] only the best-adapted organisms can survive advantageous changes can be passed along to offspring most evolution occurs rapidly following a mass extinction dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor all of the above

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor

Which type of mutation plays the most important role in increasing the number of genes in the gene pool? (Concept 23.2E-Book) [Hint] Mutations are so rare that there are no mutations that can have such an important effect. duplication point mutation rearrangement of gene loci changes in nucleotide sequence

duplication

The approach to evolution that involves the study of similar structures that appear during the development of different organisms is known as the study of _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] comparative physiology embryological homologies (comparative embryology) biogeography molecular biology cladistics

embryological homologies (comparative embryology)

Which one of the following is not a requirement for, nor a feature of, natural selection? (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] excess numbers of individuals variation in individuals heritable traits greater numbers of offspring from the better adapted environmentally induced acquisition of traits

environmentally induced acquisition of traits

The major addition of the modern synthesis to Darwin's theory is the idea that _____. (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] evolution is a change in a population's allelic frequencies within a population, some individuals leave more offspring than others sexual reproduction can rapidly spread advantageous traits human-made stresses, such as radiation and pollution, are the major selective forces in nature all of the above

evolution is a change in a population's allelic frequencies

A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] characteristics shared by all bird families evolutionary relationships among families families that look most alike analogous structures shared by various species relative ages of living species of birds

evolutionary relationships among families

Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____. (Concept 2.3E-Book) [Hint] are headed for extinction evolved from the same ancestor have increased genetic diversity by chance had similar mutations independently in the past are not related

evolved from the same ancestor

What is a term for structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function, such as honeycombed bones in earthbound and flying birds? (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint] vestigial organs exaptations sibling traits allometric traits homeotic traits

exaptations

Stabilizing selection _____. (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] favors intermediate variants in a population prevents mutations from occurring occurs when some individuals migrate to an area with different environmental conditions can take place only in species exhibiting sexual dimorphism occurs only in plants

favors intermediate variants in a population

A population of 15 birds inhabits a fairly new island. Ten of the birds are dark-brown and five of them are light brown. By chance, two of the dark brown birds and three of the light-brown birds die before producing any offspring. All of the birds in the next generation are dark brown. This change in phenotypic frequency can be attributed to _____. (Concept 23.3E-Book) [Hint] natural selection genetic drift gene flow disruptive selection a cline

genetic drift

At the time Darwin voyaged on HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species _____. (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] arose continually from nonliving materials by spontaneous generation had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before had evolved from now-extinct organisms arose from a single species that had survived the biblical flood are all related to one another

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

The major weakness of Darwin's theory (as it existed in 1859) was that it could not explain _____. (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] why species become extinct why different parts of the world have different plants and animals why vestigial structures exist how advantageous traits are passed to offspring none of the above

how advantageous traits are passed to offspring

Which of the following most accurately measures an organism's fitness? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] how strong the organism is when pitted against others of its species its mutation rate how many fertile offspring it produces its ability to withstand environmental extremes how much food it is able to make or obtain

how many fertile offspring it produces

Which of the following would seem to be an example of neutral variation? (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] homozygosity of the cheetah population polymorphism of the Galápagos finches founder effect human fingerprints moth coloration

human fingerprints

A new species can arise in a single generation _____. (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] through geographic isolation in a very large population spread over a large area if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier if allopatric speciation occurs if adaptive radiation occurs

if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier

A taxon _____. (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] is a formal grouping at any given level is a formal grouping in any level from phylum to species is a clade is a species of one type of organism at one level is comparable to another type of organism at the same level.

is a formal grouping at any given level

To describe evolution as a "theory" means that _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] it is an untested idea it is not factual it is a matter of opinion it is a model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence it can be considered dogma

it is a model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence

When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing flies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] mosquitoes that survive spraying develop an immunity to the insecticide many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics mosquitoes are deliberately adapting themselves to this man-made change in the environment the original spraying has caused a permanent mutation, giving the insects genetic resistance to the spray none of the above

many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics

Sometimes two phenotypically different populations interbreed to a limited extent, so that it is difficult to determine whether they are clearly separate species. This not a concern to scientists because this _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] is quite rare is true for almost every species supports the theory of punctuated equilibrium may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress happens only among plants, not among animals

may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress

Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of sibling species from copulating successfully? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] hybrid inviability hybrid sterility gametic isolation hybrid breakdown mechanical isolation

mechanical isolation

Sexual recombination includes the shuffling of chromosomes in _____ and fertilization. (Concept 23.2E-Book) [Hint] mitosis genetic drift natural selection mutation meiosis

meiosis

If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years—what type of nucleic acid should you compare? (Concept 25.4E-Book) [Hint] mRNA rRNA mtDNA tRNA miRNA

mtDNA

New alleles originate from _____. (Concept 23.2E-Book) [Hint] natural selection genetic drift sexual recombination the environment mutation

mutations

Which species concept defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] morphological species concept paleontological species concept ecological species concept phylogenetic species concept biological species concept

phylogenetic species concept

Goldfish and guppies are in the same class. Therefore, they must also be members of the same _____. (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] order phylum genus family species

phylum

Two worms in the same class must also be grouped in the same _____. (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] order phylum genus family species

phylum

Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery

pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar

In which of the following groups has sympatric speciation been most important? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] animals plants bacteria fungi protozoa

plants

Many researchers who study the kingdom Protista argue that all of these organisms should not be placed in the same kingdom, because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words, they argue that the kingdom Protista is _____. (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] polyphyletic paraphyletic monophyletic heterophyletic none of the above

polyphyletic

The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) _____. (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] species genotype individual population morph

population

According to the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory, which of the following is true? (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] Populations are the units of evolution. Only certain animal species participate in sexual reproduction. Evolution is independent of genetics. Segregation and independent assortment explain evolution of the individual, not the species. All of the above.

populations are the units of evolution

Prezygotic barriers _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] prevent fertilization of gametes from members of sibling species prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult prevent fertilization from occurring between members of the same species with incompatible genes prevent donkeys and horses from mating only occur in asexual organisms

prevent fertilization of gametes from members of sibling species

Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] prezygotic barrier ... behavioral isolation postzygotic ... hybrid breakdown prezygotic ... temporal isolation postzygotic ... mechanical isolation prezygotic ... gametic isolation

prezygotic barrier ... behavioral isolation

According to the theory of evolution, all of the different kinds of homologies—namely, anatomical, molecular, and embryological—should _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] be completely independent of each other produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness yield very different hierarchical patterns link all of the species currently present on Earth be understood to have come about by chance alone

produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness

The products of Hox genes _____. (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint] provide positional information in animal embryos may cause polyploidy in some plants control the rate of timing and developmental events can cause paedomorphosis control allometric growth

provide positional information in animal embryos

Vestigial organs are _____. (Concept 22.3E-Book) [Hint] evidence for Lamarck's theory of use and disuse remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors one piece of evidence that does not support the theory of evolution examples of anatomical imperfections such as the human knee homologies that can only be observed in embryos

remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors

Ultrametric trees can be used to _____. (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] estimate the amount of time since two groups diverged from a common ancestor represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor reflect the number of evolutionary changes that have taken place in a lineage reflect the rate of evolutionary change tie polyphyletic clades to a common ancestor

represent the chronological time that has passed since two groups diverged from a common ancestor

The biological species concept cannot be applied to organisms that _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] have similar phenotypes breed in different habitats reproduce only asexually reproduce only sexually all of the above

reproduce only asexually

Which one of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur? (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] reproductive isolation sympatric speciation adaptive radiation mass extinction interbreeding among neighboring populations

reproductive isolation

Paralogous genes _____. (Concept 25.4E-Book) [Hint] are passed from generation to generation in a straight line result from gene duplication can only diverge after speciation has taken place are responsible for the differences in beta hemoglobin in humans and mice cannot diverge in the same gene pool

result from gene duplication

Researchers can use molecular homologies to _____. (Concept 25.1E-Book) [Hint] estimate how long ago the common ancestor lived reveal the amount of mutations in a particular sequence that have occurred between the species since they diverged from a common ancestor hypothesize about the morphological structures of a common ancestor hypothesize about the behavior of a common ancestor all of the above

reveal the amount of mutations in a particular sequence that have occurred between the species since they diverged from a common ancestor

Which of the following factors is not an important part of natural selection? (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] limited environmental resources unequal reproduction with individuals best meeting environmental demands having the most success heritable variation selective breeding of domestic plants and animals individuals better adapted to an environment being more likely to survive

selective breeding of domestic plants and animals

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on HMS Beagle, _____. (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] the idea that animals and plants might change over time was absent from Western science several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change the idea of evolution was widely accepted because it could fit in to the biblical story of creation the idea of evolution was widely accepted by scientists, but Darwin's great impact was to popularize it for the layperson none of the above

several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change

Selection that acts over evolutionary time to preserve traits that increase an individual's ability to mate is known as _____. (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] directional selection disruptive selection stabilizing selection sexual selection balancing selection

sexual selection

Which of the following conditions is not required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] a large population no migration of alleles in or out of the population no mutations altering the gene pool sexual selection random mating

sexual selection

All the members of which one of the following groups have the greatest number of characteristics in common? (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] class genus kingdom phylum species

species

The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its _____. (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] order and family body plan and habitat species and genus family and species evolutionary history

species and genus

The _____ suggests that differential speciation plays a role in _____ similar to the role of differential reproduction in _____. (Concept 24.3E-Book) [Hint] theory of "evo-devo" ... macroevolution ... microevolution theory of adaptive radiation ... microevolution ... macroevolution species selection model ... microevolution ... macroevolution theory of "evo-devo" ... microevolution ... macroevolution species selection model ... macroevolution .... microevolution

species selection model ... macroevolution .... microevolution

Birds with average-size wings survived a severe storm more successfully than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. If severe storms occur regularly, then over time, one should expect these storms to bring about _____. (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] the bottleneck effect stabilizing selection artificial selection gene flow disruptive selection

stabilizing selection

For several years, scientists have warned doctors of the danger of overprescribing antibiotics such as penicillin. Scientists are concerned because _____. (Concept 23.4E-Book) [Hint] humans will become tolerant to the effects of drugs the organisms that produce many of the antibiotics are overexploited and could become extinct strains of microorganisms that are resistant to these drugs will be selected for the drugs will be metabolized more quickly by our bodies, decreasing their effectiveness none of these

strains of microorganisms that are resistant to these drugs will be selected for

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] live in the same areas successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring are almost identical in appearance are merging to form a single species have undergone coevolution

successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

The analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relatedness of both extant and extinct organisms is called _____. (Overview E-Book) [Hint] systematics evolution taxonomy binomial nomenclature phylogeny

systematics

Carolus Linneaus is considered to be the founder of _____ and _____. (Concept 22.1E-Book) [Hint] paleontology ... believed in catastrophism gradualism...believed the same geographic forces are operating today that occurred in the past the binomial system of naming organisms...named organisms according to their family and genus evolution...first proposed that acquired characteristics are inherited taxonomy...thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

taxonomy...thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of _____. (Concept 24.1E-Book) [Hint] temporal isolation gametic isolation mechanical isolation hybrid breakdown ecological isolation

temporal isolation

There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this? (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] temporal isolation gametic isolation mechanical isolation hybrid inviability a geographic barrier

temporal isolationr

What is the focus of the branch of biology called taxonomy? (Concept 25.2E-Book) [Hint] evolution the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences genetics the history of the field of biology the environment

the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences

In natural selection, _____ determines which phenotypes are successful. (Concept 22.2E-Book) [Hint] chance the environment sample size genetic drift human intervention

the enviroment

Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the least useful for this purpose? (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] descriptions of various types of limbs (wings, legs, flippers, etc.) the fact that all mammals have hair data about skull bones the fact that teeth vary among types of mammals DNA base sequences

the fact that all mammals have hair

In the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, p2 represents _____. (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] the total alleles in the gene pool the frequency of heterozygous dominants in the gene pool the frequency of homozygous recessives in the gene pool all of the possible phenotypes in the gene pool the frequency of homozygous dominants in the gene pool

the frequency of homozygous dominants in the gene pool

In a large population of randomly breeding organisms, the frequency of a recessive allele is initially 0.3. There is no migration and no selection. Humans enter this ecosystem and selectively hunt individuals showing the dominant trait. When the gene frequency is reexamined at the end of the year, _____. (Concept 23.1E-Book) [Hint] the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go up, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will remain the same the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will remain the same, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go up the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go up, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go down the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go up, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go up the frequency of the individuals who express the dominant phenotype will go down and the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals will go up

the frequency of the individuals who express the dominant phenotype will go down and the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals will go up

According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution _____. (Concept 24.2E-Book) [Hint] the tempo of evolution comprises abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium isolated species changing over a few thousand generations represent graduated equilibrium, not punctuated equilibrium polyploidy is not a mechanism of punctuated equilibrium Fossils of organisms that existed during periods of stasis should be as abundant as those of organisms that existed during periods of rapid change. none of the above

the tempo of evolution comprises abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium

"Distance" methods and "character-state" methods are _____. (Concept 25.3E-Book) [Hint] used to construct trees that are the most parsimonious used to construct trees that are the most likely used to minimize the total of all the percent differences among all the DNA sequences being compared unable to be used to build trees for large data sets used to construct DNA trees that are both parsimonious and likely

used to construct DNA trees that are both parsimonious and likely