AP Bio FRQ

8. (c) How does the function and structure of the chromosome differ in prokaryotes?

• Shape is circular • Less complex

2. (a) Identify ONE nonvertebrae organism that digests food intracellularly and describe the process. Identify ONE nonvertebrae organism that digests food extracellularly and describe the process.

• Protozoa have intracellular ingestion and break down food inside the cell • Fungi have extracellular digestion and break down food outside the organism

9. (a) Explain how a single base-pair mutant in DNA can alter the structure and, in some cases, the function of a protein.

• May result in frameshift mutation which leads to different proteins produced.

9. (b) Describe how the frequency of an allele coding for a mutant protein may increase in a population over time.

• Natural selection

1. (a) Identify FOUR organelles that should be present in the eukaryotic organism and describe the function of each organelle.

• Nucleus is the site of RNA synthesis and contains DNA • Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis • Rough ER synthesizes proteins • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids

1. (c) Describe THREE observations that support the endosymbiotic theory.

The endosymbiotic theory states that prokaryotic cells have been engulfed by and are living within ancestral eukaryotes. • Mitochondria contain their own DNA and self replicate • Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and can self-replicate

2. (b) Describe TWO structural features of the human stomach and/or small intestine. For each, explain how the structure relates to the function.

• Stomach lining has mucus layer for protection from acid damage • Stomach-shape is saclike for food storage

3. (a) Calculate the rate of the reaction for the time period 0 to 30 minutes.

• 30/10.4 = 0.34 µM/min

3. (d) Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of an enzyme-mediated reaction. Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an enzyme.

• As temperature increases, rate increases • As pH increases, rate increases • High temperature/pH causes denaturation

7. (b) Using your knowledge of enzymes and the data above, analyze and explain the results of this experiment.

• As temperature increases, rate of reaction increases until it reaches optimum temperature. After it reaches optimum temperature it begins to denature.

8. (a) Describe the structure and function of the parts in a eukaryotic chromosome. You may wish to include a diagram as part of your description.

• Chromatids have identical DNA for equal distribution to each new cell • Chromatin are condensed for proper distribution in cell division

10. (b) Contrast one of the following activities in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: a. Replication of DNA b. Transcription or translation c. Gene regulation d. Cell division

a. Prokaryotes begin DNA replication at a single origin. Eukaryotes begin DNA replication at multiple origins.

6. (a) Enzyme structure/catalysis

• 3D shape of enzyme and substrate are required due to induced fit

5. (b) State a hypothesis that could be tested to address the question you posed in part (a).

• Alcohol consumption increases urine output in rats.

5. (c) Using the data in the table, describe the effect of ethyl alcohol on urine production.

• Alcohol increases urine output.

8. (b) Describe the adaptive (evolutionary) significance of organizing genes into chromosomes.

• Allows for genetic variation by independent assortment and crossing over

3. (c) Draw and label another line on the graph to predict the results if the concentration of α-amylase was doubled. Explain your predicted results.

• Draw line with doubled concentration as original line • More product is formed at each time point because twice as much enzyme is present

5. (a) Pose ONE scientific question that the researchers were most likely investigating with the experiment.

• How does alcohol consumption affect urine output in rats?

6. (b) mRNA structure/protein synthesis

• Linear sequence of RNA nucleotide allows it to be read as codons

1. (b) For THREE of the organelles identified in part (a), explain how prokaryotic cells carry out the associated functions.

• Nucleus is the site of RNA synthesis in the cytosol and contains DNA • Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis • Rough ER synthesizes proteins in cytosol • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids in cytosol

7. (a) Determine the optimum temperature for respiration the yeast.

• Optimum temperature = 30°C

6. (d) Membrane protein structure/active transport or facilitated diffusion

• Phospholipid bilayer blocks some solutes from passing without assistance

4. (b) Identify and organism that carries out both processes.

• Plants do both.

10. (a) Discuss the organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

• Prokaryotes' are circular and are not in the nucleus. Eukaryotes' are linear and are in the nucleus.

3. (b) Explain why a change in the reaction rate was observed after 30 minutes.

• Reaction rate slows because substrate concentration declines (substrate is used)

2. (c) Describe TWO plant structures and explain how each structure is utilized in nutrient uptake.

• Roots are branched to increase surface area for absorption • Leaf have stomata for CO2 uptake

4. (a) Identify the key motabolic process for step I and the key metabollic process for step II, and briefly explain how each process promotes movement of carbon through the cycle. For each process, your explanation should focus on the role of energy in the movement of carbon.

• Step I is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses light energy or ATP from light reactions to produce organic molecules. • Step II is cell respiration. Cell respiration uses energy for cellular processes and breaks down organic molecules and releases CO2.

7. (c) Design an experiment to test the effect of varying the pH of the sugar solution on the rate of respiration. Include a prediction of the expected results.

• pH from most acidic to basic is tested on the yeast. CO2 is used to measure rate of respiration • Experimental group is yeast with varying amounts of pH • Control group is yeast with neutral pH • Independent variable is pH • Dependent variable is rate of respiration