AP Bio Multiple Choice/FRQ Corrections

52. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is important in maintaining homeostasis in mammals. ADH is released from the hypothalamus in response to high tissue osmolarity. In response to ADH, the collecting duct and distal tubule in the kidney become more permeable to water, which increases water reabsorption into the capillaries. The amount of hormone released is controlled by a negative feedback loop. Based on the model presented, which of the following statements expresses the proper relationship between osmolarity, ADH release, and urine production? (A) As tissue osmolarity rises, more ADH is released, causing less water to be excreted as urine. (B) As tissue osmolarity rises, less ADH is released, causing less water to be excreted as urine. (C) As tissue osmolarity rises, more ADH is released, causing more water to be excreted as urine. (D) As tissue osmolarity rises, less ADH is released, causing more water to be excreted as urine.

(A) As tissue osmolarity rises, more ADH is released, causing less water to be excreted as urine.

9. In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed transformation experiments using live, harmless bacteria and extracts from virulent bacteria treated with various enzymes. Which of the following enzymes were used and why? (A) Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors (B) Lipase (an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of lipids) to rule out lipoproteins as the transforming factor (C) Kinase (an enzyme that facilitates transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule) to show that transformation is phosphorylation dependent (D) ATPase to show that transformation is not dependent on ATP

(A) Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors

50. The restriction endonuclease MstII recognizes the sequence 5′CCT(N)AG (where N = any nucleotide) and cuts DNA at that site, producing separate fragments. Which of the following best explains the banding patterns exhibited in Figure 4? (A) The HbA DNA contains a recognition site for the MstII restriction enzyme. (B) The HbA/HbS DNA contains three recognition sites for the MstII restriction endonuclease. (C) Individual I has only one copy of the hemoglobin gene; therefore there is only one band on the gel. (D) The HbS/HbA DNA contains three different alleles for sickle-cell disease.

(A) The HbA DNA contains a recognition site for the MstII restriction enzyme.

20. The divergence between the two populations of Rhagoletis must have occurred very rapidly because (A) the apple tree was imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago (B) flies were imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago (C) long-distance rail transport of fruit increased only after the American Civil War (1861-1865) (D) heavy use of gunpowder during the American Civil War (1861-1865) led to increased mutation rates in many natural populations of plants and animals

(A) the apple tree was imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago

13. If the experiment was continued for an additional 500 days, the population density of T. castaneum with the parasite would most likely stabilize at a value closest to which of the following? (A) 5 beetles/culture dish (B) 10 beetles/culture dish (C) 20 beetles/culture dish (D) 25 beetles/culture dish

(B) 10 beetles/culture dish

5. Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle? (A) How does chlorophyll capture light? (B) How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates? (C) How is NADP+ reduced to NADPH? (D) How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?

(B) How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

51. Possessing a single copy of the HbS allele has been shown to provide some resistance to infection by Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria. Which of the following individuals represented in the pedigree would have the greatest selective advantage in an area where malaria is common? (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) V

(B) II

21. Initially, which of the following isolating mechanisms is likely to have been the most important in preventing gene flow between the two populations of Rhagoletis? (A) Gamete incompatibility (B) Temporal isolation (C) Mechanical isolation (D) Reduced hybrid viability

(B) Temporal isolation

2. Thrips are insects that feed on rose pollen. Scientists noted that the thrips population increased in the spring and decreased dramatically during the summer. The researchers hypothesized that food abundance was the limiting factor for the population. Which of the following types of data would be most useful for the scientists to collect at regular intervals on a designated test plot of rose plants? (A) Amount of sunlight (hours/day) (B) Mean temperature (C) Density of rose pollen produced (g/m2) (D) Amount of pollen produced by each flower (g/flower)

(C) Density of rose pollen produced (g/m2)

22. Matings between individuals from the two populations of Rhagoletis produce hybrid flies that appear to be healthy and have normal life spans. The eggs laid by these hybrid flies, however, hatch less often than those of flies from either of the two populations. What isolating mechanism seems to be important in this hybrid population? (A) Prezygotic isolation (B) Mechanical isolation (C) Reduced hybrid fertility (D) Habitat isolation

(C) Reduced hybrid fertility

43. If an additional sample containing the chloroplast/DCPIP solution was placed at a distance of 90 cm from the lamp, which of the following predictions would be most consistent with the experimental results? (A) The concentration of DCPIP in the solution will increase exponentially. (B) The absorbance at 60 minutes will be roughly equal to 1.4. (C) The change in absorbance over time in the solution will be less than that of the other samples. (D) The temperature of the solution will exceed 75°C.

(C) The change in absorbance over time in the solution will be less than that of the other samples.

30. Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the results of the experiment? (A) Rabbit mRNA is composed of nucleotides that are absent from frog mRNA. (B) A larger volume of blood circulates through a rabbit than through a frog. (C) The subunits of hemoglobin differ in size, shape, or charge. (D) Synthesis of b-hemoglobin occurs at a faster rate in muscle cells than in other body cells.

(C) The subunits of hemoglobin differ in size, shape, or charge.

37. In the Arctic Ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton, which in turn are eaten by codfish. In years when there is more open water (less ice coverage), there are more zooplankton and fish than in years with less open water (more ice coverage). The difference is most likely because (A) when there is less open water, light is blocked from the zooplankton, so they cannot produce as much food for the fish (B) when there is more open water, the temperature is warmer, so the zooplankton and fish populations increase in size (C) the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton (D) the ice increases the light available for photosynthesis, so primary production increases and zooplankton populations increase in size

(C) the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton

10. Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture dish the greatest? (A)T. confusum with parasite at 500 days (B)T. confusum without parasite at 300 days (C)T. castaneum with parasite at 100 days (D)T. castaneum with parasite at 600 days

(C)T. castaneum with parasite at 100 days

33. A student in a biology class crossed a male Drosophila melanogaster having a gray body and long wings with a female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings. The following distribution of traits was observed in the offspring. (Phenotype, Number of Offspring) Gray body, long wings 42 Black body, apterous wings 41 Gray body, apterous wings 9 Black body, long wings 8 Which of the following is supported by the data? (A) The alleles for gray body and long wings are dominant. (B) The alleles for gray body and long wings are recessive. (C) Genes for the two traits are located on two different chromosomes, and independent assortment occurred. (D) Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing over occurred between the two gene loci.

(D) Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing over occurred between the two gene loci.

27. The observation that the rabbit mRNA was successfully translated in the frog tissues supports which of the following conclusions? (A) Frog cells are able to replace their own hemoglobin with rabbit hemoglobin. (B) Undeveloped frog eggs can be induced to form genetically identical copies of a rabbit. (C) Rabbit hemoglobin can induce an immune response in frogs. (D) Rabbits and frogs share a common genetic code for expressing heritable information.

(D) Rabbits and frogs share a common genetic code for expressing heritable information.

49. The HbS allele, which causes sickle-cell disease, results from a mutation in the DNA sequence shown in Figure 2 that produces a valine (val) in the place of a glutamic acid (glu) residue in the hemoglobin protein. Which of the following mRNA sequences is derived from the HbS allele? (A)5′GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC TTC AGA 3′ (B)5′UCU GAA GAG GAA UCC UCA GUC 3′ (C)5′AGA CTT CTC CTC AGG AGT CAG 3′ (D)5′CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG UCU 3′

(D)5′CUG ACU CCU GUG GAG AAG UCU 3′

24. A certain species of plant has four unlinked genetic loci, W, X, Y, and Z. Each genetic locus has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. For a plant with the genotype WwXxYyZz, what is the probability that the plant will produce a gamete with a haploid genotype of Wxyz? Give your answer as a fraction or as a value between 0 and 1, to four decimal places.

.5 (.5)(.5)(.5) =.0625

How much carbon (in g/m2) is released into the atmosphere as a result of metabolic activity of herbivores? Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

60 g/m2

Arctic Foxes typically have a white coat in the winter. In summer, when there is no snow on the ground, the foxes typically have a darker coat. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the seasonal change in coat color? A) The decrease in the amount of daylight in winter causes a change in gene expression, which results in the foxes growing a lighter appearing coat. B) The diet of foxes in summer lacks a nutrient that causes the foxes to lose their white coat and grow a darker one.

A) The decrease in the amount of daylight in winter causes a change in gene expression, which results in the foxes growing a lighter appearing coat.

125. The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an allosterically regulated enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction. Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP Æ Fructose1,6 bisphosphate + ADP The graph below shows that at certain concentrations ATP inhibits the enzyme, whereas AMP activates it. According to the information presented in the graph, when the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate is 0.5 mM, how many times more active is PFK in cells with 1 mM ATP + 0.1 mM AMP than in cells with 5 mM ATP? Express your answer to the nearest whole number.

Any value from 10 to 15, inclusive, or Any value from 10/1 to 15/1, inclusive

122. Based on the data shown, calculate the average rate of increase in oxygen consumption for animals acclimated to 5C as the temperature increases from 10°C to 30°C. Give the answer in mL O2/g/h/°C to the nearest tenth.

Any value from 5.0 to 5.5, inclusive, or Any value from 5/1 to 55/10, inclusive

8. A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community. Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity?

Negative Sloped Graph