AP BIO REVIEW SECOND SET
Which of the following shoes the correct changes in thermodynamic properties for a chemical reaction in which amino acids are inked to form a protein?
+⌂H,-⌂S,+⌂G
__A__I_B_II_________C__________ The segment of DNA shown has restriction sites I and II, which create restriction fragments A, B, and C. Which of the gels produced by electrophoresis shown below would represent the separation and identity of these fragments?
-C________________A___B+
The probabilitiy that four coins will come up heads when flipped simultaneously is
1/16
In a dihybrid cross, the expected propotion of offspring showing both receesive traits is
1/16.
A woman has six sons. The chance that her next child will be a daughter is
1/2
Albinism is cause dby a recessive autosomal allele. A man and woman, both normal pigmented, have an albino child together. The couple decides to have a second child. What is the probability that this child will be albino?
1/4
In a cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?
1/64
One liter of a solution pH 9 has how many more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than 1L of a solution of pH4?
100,000 times more
How many grams of the compound in Figure 3.2 would be required to make 2.5 L of a 1M solution? (Carbon=12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1)
150
How many different combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n=8)?
16
Two true-breeding stocks of garden peas are crossed. One parent had red, acial flowers and hte other had white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals had red, axial flowers. If 1,000 F2 offspring results from the orss, how many of them would you expect to havve red, terminal flowers? (Assume independent assortment.)
190
Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of this lake?
1x10^-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water
What is the probability that individual C-1 is Ww?
2/4
Approximately how many kg of carnivore production cna be supported by a field plot containing 2000 kg of plant material??
20
A couple who are both carriers of the gene for cystic fibrosis have two children who have cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will have cystic fibrosis?
25%
What is the approxiimate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons, and 15 electrons?
31 daltons
At what temperature is water at its densest?
4C
To measure the population density of monarch butterflies occupying a particular park, 100 butterflies are captured, marked with a small dot on a wing, and then released. The next day, another 100 butterflies are captured, including the recapture of 20 marked butterflies. ONe would estimate the popultion to be
500
How many molecules of glucose (C6H12O6 molecular mass=180daltons) would be present in one mole of glucose?
6.02x10^23
How many grams of hte molecule in FIgure 3.2 would be equal to 1 mol of the molecule (Carbon=12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1)
60
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
8
For a couple of decade, biologists knew the nucleus contained DNa and proteins.The prevailing opinion was that proteins were the genetic material and not DNA. THe reaon for this belief was that proteins were more complex tan DNA. This is because
A and C only are correct.
The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome: A__5__W__3__E___12___G Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?
A and G
WHich of the following is true of a species that has a chromosoe number of 2n=16?
A gamete from this species has 8 chromosomes.
In analzying the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base-pairing rules?
A+G=T+C
How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species?
A, B, and C are correct. (by allowin g independent assortment of chromosomes, by allowing random fertilization, and by allowing crossing over)
Animal communication involves what type of sensory information?
A,B,and C
How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
Add a catalyst.
It is theoretically possible for a gee from any organism to function in any other organism. Why is this possible?
All organisms have the same genetic code.
*DNA profiles chart shown* Which of the following statements is consistent with the results?
C is the child of A and B
All of the following are directly involved in translation except
DNA
seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA
DNA ligase
Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?
DNA ligase- enzymes that cuts DNA, creating the sticky ends of restriction fragments
Which of the following statements best summarizes the structual differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.
What enzyme catalyzed the elongation of a new DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells?
DNA-->RNA-->proteins
The molar mass of glucose (C6H12o6) is 180 g/mol. WHich of the following procedures should you carry out to make 0.5 M solution of glucose?
Dissolve 90g of glucose in a small volume of water, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1L.
Which of the follwoing is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Elephants are not the most common species in Aftrican grasslands.....Which of the fololowing describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?
Essentially all of the other species depend on the presence of the elephants to maintain the community
Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
A population is correctrly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabiting the same general area II. individuals belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion
I and II only
Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendour variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common?
II,III, and IV (meiosis, fertilization, gametes)
Which population appears to be stable?
IIIIIII III IIIIIII
How are matter and energy used in ecosystems?
Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not
How is habitat fragmentation related ot biodiversity loss?
Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and thus, more susceptible to extinction
One of the following people set up a closed system to mimic Earth's early atmosphere and discharged electrical sparks through it. A variety of organic compounds common in organisms were formed. Who did this?
Stanley Miller
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct?
The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site
For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis?
The reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatt acids with the utilization of water
Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
The reaction proceed with a net release of energy.
Which of the following cuases Earth's season
The tilt of Earth's axis
What do pseudogenes and introns have in common?
They are not expressed, nor do they code for functional proteins.
Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
They are steroids, which are not soluble in water.
Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways?
They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to hich they supply energy in the form of ATP.
Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis?
They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
How does inefficiet transfer of energy among trohpic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top predators?
Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed
What was the most significant result Gegor Mendel drew from his experiment with pea plants?
Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are no the results of "blending"
What is the genotype of individual D-3?
Ww only
*spiral bond* The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the
a (alpha) helix secondary structure of a polypeptide
What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?
a chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.
If a chromosome lacks certain genes, what has most likely occurred?
a deletion
What is a karyotype?
a display of homologous chromosomes of a cell organized in relation to their number, size, and type
Which of the following is the term for a human cell that contains 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes?
a female somatic cell
WHich of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules
Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?
a non-venomous snake that looks like a venomous snake
A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called
a pheromone
*picture of circular enzyme* Which enzyme was used to produce the molecule in Figure 20.1?
a restriction enzyme
IN the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits attack from another male by funcitoning as
a sign stimulus
Plasmids are important in biotechnology because they are
a vehicle for the insertion of recombinant DNA into bacteria
Which marine zone would have the lowest rates of priomary productivity (photosynthesis)?
abyssal
Reactants capable of interactingto form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
activation energy
The three basic variables htat make up the life history of an organism are
age when reproduction begins, how often reproduciton occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode
Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?
all of the above- (secondar, primary, quaternary, tertiary)
A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
amino
According to the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened on is that
an endangered species is closer to extinction
Research indicates that Ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecuels that
are mirror images of one another.
Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomer, or molecules that
are mirrorimages of one another
Each element is unique and different from other elements because of the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. Which of the following indicates the number of protons in an atom's nucleus?
atomic number
Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of hte monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in
breaking hte bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water
How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enxyme reaction?
by changing the shape of an enzyme
The type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate when they hear bells is called
classical conditioning
Wht is the genetic function of restriction enzyme?
cleaves nucleic acids at specific sites
Probably the most importnat factor(s) affecting the distribution of biomes is(are)
climate
The most common kind of dispersion in nature is
clumped
The compacted chromosomes observed in mitosis are due to
coiling, looping, and folding of DNA
The anticodon ofa particular tRNA molecule is
complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon
If th pH of a solution is increased from pH5 to pH7, it means that the
concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH5.
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?
covalent
Genetic recombinants are produced by
crossing over and independent assortment.
Recombinant chromosomes are the result of
crossing-over.
What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
dehydration reactions
The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape. What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bonds?
denaturation
deserts typically occur in a band at 30 degrees north and south latitude because
descending air masses tend to be cool and dry
A cross between homozygour purple-flowered and homoezygous white-flowered pea plants reults in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates
dominance.
Which of the following is a density-indpendent factor limiting human population growth?
earthquakes
Which of the foollowing levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?
ecosystem, community, population, individual
*free energy A+B-->C+D graph* Which of the following terms best describes the reaction?
exergonic
Bacteria containing recombinant plasmids are often identified by which process?
exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills the cells lacking the plasmid
Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to
expressing difference genes
In animal, somatic cells result from mitosis and ____ result from meiosis.
gametes
Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]?
gastric juice at pH 2
separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge
gel electrophoresis
produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a gene product
gene cloning
The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that
genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes
Which of the following is the most direct threat to biodiversity?
habitat destruction
Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information is called
habituation
What enzyme catalyzes the unwinding of a DNA double helix?
helicase
Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others?
heterotrophs
natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between
high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
In a nucleosome, what is the DNA wrapped around
histones
Albinism is cause dby a recessive autosomal allele. A man and woman, both normal pigmented, have an albino child together. For this trait, what is the genotype of the albino child?
homozygous recessive
What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?
hydrogen bonding between base pairs
What gives rise to the cohesiveness of water molecules?
hydrogen bonds
Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix and hte beta pleated sheet structures of proteins?
hydrogen bonds
A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called
imprinting
A 0.1% frequestcy of recombination is observed
in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome.
All of the following are found in prokarotic messenger RNA except
introns
ONe possible result of chromosome breakage can be that a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in a reverse orientation. This is called
inversion
The active site of an enzyme is the region that
is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.
If we say a species is endemi to a certain area, we mean that
it is found only in one particular area of the world
Which of the following describes having more than one reproductive episode during a lifetime?
iteroparous
DNA has two functions: it can self-replicate and it can make non-DNA molecules. DNA is capable of these because
its nucleotides will form base pairs with both ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides.
Sow bugs become more active in dry areaas and less active in humid areas. This is an example of
kinesis
Wirulent phases undergo a(n) _____life cycle, whereas temperate phages are capable of undergoing a(n) _____cycle.
lytic; lysogenic
THe polymerase chain reaction is important because it allows us to
make many copies of a targeted segment of DNA.
What is the most common source of genetic diversity in a bacterial colony?
mutation
Which of the following terms best describes the interaction between termites and protozoans that feed in their gut?
mutualism
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same
niche
Crossing over usually contributes to genetic variation by exchanging chromosomal segments between
nonsister chromatids of homologues
The species richness of a community refers to the
number of different species
How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other?
number of neutrons
The restriction enzyme used in constructing hybrid molecules of certain gene sequences and plasmid DNA acts by
opening DNA molecules at specific sies, leaving sticky ends exposed.
Phytoplankton is most frequently found in which of the following zones?
photic
Which of the following are important iotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of bioloical communities?
predation, competition
To recycle nutrients, th minimum an ecosystem must have is
producers and decomposers
A part of an mRNA molecule iwth the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5'CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA) The following activated trasfer RNA molecules are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form., THe dipeptide that will from will be
proline-threonine.
Coss0over occurs during which phase of meiosis?
prophase I
The frequency of crossing over between any two linked genes is
proportional to the distance between them.
The mass number of an element can be easily approximated by adding together the number of __ in an atom of that element.
protons and neutrons
You are most likely to observe primary succession in a terrestrial community when you visit a(n)
recently created volcanic island
enables one to create complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA; results in a smaller gene product (RNA processed; no introns) that is more easily translated by bacteria
reverse transcriptase
How does phosphorusnormally enter ecosystems?
rock weathering
Tropical grasslands with scattered trees are also known as
savannas
Which curve best describes survivorship in songbirds?
straight line
Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between
sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches
What is an anticodon part of?
tRNA
The reason that linked genes are inherited together is
that they are located on the same chromosome.
What is a genome?
the complete complement of an organism's genes
Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7.THis means that
the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water
Carrying capacity is
the maximim population size that a particular environment can support.
Agricultural lands frequently require nutritional supplementation because
the nutrients that enter the plants are not returned to the soil on lands where they are harvested
Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because
the rate of extinction is unually high
Demography is the study of
the vital statistics of populations and hw that change over time
Introns are significant to biological evolution because
their presence increases the frequency of recombination.
Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in developed nations?
top curve
The alteration of a cell's genotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from surrounding environments is called
transformation
One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. This is called
translocation
One difference between carbon-12 (12,6 C) and carbon-14 (14,6 C) is that carbon-14 has
two more neutrons than carbon-12.
WHich of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry?
two species of unpalatable butterfly tha have the same color pattern
*pedigree* What is the genotype of individual B-5?
ww only
Which population is in the process of decreasing?
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