AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 3 - The hiroshi

Vacuole

A space in the cytoplasm of a cell that contains fluid

Ribosome

An organelle in the cytoplasm that contains RNA; serves as the site of protein synthesis

Prokaryotes have membrane bound nucleus, chromosomes grouped together in an area called the nucleus. True or False?

False

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once or more than one or not at all for each group. 3. Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? I. Ribosomes II. Mitochondria III. Chloroplasts

II and III only

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

Ribosomes

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of 3μm. The human egg cell has a radius of 100μm.Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio

Muscle cells have high ATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different that it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATP to be synthesized.

The table below provides a comparison of nitrogenous waste production in selected organisms. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?

The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid.

Which organelle is found in animal and protist cells and uses hydrolytic enzymes to digest substances?

lysosome

Researchers propose a model to explain variation in phytoplankton cell sizes in a marine environment. They base their model on the idea that smaller cells absorb nutrients more efficiently. The researchers predict that the mean diameter of phytoplankton cells will change by 50 micrometers for every 5-kilometer increase in distance from the shore because of a gradual decrease in nutrient availability. To test their model, the researchers determine that the phytoplankton cells found closest to shore have a mean diameter of 900 micrometers. Based on the model, what will be the mean diameter of the phytoplankton cells that are found 25 kilometers from shore?

650 micrometers

Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membrane-enclosed spaces connected with the nuclear membrane; transports materials through the cell

Which of the following cells would most likely have the greatest concentration of densely packed rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A pancreatic cell engaged in the production of digestive enzymes

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. What is the most likely identity of protein X ?

An enzyme that participates in the degradation and recycling of cell components

The last part of the metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog results in the disappearance of the tail. This stage of development most likely occurs by:

Cells of the tail dying and the nutrients being absorbed and reused by the body.

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once or more than one or not at all for each group. 1. Site of Glucose synthesis.

Chloroplast

Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

the figure above shows a series of microscope images taken over time of ovalbumin production in chick oviduct cells in response to stimulation with estrogen. The ovalbumin protein was detected using a fluorescent dye as shown by the white areas in the time-lapses sequence. The microscope images indicate that ovalbumin

Crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as it is translated, then moves to the Golgi apparatus, then to vesicles from which it is secreted

For the following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?

Endoplasmic Reticulum --> Golgi Apparatus --> lysosomes

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins.

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.

For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. The same procedure was repeated with a second protein (protein Y). If the function of Y is protein processing and packaging, the most radioactivity would be found in the

Golgi apparatus

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continue to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi complex

Cristae

Inward folds of the mitochondrial membrane

Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules.

Lysosomes

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?

Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once or more than once or not at all for each group. 2. Site of conversation of chemical energy of glucose to ATP

Mitochondrian

The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?

Mitochondrian

The presence of which of the following cell structures would tell him that the cell is eukaryotic? (A)DNA (B)Ribosomes (C)Nucleus

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

This group of questions refers to the following groups of biological compounds. (A) Proteins (B) Carbohydrates (C) Nucleic acids (D) Lipids (E) Steroids Synthesized at the ribosome:

Proteins

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

Rough ERER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ERER cannot.

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?

Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes

The Golgi Apparatus

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?

The Golgi Apparatus

Researches have proposed a model of the process by which a newly synthesized protein is transported to the plasma membrane and secreted into the extracellular space. The model is represented in Figure 1 (a model of the intercellular transport of a newly synthesized secreted protein). Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?

The Golgi Complex

In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?

The cuboidal cell

which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?

They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

They have highly folded membranes

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describe a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic function?

They have highly folded membranes.

The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows(Rough ER - Golgi Apparatus - Vesicle) work together?

To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell.

Endosymbiosis theory: organelles derived from ancient colonization of large bacteria. True or False?

True

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts

contain their own unique DNA that are different than the cells

If organisms need to get and use energy as a life function, which cell organelle would be most involved with this process? (A)mitochondria (B)cytoplasm (C)nucleus

mitochondria

The organelle that is a major producer of ATP and is found in both heterotrophs and autotrophs is the

mitochondrion