AP Biology Chapters 3 Terms and Review

7) Unlike saturated fats, all unsaturated fats are beneficial to health because their fatty acid tails kink and do not pack together. a) True b) False

b) False

8) Steroids are among the lipids with no________. a) double bonds c) hydrogens b) fatty acid tails d) carbons

b) fatty acid tails

4) _____________ is a simple sugar (a monosaccharide) a) Glucose d) Starch b) Sucrose e) both a and c c) Ribose f) a, b, and c

e) both a and c: Glucose and Ribose

9) Which of the following is a class of molecules that encompasses all of the other molecules listed? a) triglycerides c) waxes e) lipids b) fatty acids d) steroids f) phospholipids

e) lipids

2) Each carbon atom can share pairs of electrons with as many as __________ other atom(s).

4

Peptide bond

A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in proteins.

Hydrocarbon

A compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Triglyceride

A fat with three fatty acid tails

Saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Functional group

A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule.

Amino acids

A small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom.

Wax

A water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings

Metabolism

All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules

Prion

An infectious protein

Polypeptide

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Enzymes

Compounds (usually proteins) that speed up a reactions without being changed by it; a type of catalyst

Organic

Describes a compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Lipid blayer

Double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes.

Lipid

Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound; one of the main organic compounds.

Fat

Lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acids.

Phospholipids

Lipids with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty avid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes.

Carbohydrates

Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio; one of the main organic compounds.

Monomers

Molecules that are subunits of polymers.

Polymers

Molecules that consist of multiple monomers.

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids; has five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate groups; one of the main organic compounds.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Nucleotide that consists of adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.

What are the four major biochemistry molecules?

Nucleotides; Lipids; Carbohydrates; Proteins

Fatty acid

Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated tupes has on or more double bonds.

Protein

Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides); one of the main organic compounds.

Polysaccharide

Polymer of many monosaccharides, such as glycogen and starch

Disaccharide

Polymer of two sugar subunits, such as lactose or sucrose

Glycogen

Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells

Starch

Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in plant cells

Cellulose

Polysaccharide; major structural material in plants; made of long, straight chains of glucose monomers.

Hydrolysis

Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other.

Condensation

Process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms.

Reaction

Process of molecular change.

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides, such as glucose or fructose

Nucleic acid

Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds; for example, DNA or RNA

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Some types have roles in protein synthesis.

13) Which of the following is not found in DNA? a) amino acids c) nucleotides b) sugars d) phosphate groups

a) amino acids. DNA is an example of nucleotides that is made of phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugars, and a nitrogen base.

Denature

To unravel the shape of a biological molecule

Steroid

Type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.

14) In the following list, identify the carbohydrate, the fatty acid, the amino acid, and the polypeptide. a) NH2--CHR--COOH c) (methionine)29 b) C6H12O6 d) CH3(CH2)16COOH

a) Amino acid b) Carbohydrate (glucose) c) Polypeptide d) Fatty Acid

3) ______________ groups impart polarity to alcohols. a) Hydroxyl (---OH^-1) c) Methyl (---CH3) b) Phosphate (---PO4) d) Sulfhydryl (---SH)

a) Hydroxyl

15) Match the molecules with the best description ____ wax a) protein primary structure ____ starch b) an energy carrier ____ triglyceride c) water-repellent secretions ____ DNA d) carries heritable information ____ polypeptide e) sugar storage in plants ____ ATP f) richest energy source

a) Polypeptide - protein primary structure b) ATP - an energy carrier c) Wax - energy-repellent secretion d) DNA - carries heritable information e) Starch - sugar storage in plants f) Triglyceride - richest energy source r

5) Which three carbohydrates can be built using only glucose monomers? a) Starch, cellulose, and glycogen b) Glucose, sucrose, and ribose c) Cellulose, steroids, and polysaccharides d) Starch, chitin, and DNA e) Triglycerides, nucleic acid, and polypeptides

a) Starch, cellulose, and glycogen, all three of which are di- or polysaccharides. B is incorrect because while they are all carbohydrates, ribose is a monosaccharide, which cannot be created by another monosaccharide.

1) Organic molecules consist mainly of ______________ atoms. a) carbon c) carbon and hydrogen b) carbon and oxygen d) carbon and nitrogen

c) carbon and hydrogen

6) Unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of unsaturated fats incorporate one or more ___________. a) Phosphate groups c) double bonds b) glycerols d) single bonds

c) double bonds

10) _________ are to proteins as _________ are to nucleic acids. a) Sugars; lipids c) Amino acids; hydrogen bonds b) Sugars, proteins d) Amino acids; nucleotides

d) Amino acids; nucleotides

11) A denatured proteins has lose its _________. a) hydrogen bond c) function b) shape d) all of the above

d) all of the above

12) _____ consists of nucleotides. a) sugars c) DNA b) RNA d) b and c

d) b and c; RNA and DNA

16) Match each polymer with the most appropriate set of component monomers ___ proteins a) glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate ___ phospholipid b) amino acids, sugars ___ glycoprotein c) glycerol, fatty acids ___ fats d) nucleotides ___ nucleic acid e) polysaccharides ___ carbohydrate f) sugar, phosphate, base ___ nucleotide g) amino acids ___ lipoprotein h) glucose, fructose ___ sucrose i) lipids, amino acids ___ glycogen j) fatty acids, carbon rings ___ wax k) glucose only

g) Proteins - amino acids a) Phospholipids - glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate b) Glycoprotein- amino acids, sugars c) Fats - glycerol, fatty acids d) Nucleic acid - nucleotides e) Carbohydrates - polysaccharides f) Nucleotide - sugar, phosphate, base i) Lipoproteins - lipids, amino acids h) Sucrose - glucose, fructose j) fatty acids, carbon rings k) wax - glucose only