AP Biology Final MCQ
A fish population of 250 in a pond has a max annual rate of increase of 0.8. If the carrying capacity of the pond is 1,500 for this species, what is the expected population size after one year
417
Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. A net movement of water into the beaker occurs which of the following dialysis tubes
6
Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells
A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation
The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions
ATP and NADPH
A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate is essential to cellular function. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researchers claim
ATP hydrolysis is an energy releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy
Muscle contraction depends on ATP hydrolysis. During periods of intense exercise, muscle cells rely on the ATP supplied by three metabolic pathways - glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and the phosphagen system. Which of the following correctly uses the data to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is an immediate, short-term source of ATP for muscle cells:
ATP production by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period
Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations
An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells
A tissue culture of vertebrate muscle was provided with a constant excess supply of glucose under anaerobic conditions starting at time zero and the amounts of pyruvic acid and ATP produced were measured. It is most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the breakdown of glucose, substance X is
An inhibitor
Which of the following best describes the numbered areas
Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules
A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair. Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim
As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some energy is lost as heat
In vascular plants, water flows from root to leaf via specialized cells called xylem. Xylem cells are hollow cells stacked together like a straw. A student explains that evaporation of water from the leaf pulls water up from the roots through the xylem as shown to the right. Which statement describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant
As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below
Which of the following is an example of a density independent limitation on a population
At higher temperatures, more tomato plants in a population become infested with nematodes than at lower temperatures
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels caused increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds
Students in a class were divided into five groups to analyze community structure. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following statements is most accurate about the species diversity of the four different environments that the students analyzed
Based on the data, there is no statistical difference between the species diversity of the plants in the light, moist environment and the dark, moist environment
A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of
Carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other
The carbon that makes up organic molecules in plants is derived directly from
Carbon in the lithosphere
Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. If the group proposes with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the membrane. Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis
Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic
High levels of certain plant nutrients in runoff can lead to rapid growth of algae in aquatic ecosystems. Which of the following investigations would enable researchers to test the claim that an increased concentration of algae has a negative effect on the number of aquatic invertebrates in the ecosystem
Counting the number of aquatic invertebrates at different concentrations of chlorophyll a in the water
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells
DNA
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both
Depend on a concentration gradient
Which of the following statements correctly describes a typical trend during the initial stages of succession in a terrestrial ecosystem
Diversity of plant species increases
The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of an enzyme to the reaction. Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram
Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
A scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica, a species of sea slug, is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence to support the claim
Elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources
Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation
Glycolysis
Hydrangea macrophylla is a species of plant with blue or pink flowers. Flower color is thought to be determined primarily by soil conditions rather than by inherited differences. Which of the following will provide the most direct evidence that flower color is primarily due to soil conditions
Growing cuttings from the same Hydrangea macrophylla plant under controlled conditions that vary with regard to soil pH
The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process
H+ ions will stop moving through the protein
Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true
Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain
A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species in moist paper towels in two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. According to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week of germination is
Increased by exposure to light
Polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. One process is shown below. Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown
It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction
The CFTR protein is made up of 1480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein
It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above (solution surrounding the cell). For each ion, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place
K+ transport into the cell requires ATP
The enzyme peroxidase is found in many organisms. It catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. If the experiment is repeated at pH 11, the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be
Lower than the level of pH 9
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules
Lysosomes
Changing the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface
Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease
______ is used to build proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is used to build _____ and certain ______
Nitrogen, nucleic acids, and lipids
Which of the following conclusions is the most clearly supported by the representations of the nucleic acids to the left
Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not
Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey
Numbers of additional predator species, because additional predators will increase competition for prey
Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of the complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes
Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency
A small protein is composed of 110 amino acids linked together in a chain. Which of the following depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water
Original protein is a ball. Mutated protein is a ball with a thing sticking out the top of it
The molecular structure of linoleic acid and palmitic acid, two naturally occurring substances, are shown above. Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be a solid at room temperature
Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together
If ATP breakdown is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across the cell membrane is also inhibited
Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
Protein digestion in humans is primarily carried out by three enzymes. Pepsin is found in the stomach where it aids in the breakdown of large proteins into small peptides, while trypsin and chymotrypsin are found in the small intestine where they aid in the further breakdown of the proteins into amino acids and dipeptides that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Which of the following best predicts how the structure and function of pepsin will change as it enters the small intestine
Pepsin will change in shape because of the basic environment of the small intestine; therefore, its enzymatic activity will decrease
Which of the following large biological molecules will self-assemble into a bilayer when mixed with water
Phospholipids
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
Polar covalent bonds
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport
Protein
Using the diagram to the right, which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building the biological molecules
Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules
Which of the following is a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make a protein
Some amino acids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
IV solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient
The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood
When hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the space between the inner and outer membranes, the result is
The creation of a proton gradient
The figure to the right represents a common process that occurs in organisms. Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in the figure
The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein
The interactions of different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of a protein
Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH
Using the above figure of water and its interaction with ammonia, which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure
The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge
Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers claim
The organelle has a double membrane
The diagram represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria
The organism does not have nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material
The primary function of the kidney is to exchange molecules across a membrane between the blood and the urine. One type of kidney cell has a basic rectangular shape, except for a single surface, which is lined with tiny, finger-like projections that extend into the surrounding extracellular space. Which of the following best explains the advantage these projections provide the cell
The projections increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cell, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange with the environment
Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that grow in areas where the soil contains levels of key nutrients such as nitrogen. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the pitcher plant and the woolly bat
The relationship is an example of mutualism because both plant and bat benefit
Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme
The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme
Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic examples. Which of the following best explains the observations represented in Figure 1
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water
High concentrations of cadmium in the water negatively affect steelhead trout. In a river community, steelhead trout are part of the trophic structure shown below. Which of the following is the most likely immediate effect of an increase in runoff containing cadmium on the trophic structure of the river community
There will be a large decrease in the trout population, resulting in an increase in damselfly nymphs
Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration
They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions
Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates
They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures
All of the following are density dependent factors that limit animal populations except
Weather
Wolves, once native to Yellowstone National Park, were hunted to the point of complete extinction in the park. Which of the following best explains how wolves are a keystone species in this ecosystem
Wolves help balance the population sizes of other species, allowing more species to thrive in the wolves' presence than in their absence
Meerkats live together in groups to help raise and protect their offspring. Meerkat pups are most vulnerable when they are away from their burrow foraging for food. Adult meerkats exhibit sentinel behavior, standing upright and making alarm calls to warn other members in the group that predators are nearby. In a study of meerkat behaviors, scientists observed meerkat foraging groups and recorded the presence or absence of pups along with the frequency of adult sentinel behavior. The scientist determined that sentinel behavior increases when pups were present in the foraging group. Which of the following correctly identifies the dependent and independent variables in the described study
the presence of pups is the independent variable, and the frequency of sentinel behavior is the dependent variable
The figure shows the fluctuations of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the eastern Pacific Ocean over the course of six years. Of the following, which explains why the zooplankton also dipped during the same year and then seemed to cycle over the next three years
the reduction in the phytoplankton population meant that the zooplankton's energy source was drastically reduced, leading to the decrease in the zooplankton population size. After the dip, the phytoplankton provided a steady energy source, and the zooplankton population fluctuated around its carrying capacity
