AP Biology Final Study Guide
A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a a) control b) hypothesis c) theory d) variable
B
In humans, there is a negative feedback system to control blood sugar levels and maintain a stable homeostasis. The hormone insulin acts to store excess sugar and the hormone glucagon acts to release sugar from storage. How would this negative feedback system react to a sudden drop in blood sugar levels? a) Insulin released, then blood sugar released from storage to restore levels b) Glucagon released, then blood sugar released from storage to restore levels c) Glucagon released, then the blood sugar stored to reduce levels d) Insulin released, then the blood sugar stored to reduce levels
B
Which of the following represents a way that information is processed by life forms to support their life processes? a) a human recalls a memory related to safe food gathering techniques for wild plants b) all of the choices are correct c) a lioness sees an injured zebra and initiates a prey stalking response d) a cell copies the dna code during cell reproduction and each cell receives a copy e) the eye of a chimpanzee receives light and transmits it to the brain
B
Lola observes that the flowers in her neighbor's garden look healthier than her own. She wonders why that might be and decides to set up an experiment. What would be her next step? a) Lola changes a variable and runs her experiment again b) Lola writes a blog post about her experiment c) Lola develops a hypothesis to test why d) Lola concludes that she needs to water more
C
Which of the following is NOT an example of nonrandom mating? A) A mouse mates with other mice that live in the basement of the same building B) A brown beetle prefers to mate with other brown beetles, as opposed to beetles that are green C)A coyote mates with the closest available female as it travels between locations D) A female bird mates with male birds that are more brightly colored than others
C
Which of the following pieces of information about Sasquatch (Big Foot) is considered pseudoscience? a) a short story about the history of sasquatch sightings in america b) a news article announcing the physical characteristics of sasquatch c) a detailed report titled "biology and ecology of the sasquatch" that does not use any peer-reviewed information d) a magazine article asking a scientist's opinion about the existence of sasquatch
C
Why would a population with a large amount of genetic variation be more likely to survive a severe climate change in its environment? a) Individuals better suited to the new climate will help less-suited individuals survive the change b) The individuals would produce more offspring c) Some individuals will possess traits better suited to the new climate and be more likely to pass them on d) Individuals will only create offspring well-suited to the climate change
C
Applied science builds on the foundation of basic science. Which is an example of basic science? a) Development of a malarial vaccine b) Creating brain-controlled prosthetic limbs c) Personal genome analysis d) Determining the mechanism of DNA replication
D
Humans maintain homeostasis of blood calcium at a normal level of 10 mg/dl. in response to an increase in calcium levels, the hormone calcitonin is released to increase calcium excretion, and the calcium level decreases to normal. In response to a decrease in calcium levels, parathyroid hormone is released, which causes the release of calcium from bone and retention of calcium in the body, and the calcium level rises back to normal. Which hormone would be activated if the blood calcium level was 16 mg/dl? a) glucagon b) insulin c) parathyroid hormone d) calcitonin
D
In order to understand the function of an organ system, we must first understand the structures, functions and interactions of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. new properties are then often seen at higher levels of organization. This is an example of which concept in the study of biology? a) emergent properties b) feedback regulation c) reductionism d) evolution
D
One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly (more than 5 fingers or toes), which is a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of: a) natural selection b) genetic drift c) founder effect d) both b and c
D
Which is the correct sequence of the levels of organization of life, beginning with the unit of life and moving to more complex organization? a) cell, organ, tissue, organ system, organism, community, population, biosphere, ecosystem b) biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell c) population, biosphere, community, organism, ecosystem, organ, organ system, cell, tissue d) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
D
Which of the following is a major domain used for classification? a) Domain Plantae b) Domain Animalia c) Domain Protists d) Domain Archaea
D
Which of the following is an appropriate scientific hypothesis for the relationship between plant growth and light? a) different species of plants grow to different heights b) plants will grow better in higher quality light c) when plants grow, they must have access to light d) as light wavelength increases, plants will grow more quickly
D
Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A) a population with 12 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 8 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy) B) a population in which the allele frequencies do not change over time C) p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 D) a population undergoing natural selection
D
Life forms process information essential to life in which ways? a) receive information via sensory inputs b) transmit information via the nervous system c) store information in the genetic code d) respond to information via the muscular system e) all of the answers are correct
E
Which of the following life processes requires the use of energy? a) Digestion of food b) Movement such as running after prey c) Reproduction of new offspring d) Cellular metabolism e) All of the answers are correct
E
A colony of bacteria begins to increase production of a toxin when a few bacterium detect competing bacteria within its environment. This is an example of: a)cell communication b) cell stimulation c) cell adhesion d) none of the answers are correct
a
Due to its polarity, water molecules: a) Attract other water molecules. b) Repel ions. c) Attract lipids. d) All of these.
a
Fossils have greatly aided the study of evolution by: a)demonstrating gradual changes in form over millions of years b) explaining distribution of organisms by movement of tectonic plates c) showing structures that are absent in adults appear in embryonic form d) demonstrating the universality of DNA as the genetic material
a
How does active transport move substances against the electrochemical gradient? a) With the help of ATP, pumps move substances across membranes b) ATP causes red blood cells to break down membranes. c) Sodium and potassium help push substances across membranes. d) all of these answers
a
How is carbon important to animals? a) Animals break down carbon in the form of glucose to make energy. b) Animals breathe in carbon and give off oxygen. c) Animals convert food into carbon through the process of cellular respiration. d) Animals can store energy as pure carbon to use when needed.
a
Light-independent reactions use energy harvested from light-dependent reactions to: a) drive the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. b) convert chemical energy in one of two photosystems. c) activate light reactions through enzymes. d) produce both NADPH and ATP.
a
The monomers that make up proteins are called ________. a) amino acids b) disaccharides c) nucleotides d) chaperones
a
What does the trunk of the classic phylogenetic tree represent? a) single common ancestor b) old species c) new species d) pool of ancestral organisms
a
What is the difference in the functioning between rough ER and smooth ER? a) Rough ER makes proteins for use outside of the cell, while smooth ER makes lipids and carbohydrates. b) Rough ER makes proteins for use inside the cell, while smooth ER make proteins for use outside. c) Rough ER detoxifies poisons, while smooth ER creates new cell organelles. d) Rough ER is used by animal cells, while smooth ER is only used by plant cells.
a
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? a) Whether or not oxygen is used as final electron acceptors. b) The stage where fermentation takes place. c) The stage at which lactate dehydrogenase in used in the respiration process. d) Whether the final electrons are positively or negatively charged.
a
What is the purpose of glycolysis? a) It breaks down glucose into pyruvate to release energy. b) It breaks down pyruvate to release energy. c) It produces oxygen. d) It uses ATP to make glucose.
a
What is the relationship between macromolecules and functional groups? a) Functional groups gives the macromolecule its specific job to do. b) Functional groups make all macromolecules hydrophobic c) Functional groups can change the type of macromolecule from one to another d) All functional groups work with all types of macromolecules
a
What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade? a) They evolved from a shared ancestor. b) They all share the same basic characteristics. c) They usually fall into the same classification taxa. d) They have identical phylogenies.
a
Which are the three main classes of plasma membrane receptors? a) G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and ion channel receptors. b) IP3-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and ion channel receptors. c) G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ligand channel receptors. d) G-protein coupled receptors, receptor threonine kinases, and ion channel receptors.
a
Which of the following explains why only heritable traits are acted on by evolution? a) Natural selection works with genetic differences inherited by offspring. b) Adaptations can only occur through genetic mutations. c) Genetic variability only comes from sexual reproduction. d) Environmental changes have no effect on which traits are selected.
a
Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? a) ribosomes b) nucleus c) mitochondrion d) vacuoles
a
Which of the following would probably happen if the insulin protein folded in oil instead of water? a) The hydrophobic amino acids would rearrange to be on the outside b) No peptide bonds would form c) There would be more a-helices than ß-pleated sheets d) It would be the same as folding in an aqueous environment
a
Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? a)natural selection b) sexual reproduction c) Mutation d) Overbreeding
a
Why is carbon important for the formation of biomolecules? a) Carbon can form covalent bonds with four different atoms. b) Carbon can fill its outer electron shells before it can fill its inner ones. c) Carbon's protons bond with hydrogen and oxygen very easily. d) Carbon's nucleus is highly reactive causing it to change easily into different macromolecule.
a
Why is ice able to float on water while other solids cannot float on their liquid forms? a) The orientation of hydrogen bonds pushes molecules farther apart, making ice less dense than water. b) The molecules in other solids are packed less tightly, making them denser than ice. c) The orientation of hydrogen bonds pushes molecules closer together, making ice denser than water. d) The kinetic energy in other solids increases with temperature, making them denser than ice.
a
An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? a) binds away from the active site and decreases its affinity for the substrate b) binds away from the active site and increases its affinity for the substrate c) binds directly to the active site and blocks it from binding the substrate d) binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate
b
Eukaryotic cells contain the following: a) circular chromosomal structures within a membrane-bound nucleus b) structures that specialize in energy production c) a nucleus that is not surrounded by a membrane d) all of these answers
b
Examples of molecules or structures that contain nucleic acids include which of the following? a) Cell Membrane b) RNA c) Starch d) Enzymes
b
For each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle: a) one carbon dioxide molecule is consumed. b) two carbon dioxide molecules are released. c) one carbon dioxide molecule is released. d) None of these.
b
How does the electron transport chain power chemiosmosis? a) It synthesizes ATP synthase. b) It forms an electrochemical gradient. c) It demolishes the electrochemical gradient. d) It converts ADP into ATP.
b
In a population of deer, some deer retain white spots throughout their lives, while most lose their spots and become solid brown. A forest fire occurs. Most of the survivors have white spots. Which of the following do you expect to occur? a) While there will be more spotted deer initially, they will produce more brown offspring. b) There will be a higher number of white spotted deer in future generations. c) There will be a higher number of brown deer in future generations. d) Brown deer will move back into the forest and eliminate the white-spotted deer.
b
In glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, which of the following tend to have key roles in the catalyzation of non-reversible reactions? a) cell hypertension b) enzymes c) fermentation d) glutamate
b
The building blocks of nucleic acids are ________. a) peptides b) nucleotides c) sugars d) nitrogenous bases
b
The catabolic process of breaking starch down into simpler molecules is considered to be an: a) endergonic reaction that requires energy to proceed. b) exergonic reaction that releases energy. c) exergonic reaction that requires energy to proceed. d) endergonic reaction that release energy.
b
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP: a) is primarily stored between the alpha and beta phosphates b) provides energy in coupled reactions c) is equal to ?2-57 kcal/mol d) is harnessed as heat energy by the cell to perform work
b
What happens during the breakdown of pyruvate? a) ATP is released. b) Acetyl-CoA is produced to enter the Krebs cycle. c) NADH releases electrons to form NAD+. d) All of these.
b
What is an important difference between plant cells and animal cells? a) Animal and bacterial cells contain chlorophyll, but it is not bound within organelles. b) Plants are able to make their own food through the use of chloroplasts, which enable photosynthesis. c) Animal cells are able to capture light energy through stroma. d) Heterotrophs capture light energy to produce their own food.
b
What is the net outcome of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose? a) one ATP, one NADH, and one pyruvate molecule b) two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules c) four ATP d) one ATP and two NADH molecules
b
Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population? a) mutation and genetic drift b) mutation and gene flow c) natural selection and nonrandom mating d) natural selection and genetic drift
b
Which of the following explains why waste does not exist in nature? a) Atoms disappear after a substance changes form or moves. b) Every single atom of matter and energy is recycled over and over. c) After energy is destroyed, new energy is then created. d) all of these answers
b
Which of the following is an example of adaptation to environmental change within a population? a)Stink bugs have evolved to taste delicious to their avian predators. b)The peppered moth evolved black color to hide in the sooty trees during the industrial revolution. c) Tikiguanas tend to be bright yellow in color in order to hide among green bamboo leaves. d) Song birds, such as the speckled dove, sing to each other at frequencies their mates cannot hear.
b
Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation? a)Two types of insects feeding on different fruits from trees in an orchard b) Many insects of a founder species evolving different structures for pollinating different flowers c) Two types of birds in the same area utilizing different bird calls to attract mates d) One type of mountain goat growing a thicker coat than another because it lives at a higher altitude
b
Which of the following provides scientific evidence for the theory of evolution? a) Different species have evolved very distinct pathways of embryonic development. b) Some structures have no function and are vestigial parts from a common ancestor. c) Species that evolved before and after the breakup of the supercontinent are distributed worldwide. d) Related groups of organisms have very different DNA sequences.
b
Which of the following statements accurately describes the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, as well as their eventual destination? a) Electrons come from NADH and FADH2 and eventually go to water. b) Electrons come from NADH and FADH2 and eventually go to oxygen. c) Electrons come from NAD+ and FAD+ and eventually go to oxygen. d) Electrons come from NAD+ and FAD+ and eventually go to water.
b
Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom? a) The protons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the neutrons orbit the nucleus. b) The protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while the electrons orbit the nucleus. c) The protons, neutrons and electrons are all in the nucleus. d) The neutrons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the protons orbit the nucleus.
b
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative charges of the three subatomic particles? a) Neutrons are positive, electrons are neutral, protons are negative. b) Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative. c) Protons and neutrons have a charge of +1, while electrons have a much smaller charge. d) Electrons are positive, protons are neutral, neutrons are negative.
b
Which of the following types of protein match its function? a) Tubulin: allows muscles to contract b) Hormone: regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction c) Antibody: carries oxygen throughout the body d) Enzyme: slows biochemical reactions
b
Why are carbohydrates an essential part of our diets? a) Carbohydrates contain only soluble elements that are vital to the health of our bodies. b) Carbohydrates provide energy from our diets. c) Carbohydrates provide more energy than lipids. d) All of these answers.
b
A complex carbohydrate, such as a starch, contains many chemical bonds. This is an example of: a) kinetic energy in the form of structural energy b) kinetic energy only c) potential energy in the form of chemical energy d) thermal energy only
c
A molecule with a high heat of vaporization will have a high: a) melting point b) solubility c) boiling point d) density
c
If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, which nucleus-synthesized organelles would be affected? a) DNA b) Chromosomes c) Ribosomes d) Proteins
c
Rank the following bonds in order of increasing strength: A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds a) B < A < C b) A < B < C c) C < A < B d) B < C < A
c
The first law of thermodynamic states that: a) energy can be transferred and destroyed, but may not be transformed. b) energy can be created, destroyed, transferred, and transformed. c) energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transferred or transformed. d) energy in the universe is constant; therefore, destroying it would lead to its re-creation
c
Unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? a) Metaphase b) Anaphase c) Telophase d) Prophase
c
What does the term 'mosaic' refer to in the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane? a) That scientists had to put together pieces from various models to make one to fit b) The different sizes of plasma membranes that exist in nature c) The heterogeneous composition of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates d) The array of colors seen when the plasma membrane is viewed with a microscope
c
What is the role of the extracellular matrix of animal cells? a) The matrix is in charge of blood clotting in the human body. b) It is solely in charge of changing the conformation of microfilaments inside the cell membrane. c) The matrix works in the formation of tissues and allows cell communication within the tissues. d) The matrix creates the proteins and collagen that are needed in tissue communication.
c
Which of the following analogies best describe the induced fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? a) two jigsaw pieces fitting together b) a gas pedal and brake in a car c) a handshake between two people d) a square peg fitting through a square hole
c
Which of the following describes how finches illustrate evolutionary change? a) The evolution of smaller beaks is more rare than the evolution of larger beaks. b) Island finches have evolved the same beak shape from their mainland common ancestor. c) The beak size varies among finches due to the availability of different food sources. d) The average beak size cannot change between generations.
c
Which of the following illustrates the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways? a) Anabolic pathways release energy, while catabolic pathways require energy. b) Anabolic pathways break down complex molecules, while catabolic reactions synthesize simple molecules. c) Anabolic pathways synthesize molecules, while catabolic pathways break down molecules. d) Anabolic pathways must be facilitated by an enzyme, while catabolic pathways do not.
c
Which of the following is a core component of the cell theory? a) All energy flow occurs within the cell. b) The cell is the basic unit of life. c) Both the cell is the basic unit of life and all new cells arise from existing cells. d) All new cells arise from existing cells.
c
Which of the following is a function of plasma membranes? a) Producing proteins and hormones b) Communicating directly with the cell nucleus c) Regulating transportation of materials in and out of a cell d) Organizing cellular processes
c
Which of the following statements about activation energy is true? a) Endergonic reaction don't require activation energy because they consume energy. b) Exergonic reactions don't require activation energy because they release energy. c) Activation energy is needed for a reaction to reach its transition state. d) The source of heat energy is the activation energy from its surroundings.
c
Which of the following statements about passive transport is true? a) Substances move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. b) Membrane proteins are always needed in order for it to take place. c) Substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. d) The input of ATP is required in order to facilitate transportation.
c
Which of the following types of cell signaling is correctly matched with its description? a) Paracrine signaling: the concentrations of ligands in the target cell are low. b) Autocrine signaling: signaling molecules cross gap junctions between neighboring cells. c) Endocrine signaling: the ligands released are hormones and bind to distant target cells. d) Direct signaling: the target cell and the signaling cell are the same c
c
Which of these describes a difference between DNA and RNA? a) DNA controls the formation of proteins, while RNA controls all cellular functions. b) DNA uses hydrogen bonds to hold its strands, while RNA uses nitrogen bonds to hold its strands. c) The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while the sugar in RNA is ribose. d) DNA has adenine and guanine, while RNA has adenine and cytosine.
c
Which property of water allows water droplets to form on a surface? a) solubility b) polarity c) cohesion d) adhesion
c
Which property of water helps to maintain body temperature? a) polarity b) lower density of ice than water c) high specific heat capacity d) Cohesion
c
Why would a population with a large amount of genetic variation be more likely to survive a severe climate change in its environment? a) Individuals will only create offspring well-suited to the climate change b) The individuals would produce more offspring c) Some individuals will possess traits better suited to the new climate and be more likely to pass them on d) Individuals better suited to the new climate will help less-suited individual survive the change
c
According to the chemical equation for photosynthesis, what are the products? a) glucose and carbon dioxide b) oxygen and water c) carbon dioxide and oxygen d) glucose and oxygen
d
Apoptosis is beneficial to embryological development: a)when formation of toes interrupts that of fingers b) because cells would continually grow out of control unless destroyed c) in order to ensure that damaged cells are re-directed to checkpoints within the body d) when unnecessary cells need to be eliminated
d
How does the scientific meaning of "theory" differ from the common vernacular meaning? a) A scientific theory should have a capital T, whereas a vernacular theory should have a lower case t. b) A scientific theory requires collaboration, while a vernacular theory is individualistic. c) They essentially mean the same thing. d) A scientific theory is a tested set of explanations, while a theory in the vernacular means a guess.
d
In a beaker separated by a membrane permeable only to water, one area has a high solute concentration and the other has a low solute concentration. What do you expect will happen in the beaker? a) The solute will move to the area of low solute concentration. b) Water will move to the area of high water concentration. c) Water will move to the area of low solute concentration. d) Water will move to the area of high solute concentration.
d
The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of "living" is the a) macromolecule b) organ c) organelle d) cell
d
What do you predict would happen if only one microtubule attached to a pair of sister chromatids during mitosis? a) The sister chromatids would become tangled and break during separation. b)Cellular division would be arrested. c) The sister chromatids would separate normally. d) The sister chromatids would fail to separate and be pulled to the same pole.
d
What makes an organism a prokaryote? a) It's cellular components are found within cytoplasm. b) They contain DNA and ribosomes within the cell. c) They have plasma membranes to protect them from their surrounding environment. d) Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles.
d
Which of the following about Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is true? a) They are negative regulators that halt the cell cycle. b) They can function without the aid of cyclins. c) Their concentrations are unstable and fluctuate in the cell. d) They activate proteins by phosphorylating them.
d
Which of the following are correct regarding diffusion through the lipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane? a) Polar molecules are repelled by the non-polar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer. b) Only materials that are relatively small and non-polar can go through easily. c) Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together. d) All of these answers are correct.
d
Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? a) Endergonic reactions have a positive DG and exergonic reactions have a negative DG b) Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier c) Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy d) Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly
d
Which of the following electron configurations fulfills the octet rule? a) The valence shell has one electron b) The valence shell is one less than filled c)The valence shell is half filled d) The valence shell is completely filled
d
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of diffusion across a membrane? a)the concentration gradient across the cell membrane b)the size of the diffusing particles c)the temperature of a solution d)the number of different types of particles in a solution
d
Which of the following forces is responsible for the attraction that operates in ionic bonds? a) gravity b) weak nuclear force c) strong nuclear force d) electromagnetic force
d
Which of the following happens during a reaction? a) Ionic bonds are formed but not broken between atoms. b) Ionic bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms. c) Covalent bond are formed but not broken between atoms. d) Chemical bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms
d
Which of the following illustrates the importance of chromosome compaction in mitosis? a) It replicates 23 chromosomes into 46 chromosomes. b) It extends the length of the DNA double helix to prepare for replication. c) It decreases the diameter of chromosomes to prepare for replication. d) It allows DNA to be tightly packaged in a small cell.
d
Which of the following is not a condition that enables Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? a) No natural selection b)No immigration or emigration c)No mutations d)A small population size
d
Which of the following is true of compounds? a) Compounds have double bonds between all of the atoms. b) Compounds are always made from the same kinds of elements. c) Compounds are always made from the same kinds of elements. d) Compounds have atoms of more than one type of element.
d
Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is true? a) All organisms can use sunlight to produce chemical energy, stored as glucose and oxygen. b) Cellular respiration occurs only in plants and cannot be performed by mammals. c) Plants use solar energy to turn glucose into oxygen. d) Chemical energy, in the form of glucose and oxygen, is the primary source of energy.
d
Which of the statements regarding the energy found in wavelengths is true? a) Short and long waves carry the same amount of energy. b) There is no way to measure the amount of energy in a wavelength. c) Tight waves carry less energy than wide waves. d) Short waves carry more energy than long waves.
d
Which type of selection results in greater genetic variance in a population? a)stabilizing selection b)positive frequency-dependent selection c)directional selection d)diversifying selection
d