AP Biology Unit 5 Test

Genes D, E, F, and G are located on the same chromosome. The distances between the genes are below: RelationshipMap Unit Distance G- D 11 G - E 7 G - F 22 E - F 15 D - E 4 What is the order of the genes on the chromosome? a. GEDF b. FEDG c. EGDF d. GDEF

a. GEDF

The gametes of a plant of genotype SsYy should have the genotypes: Select one: a. SY, Sy, sY, sy b. SS, ss, YY, yy c. Ss, Yy, SY, sy d. Ss and Yy e. SY and sy

a. SY, Sy, sY, sy

Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes? Select one: a. mitosis b. mitosis and meiosis II c. meiosis II d. meiosis I

d. meiosis I

In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to red flower color and long pollen grains are dominant to round pollen grains. Researchers crossed two pure-breeding lines of the pea plants to investigate whether the genes controlling flower color and pollen shape segregate independently. The procedure for the genetics experiment is summarized in Figure 1. Which of the following tables best shows the expected values in the F2 generation for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of independent assortment? *This has pictures as the answers*

* a. purple,long- 1199 purple, round- 400 red long,- 400 red, round- 133

Which of the following is closest to the calculated chi-square (χ2) value for the data presented in Table 1? Select one: a. 72.01 b. 98.00 c. 8.35 d. 2,546.00

a. 72.01

Researchers hypothesized that red eye color in Japanese koi, a type of fish, is due to a mutation. To study the inheritance of red eye color in koi, the researchers conducted breeding experiments over several generations. The results are summarized in Figure 1. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best prediction of the mode of inheritance of red eyes in Japanese koi? Select one: a. The allele for red eyes is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. b. The allele for red eyes is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern. c. The allele for red eyes is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. d. The allele for red eyes is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

a. The allele for red eyes is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

In corn plants, purple kernel color is dominant to yellow kernel color, and smooth kernels are dominant to wrinkled kernels. Researchers carried out a genetics experiment to investigate whether the genes controlling kernel color and kernel texture segregate independently. In their experiment, the researchers crossed two corn plants that were each heterozygous for both kernel color and kernel texture. The results of the experiment are presented in Table 1. Using a significance level of p=0.05 (7.82), which of the following statements best completes a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of independent assortment? Select one: a. The calculated chi-square value is 3.91, and the critical value is 7.82. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected. b. The calculated chi-square value is 0.66, and the critical value is 0.05. The null hypothesis can be rejected. c. The calculated chi-square value is 3.91, and the critical value is 5.99. The null hypothesis can be rejected. d. The calculated chi-square value is 0.66, and the critical value is 3.84. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

a. The calculated chi-square value is 3.91, and the critical value is 7.82. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

In a strain of tomato plants, short plant height and small fruit size are traits that display autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. To investigate whether the traits segregate independently, researchers cross a pure-breeding line of tall tomato plants that have large fruits with a pure-breeding line of short tomato plants that have small fruits. The researchers observe that all the plants in the F1 generation are tall and have large fruits. The researchers cross the F1 plants with one another to generate an F2 generation. The researchers record observations for the F2 generation and will use the data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of independent assortment. The setup for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test is shown in Table 1. The researchers choose a significance level of p=0.05, whose critical value would be 7.82. Which of the following best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test? Select one: a. The calculated chi-square value is 9.24, and the critical value is 7.82. The null hypothesis of independent assortment can be rejected. b. The calculated chi-square value is 9.24, and the critical value is 9.49. The null hypothesis of independent assortment can't be rejected. c. The calculated chi-square value is 13.13, and the critical value is 9.49. The null hypothesis of independent assortment can't be rejected. d. The calculated chi-square value is 13.13, and the critical value is 7.82. The null hypothesis of independent assortment can be rejected.

a. The calculated chi-square value is 9.24, and the critical value is 7.82. The null hypothesis of independent assortment can be rejected.

Sex linked traits Select one: a. are coded for by genes located on a sex chromosome b. are carried on an autosome but expressed only in males c. are always inherited from the mother in mammals and fruit flies d. depend on whether the gene was inherited from the mother or the father e. are found in only one sex, depending on the sex determination system of the species

a. are coded for by genes located on a sex chromosome

The genetic event that results in Turner syndrome (X0) is probably Select one: a. nondisjunction b. independent assortment c. monoploid d. deletion e. genomic imprinting

a. nondisjunction

A phenotypic ratio of 3:1 in the offspring of a mating of two organisms heterozygous for a single trait is expected when: Select one: a. the alleles segregate during meiosis b. the alleles are identical c. the alleles are incompletely dominant d. each allele contains two mutations

a. the alleles segregate during meiosis

Students carry out a genetics experiment to investigate the inheritance pattern of the white-eye trait in fruit flies. In the experiment, the students cross a red-eyed female with a white-eyed male to produce an F1 generation. The students observe that all the flies in the F1 generation have red eyes. The students then allow the F1 flies to mate and produce an F2 generation. The students will use the F2 data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test based on a null hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. The observed and expected values for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are shown in Table 1. The students plan to use a significance level of p=0.01. (11.3) Which of the following is the most appropriate critical value for the students to use in their chi-square goodness-of-fit test? Select one: a. 7.82 b. 11.34 c. 13.28 d. 326.7

b. 11.34

A genetic cross between two F1 hybrid pea plants having yellow seeds will yield what percent green-seeded plants in the F2 generation? Yellow seeds are dominant to green. Select one: a. 0% b. 25% c. 100% d. 50% e. 75%

b. 25%

A genetic cross between two F1 hybrid pea plants for spherical seeds will yield what percent spherical seeded plants in the F2 generation? Select one: a. 50% b. 75% c. 0% d. 25% e. 100%

b. 75%

The Russian blue is a rare breed of cat that is susceptible to developing cataracts on the eyes. Scientists hypothesize that this condition is inherited as a result of a mutation. Figure 1 shows a pedigree obtained in a study of cats owned by members of the Russian Blue Club in Sweden. Based on the inheritance pattern shown in Figure 1, which of the following best predicts the nature of the original mutation? Select one: a. A dominant mutation on a somatic chromosome b. A recessive mutation on a somatic chromosome c. A dominant mutation on the X chromosome d. A recessive mutation on the X chromosome

b. A recessive mutation on a somatic chromosome

Several members of a family are found to involuntarily sneeze when exposed to bright lights, such as sunlight. Following analysis of the condition in the family, a doctor predicts that the symptoms have an underlying genetic basis. A pedigree of the family is shown in Figure 1. For this condition, which of the following modes of inheritance is most consistent with the observations? Select one: a. X-linked recessive b. X-linked dominant c. Autosomal recessive d. Autosomal dominant

d. Autosomal dominant

Scientists have found that DNA methylation suppresses crossing-over in the fungus Ascobolus immersus. Which of the following questions is most appropriately raised by this specific observation? Select one: a. Does DNA methylation result in shorter chromosomes? b. Is the level of genetic variation in the gametes related to the amount of DNA methylation observed? c. Without crossing-over, will gametes be viable and be able to produce zygotes? d. Is this species of fungus a diploid organism?

b. Is the level of genetic variation in the gametes related to the amount of DNA methylation observed?

A student crosses a pure-breeding line of red-flowered poinsettias with a pure-breeding line of white-flowered poinsettias. The student observes that all the plants in the F1 generation have pink flowers. The student then crosses the F1 plants with one another and records observations about the plants in the F2 generation. The student will use the F2 data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of incomplete dominance. The setup for the student's chi-square goodness-of-fit test is presented in Table 1. The critical value for a chi-square test with a significance level of p=0.05 and 2 degrees of freedom is 5.99. Which of the following statements best completes the student's chi-square goodness-of-fit test? Select one: a. The calculated chi-square value is 98, and the null hypothesis can be rejected. b. The calculated chi-square value is 1.53, and the null hypothesis can't be rejected. c. The calculated chi-square value is 98, and the null hypothesis can't be rejected. d. The calculated chi-square value is 1.53, and the null hypothesis can be rejected.

b. The calculated chi-square value is 1.53, and the null hypothesis can't be rejected.

Himalayan rabbits are a breed of rabbits with highly variable fur color. If genetically similar rabbits are raised in environments that have different temperature conditions, the rabbits can have different color patterns. Which of the following statements best explains how the fur color can be different in Himalayan rabbits raised under different temperature conditions? Select one: a. Different environments cause specific mutations in the genes controlling pigment production. b. The environment determines how the genotype is expressed. c. The genotype does not contribute to coat color in Himalayan rabbits. d. The phenotype determines the genotype of coat color in Himalayan rabbits.

b. The environment determines how the genotype is expressed.

A true-breeding variety of wheat that produces deep-red-colored grain was crossed with a true-breeding variety that produces a white-colored grain. The resulting F1 offspring all had medium-red-colored grain. Five crosses of the F1 plants were all grown under the same conditions and resulted in plants with a variety of grain color, as indicated in Table 1. Which of the follow indicates the mean number per cross of F2 plants producing medium-red grain and correctly explains the distribution of the phenotypes? Select one: a. The mean number of medium-red phenotypes per cross is 20.8. The distribution of phenotypes suggests that grain color is under environmental control. b. The mean number of medium-red phenotypes per cross is 20.8. The distribution of phenotypes suggests that multiple genes are involved in grain color determination. c. The mean number of medium-red phenotypes per cross is 104. The distribution of phenotypes suggests that multiple genes are involved in grain color determination. d. The mean number of medium-red phenotypes per cross is 104. The distribution of phenotypes suggests that grain color is under environmental control.

b. The mean number of medium-red phenotypes per cross is 20.8. The distribution of phenotypes suggests that multiple genes are involved in grain color determination.

Which of the following would not be considered a haploid cell? Select one: a. a daughter cell after mitosis in the gametophyte generation of a plant b. a cell in prophase I c. a daughter cell after meiosis II d. a gamete e. a cell in prophase II

b. a cell in prophase I

What is a karyotype? Select one: a. a blood type determination of an individual b. a pictorial display of an individual's chromosome c. a genotype of an individual d. a species-specific diploid number of chromosomes e. an unique combination of chromosomes found in a gamete

b. a pictorial display of an individual's chromosome

Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino? Select one: a. 0 b. 1/2 c. 1/4 d. 1

c. 1/4

In Mendel's experiments, if the gene for tall (T) plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short (t) plants, what would be the result of crossing two Tt plants? Select one: a. 1/4 tall; 1/4 intermediate; 1/2 short b.all tall c.1/4 would be tall; 1/2 intermediate; 1/4 short d.all intermediate e.1/2 would be tall; 1/4 intermediate height; 1/4 short

c. 1/4 would be tall; 1/2 intermediate; 1/4 short

Two fruit fly mutations are ebony body (e) and sepia eyes (s). Four different students performed dihybrid crosses with flies that were heterozygous with a mutant allele and a wild-type allele for both genes (EeSs×EeSs). The results are shown in Table 1. The mean number of fruit flies per student that are homozygous recessive for both genes is closest to which of the following? Select one: a. 18.5 b. 89.75 c. 29.0 d. 22.75

c. 29.0

Sex chromosomes determine the phenotype of sex in humans. Embryos containing XX chromosomes develop into females, and embryos containing XY chromosomes develop into males. The sex chromosomes separate during meiosis, going to different gamete cells. A woman is heterozygous for the X-linked recessive trait of hemophilia A. Her sex chromosomes can be designated as XHXh. During meiosis the chromosomes separate as shown in Figure 1. If the woman and a man with normal clotting function have children, what is the probability of their children exhibiting hemophilia A? Select one: a. 50 percent for all children b. 0 percent for all children c. 50 percent for sons, 0 percent for daughters d. 50 percent for daughters, 0 percent for sons

c. 50 percent for sons, 0 percent for daughters

Genes A, B, C, and D are located on the same chromosome. The recombination frequencies (RF) are as follows: RelationshipRF A - B 10% A - C 25% A - D 23% B - C 15% C - D 48% What is the most likely order of the genes on the chromosome? a. ACBD b. BCAD c. CBAD d. DBAC

c. CBAD

Based on Figure 1, which of the following questions could best be addressed? Select one: a. Does synapsis of homologous chromosomes produce daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell? b. Do chromatids from nonhomologous chromosomes rearrange to produce identical daughter cells? c. Does synapsis of homologous chromosomes in the parent cell contribute to an increase in genetic diversity in the daughter cells? d. Do sister chromatids separate and form diploid daughter cells?

c. Does synapsis of homologous chromosomes in the parent cell contribute to an increase in genetic diversity in the daughter cells?

A model showing two possible arrangements of chromosomes during meiosis is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following questions about genetic diversity could most appropriately be answered by analysis of the model in Figure 1 ? Select one: a. Do daughter cells that are not genetically identical to parent cells produce viable zygotes? b. Does crossing-over generate more genetic diversity than the fusion of gametes does? c. How does the independent assortment of the two sets of homologous chromosomes increase genetic diversity? d. Does DNA methylation prevent independent assortment during metaphase II?

c. How does the independent assortment of the two sets of homologous chromosomes increase genetic diversity?

In sweet pea plants, purple flower color is dominant over red flower color and long pollen grain shape is dominant over round pollen grain shape. Two sweet pea plants that are heterozygous for both flower color and pollen grain shape are crossed with one another. A geneticist is surprised to observe that there are far fewer round, purple offspring and long, red offspring than were predicted by the 9:3 expected phenotypic ratio. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable prediction to account for the deviation from the expected results? Select one: a. Several mutations occurred spontaneously producing a deviation from the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring. b. In sweet pea plants, the genes for flower color and for pollen grain shape both exhibit codominance. c. In sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked. d. The genes for flower color and pollen grain shape are inherited independently because of the law of independent assortment.

c. In sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked.

For sexually reproducing diploid parent cells, which of the following statements best explains the production of haploid cells that occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? Select one: a. Separation of chromatids occurs once, and there is one round of cell division in meiosis. b. Separation of chromatids occurs twice, and there is one round of cell division in mitosis. c. Separation of chromatids occurs once, and there are two rounds of cell division in meiosis. d. Separation of chromatids occurs twice, and there are two rounds of cell division in mitosis.

c. Separation of chromatids occurs once, and there are two rounds of cell division in meiosis.

A test cross is used to determine if the genotype of a plant with the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous. If the unknown is homozygous, all of the offspring of the test cross have the _______ phenotype. If the unknown is heterozygous, half of the offspring will have the ______ phenotype. Select one: a. dominant, epistatic b. recessive, dominant c. dominant, recessive d. co-dominant, complimentary e. dominant, incompletely dominant

c. dominant, recessive

Four trials measuring recombination frequency between gene R and gene L were conducted, and the results are shown in Table 1. The mean map distance between gene R and gene L is closest to which of the following? Select one: a. 0.14 map units b. 14 map units c. 0.28 map units d. 28 map units

d. 28 map units

The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome. Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination? Select one: a. A and E b. W and E c. E and G d. A and G e. A and W

d. A and G

What are the possible blood types of the offspring of a cross between individuals that are type AB and type O? Select one: a. AB or O b. A, B, or AB c. A. B, AB, or O d. A or B e. A, B or O

d. A or B

An African violet grower observes that genetically identical African violet plants growing near the walls of the greenhouse have white flowers, that plants growing farther away from the walls have pale blue flowers, and that plants growing nearest the center of the greenhouse have dark blue flowers. Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse? Select one: a. More light is available along the walls of the greenhouse, so the flowers need less pigment to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. b. The plants along the walls of the greenhouse are homozygous recessive and therefore have white flowers. c. Warmer temperatures result in genotypic alterations, which result in flower color differences. d. An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.

d. An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.

A model showing the cells in anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis during a nondisjunction event is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following best predicts the effect of the chromosomal segregation error shown in Figure 1? Select one: a. Half of the resulting gametes will have an extra chromosome and the other half will be missing a chromosome. b. All of the resulting gametes will have an extra chromosome. c. All of the resulting gametes will be missing a chromosome. d. Half of the resulting gametes will have the correct number of chromosomes, and the other half will have an incorrect number of chromosomes.

d. Half of the resulting gametes will have the correct number of chromosomes, and the other half will have an incorrect number of chromosomes.

Which of the following best explains a distinction between metaphase I and metaphase II? Select one: a. The meiotic spindle is needed during metaphase I but not during metaphase II. b. Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell during metaphase II but not during metaphase I. c. The nuclear membrane breaks down during metaphase I but not during metaphase II. d. Homologous pairs of chromosomes are aligned during metaphase I, but individual chromosomes are aligned during metaphase II.

d. Homologous pairs of chromosomes are aligned during metaphase I, but individual chromosomes are aligned during metaphase II.

In anaphase I of meiosis, cohesion between the centromeres of sister chromatids is maintained while homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell along the meiotic spindle as represented in Figure 1. A compound that prevents the separation of the homologous chromosomes in anaphase I is being studied. Which of the following questions can be best answered during this study? Select one: a. Will the long-term development of the individual be affected by this meiotic error? b. Will the cells produced at the end of meiosis still be genetically identical to each other in the presence of this compound? c. When do the centrosomes start to move apart during meiosis I as compared to meiosis II? d. Is there a pattern to the movement of homologous chromosomes in the presence of this compound?

d. Is there a pattern to the movement of homologous chromosomes in the presence of this compound?

R. C. Punnett conducted experiments on the inheritance of traits in the sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus. In one experiment, he crossed two different true-breeding sweet pea plant strains, one with erect petals and long pollen, and the other with hooded petals and round pollen. All the offspring (F1 generation) had erect petals and long pollen (Figure 1). Next, Punnett allowed the F1 generation to self-fertilize and recorded the phenotypes of their offspring. The data are shown in Table 1. Sweet pea plants have a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 14. Which of the following best explains how the sweet pea plants in the parental generation produce F1 offspring with 14 chromosomes? Select one: a. Meiosis I and II lead to the formation of cells with 7 chromosomes. During meiosis I, sister chromatids separate. During meiosis II, homologous chromosomes separate. Two cells combine during fertilization to produce offspring with 14 chromosomes. b. Meiosis I and II lead to the formation of cells with 14 chromosomes. When two cells combine during fertilization, extra chromosomes with recessive traits are broken down, leading to offspring with 14 chromosomes. c. Meiosis I and II lead to the formation of cells with 14 chromosomes. When two cells combine during fertilization, extra chromosomes are randomly broken down, leading to offspring with 14 chromosomes. d. Meiosis I and II lead to the formation of cells with 7 chromosomes. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. During meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. Two cells combine during fertilization to produce offspring with 14 chromosomes.

d. Meiosis I and II lead to the formation of cells with 7 chromosomes. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. During meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. Two cells combine during fertilization to produce offspring with 14 chromosomes.

In fruit flies, purple eyes and ebony body are traits that display autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. In a genetics experiment, students cross wild-type flies with flies that have purple eyes and ebony bodies. The students observe that all the flies in the F1 generation have normal eyes and a normal body color. The students then allow the F1 flies to mate and produce an F2 generation. The students record observations about the flies in the F2 generation and use the data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of independent assortment. The setup for the students' chi-square goodness-of-fit test is presented in Table 1. The students choose a significance level of p=0.01. Which of the following statements best completes the next step of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test? Select one: a. The calculated chi-square value is 2.11, and the critical value is 7.82. b. The calculated chi-square value is 10.48, and the critical value is 7.82. c. The calculated chi-square value is 2.11, and the critical value is 11.35. d. The calculated chi-square value is 10.48, and the critical value is 11.35.

d. The calculated chi-square value is 10.48, and the critical value is 11.35.

Rubber rabbitbrush plants display heritable variation in plant height and insect-induced gall formation. In a field study, researchers investigated the relationship between plant height and gall number for the rubber rabbitbrush plants in a natural population. The researchers used the data they collected to perform a chi-square test of independence. The null hypothesis for the chi-square test was that plant height and gall number are independent. The data for the chi-square test are presented in Table 1. The researchers calculated a chi-square value of 29.25. If there are three degrees of freedom and the significance level is p=0.05 (7.82), which of the following statements best completes the chi-square test? Select one: a. The critical value is 0.05, and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the calculated chi-square value is greater than the critical value. b. The critical value is 0.05, and the null hypothesis can be rejected because the calculated chi-square value is greater than the critical value. c. The critical value is 7.82, and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the calculated chi-square value is greater than the critical value. d. The critical value is 7.82, and the null hypothesis can be rejected because the calculated chi-square value is greater than the critical value.

d. The critical value is 7.82, and the null hypothesis can be rejected because the calculated chi-square value is greater than the critical value.

A gene that influences coat color in domestic cats is located on the X chromosome. A female cat that is heterozygous for the gene (XBXO) has a calico-colored coat. In a genetics experiment, researchers mate a calico-colored female cat (XBXO) with an orange-colored male cat (XOY) to produce an F1 generation. The researchers record observations for the cats in the F1 generation and plan to use the data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of X-linked inheritance. The data for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are presented in Table 1. The researchers calculate a chi-square value of 4.6 and choose a significance level of p=0.05. Which of the following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test? Select one: a. The null hypothesis can be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value. b. The null hypothesis can't be rejected because the chi-square value is greater than the critical value. c. The null hypothesis can be rejected because the chi-square value is greater than the critical value. d. The null hypothesis can't be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.

d. The null hypothesis can't be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.

A woman with type A blood and a man with type B blood could potentially have offspring with which of the following blood types? Select one: a. type AB b. type O c. type B d. type A e. all of the different possible blood types

e. all of the different possible blood types