AP chapter 5 part two

How Do Theorists Explain Dissociative Amnesia and DID?

• A variety of theories have been proposed to explain these disorders - Older explanations: Not received much investigation - Newer viewpoints: Captured the interest of clinical scientists when cognitive, behavioral, and biological principles combined

Difference ins subpersonalities Subpersonalities often display dramatically different characteristics, including.....Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)

• Identifying features • Abilities and preferences • Physiological responses

Dissociative Amnesia and DID Treatment name 3 types of treatment

• People with dissociative amnesia often recover on their own • Sometimes their memory problems linger and require treatment. • Treatments - Psychodynamic therapists - Hypnotic therapy - Intravenous injections of barbiturates

Dissociative Amnesia and DID Cognitive Perspective (2)

• Proneness to develop dissociative disorders may be due to state-to-memory links that are unusually rigid and narrow • Each thought, memory, and skill may be tied exclusively to a particular state of arousal • Recall a given event only when they experience an arousal state almost identical to the state in which the memory was first acquired

How Are Dissociative Amnesia and DID Treated? Name 3 ways

• Unlike victims of dissociative amnesia, people with DID do not typically recover without treatment • Treatment for this pattern, like the disorder itself, is complex and difficult • Therapists usually try to help the client by: - Recognizing the disorder - Recovering memories - Integrating the subpersonalities

Dissociative Amnesia and the memory

- All forms of the disorder are similar in that the amnesia interferes mostly with a person's memory for personal material - Memory for abstract or encyclopedic information - usually remains intact - Clinicians do not known how common dissociative amnesia is, but many cases seem to begin serious threats to health and safety

Dissociative disorders

- Group of disorders in which some parts of one's memory or identity seem to be dissociated, or separated, from other parts of one's memory or identity Individuals with dissociative disorders - Do not typically experience the significant arousal, negative emotions and other symptoms associated with the stress disorders - Have symptoms characterized by patterns of memory loss and identity change

what is Dissociative disorders ? Name 3

- Group of disorders in which some parts of one's memory or identity seem to be dissociated, or separated, from other parts of one's memory or identity Individuals with dissociative disorders - Do not typically experience the significant arousal, negative emotions and other symptoms associated with the stress disorders - Have symptoms characterized by patterns of memory loss and identity change

Dissociative amnesia may be categorize as ... name 4 of them

- LOCALIZED - Most common type; loss of all memory of events occurring within a limited period - SELECTIVE - Loss of memory for some, but not all, events occurring within a period - GENERALIZED - Loss of memory beginning with an event, but extending back in time; may lose sense of identity; may fail to recognize family and friends - CONTINUOUS - Forgetting continues into the future; quite rare in cases of dissociative amnesia

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) • Generally there are three kinds of relationships

- MUTUALLY AMNESIC RELATIONSHIPS - Subpersonalities have no awareness of one another - MUTUALLY COGNIZANT PATTERNS - Each subpersonality is well aware of the rest - ONE-WAY AMNESIC RELATIONSHIPS - Most common pattern; some personalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER)

- Person develops two or more distinct personalities, called "subpersonalities" - Each personality has a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions - One subpersonality dominates at any given time - Transition to next personality is usually abrupt

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) and Interaction between subpersonalities

- The relationship between or among subpersonalities varies from case to case - Investigators used to believe that most cases of the disorder involved two or three subpersonalities - Typically the average number is much higher - 15 for women, 8 for men • There have been cases of more than 100!

Dissociative Amnesia and DID Self-Hypnosis

--Hypnosis can help people remember events that occurred and were forgotten years ago -- it can also help people forget facts, events, and their personal identity. --HYPNOTIC AMNESIA is a hypnotic state where the individual forgets facts, events, and their personal identity. --SELF-HYPNOSIS Self induced hypnotic amnesia; some researchers suggest this is present in people with DID.

Dissociative Amnesia and DID Psychodynamic Perspective

--REPRESSION, the most basic ego defense mechanism, causes dissociative disorders. --People fight off anxiety by unconsciously preventing painful memories, thoughts, or impulses from reaching awareness --Dissociative amnesia is a single episode of massive repression --DID is thought to result from a lifetime of excessive repression, motivated by very traumatic childhood events

Dissociative Amnesia and DID Behavioral Perspective

Dissociation grows from normal memory processes and is a response learned through OPERANT CONDITIONING • Momentary forgetting of trauma leads to a drop in anxiety, which increases the likelihood of future forgetting • Like psychodynamic theorists, behaviorists see dissociation as escape behavior

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders - Group of disorders in which some parts of one's memory or identity seem to be dissociated, or separated, from other parts of one's memory or identity Individuals with dissociative disorders - Do not typically experience the significant arousal, negative emotions and other symptoms associated with the stress disorders - Have symptoms characterized by patterns of memory loss and identity change

Traditionally, DID was believed to be rare some researcher suggests that the condition is

IATROGENIC- unintentionally produced by practitioners • These arguments are supported by the fact that many cases of DID first come to attention only after a person is already in treatment

what is DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE (Dissociative Amnesia)

People forget their personal identities and details of their past, and flee to an entirely different location • Brief fugues: last a matter of hours or days • Severe fugues the person may: • Travel far from home • Take a new name and establish new relationships, work • Display new personality characteristics • Fugues tend to end abruptly

Dissociative Amnesia and DID Cognitive Perspective

STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING People learn something when they are in a particular state of mind, they are likely to remember it best when they are in the same condition