ap classroom cell signals

When the concentration of GAl is highest, the average height of the control seedlings is approximately

10 cm

The concentration of all gibberellins 65 days after planting is approximately

20 ng/gram

The diagram above shows a developing worm embryo at the four-cell stage. Experiments have shown that when cell 3 divides, the anterior daughter cell gives rise to muscle and gonads and the posterior daughter cell gives rise to the intestine. However, if the cells of the embryo are separated from one another early during the four-cell stage, no intestine will form. Other experiments have shown that if cell 3 and cell 4 are recombined after the initial separation, the posterior daughter cell of cell 3 will once again give rise to normal intestine. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for these findings?

A cell surface protein on cell 4 signals cell 3 to induce formation of the worm's intestine.

The diagram above illustrates feedback control as exerted by the hormone thyroxine. Following surgical removal of the thyroid gland, the level of TSH in the blood will increase. Which of the following best explains this increase?

A decrease in thyroxine levels means a loss of inhibition to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, leading to increased TSH secretion.

In mammals, an increase in the concentration of sodium in the blood triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. As the concentration of sodium in the blood returns to previous levels, the release of ADH from the pituitary gland is reduced. Based on the information presented, which of the following describes the most likely role of ADH in maintaining blood osmolarity?

ADH promotes an increase in the movement of water into the bloodstream.

Based on the model presented, which of the following statements expresses the proper relationship between osmolarity, ADH release, and urine production?

As tissue osmolarity rises, more ADH is released, causing less water to be excreted as urine.

Which of the following best describes the data in Figure 1

At a concentration above 10 μM10 �M, drug XX reduces melanoma cell survival.

A researcher has identified a compound that reverses the effect of drug XX. Based on Figure 3, which of the following best explains how the compound acts in the pathway to reverse the effects of drug XX?

Compound is above complex B in diagram

The model shown in the figure represents the role of two hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH), in maintaining normal blood calcium levels in humans. If a dietary change results in an increase in blood calcium concentration above normal levels, which of the following is the most likely effect on calcium homeostasis?

Calcitonin levels will rise, thus promoting the deposit of calcium into bones.

Previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predicts how p35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?

Degradation of p35 results in increased synaptic activity.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling pathway?

It accelerates the production of a second messenger.

Which of the following is a correct conclusion that can be drawn based only on the data in Figure 4?

The greater the inhibition of GAl synthesis, the lower the plant height after 80 days.

Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of GDP to the G protein?

The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.

Which of the following best describes the production of DMSP by coral and coral symbionts?

A negative feedback mechanism that reverses the environmental change

Which of the following is a correct conclusion that can be drawn from the data in Figures 1, 2, and 3?

Most of the increase in the concentration of all gibberellins 40 to 45 days after planting is due to an increase in the concentration of GAl.

Damaged tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets and stimulate the formation of blood clots. Which of the following predictions about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?

Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.

The endocrine system incorporates feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?

After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels.

Which of the following research questions would best guide an investigation of the link between the structure of the signaling molecules and the evolution of quorum sensing?

Did these species evolve from a common ancestor that used a similar signaling molecule?

Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?

Different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter.

Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains how exercise causes blood glucose levels to rise?

Epinephrine activates alpha cells, causing the release of glucagon, and inhibits beta cells, blocking the release of insulin.

Figure 1 shows a model of the endocrine signaling pathway that regulates ovulation. Which of the following observations would provide evidence of a positive feedback mechanism in this system?

Estrogen from the ovaries stimulates the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to secrete more GnRH, LH, and FSH.

A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?

Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.

Which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single body cell can result in cancer?

Growth-factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells.

Based on your understanding of the ways in which signal transmission mediates cell function, which of the following predictions is most consistent with the information given above?

In an environment with low fixed nitrogen, treating the Anabaena cells with a calcium-binding compound should prevent heterocyst differentiation.

The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1.

In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.

Cortisol is a hormone produced in response to stress, including starvation, in humans. Which of the following is most likely an immediate effect of a starvation-induced increase in cortisol secretion?

Increased mobilization of fatty acids from fat cells

Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

Inhibition of CDK5CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus.

Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cyclic AMP to a different molecule. Which of the following best predicts the effect of inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in a muscle cell stimulated by epinephrine?

Phosphorylase kinase will remain active because protein kinase A will no longer be deactivated.

Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?

Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that acetyl-CoACoA negatively regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?

The rate of the pyruvate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction is slower in the presence of a higher concentration of acetyl-CoACoA.

Which of the following best describes the scientists' findings concerning the density of symbionts presented in Figure 2 ?

The symbiont density at 32°C was different from the density at 27°C on days 5 and 10 of the experiment.