AP Classroom (unit 5)
"I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is." Jacob Neusner, historian, "It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture," The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989 The author's argument regarding the effects of Western philosophy on the world is likely based on which of the following? A The technological innovations of Greece and Rome B The global spread of Christianity as a result of European trade and conquest C The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide D The globalization of popular European postmodern philosophy
The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images? A A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal B The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries C A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports D The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification
a decline in asian countries' share of world manufacturing as asain goods lost ground to european imports
"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the "new legislation" referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to A establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europe B establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories C allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires D allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers
allow the ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the safavid and mughal empires
Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves." Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 "To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, 'The Blacks won't work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.' I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort." H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793 All of the following statements about Armand-Guy Kersaint are factually accurate. Which would best explain why, unlike the author of Source 2, Kersaint is NOT calling for the unconditional and immediate abolition of slavery? A In his writings, Kersaint advocates for encouraging the willing migration of Africans to French colonies rather than their enslavement. B As an officer in the French navy, Kersaint had participated in military campaigns against the British in the Caribbean and during the American Revolution. C At the time of the French Revolution, Kersaint owned plantations and other property in the French Caribbean. D In a pamphlet written shortly before the French Revolution began, Kersaint called for abolishing the traditional privileges of the French nobility in France and its colonies.
at the time of the french revolution, kersaint owned plantations and other property in the french caribbean
Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ? A Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required. B Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories. C Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land. D Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.
becasue less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories
One important similarity between the American Revolution and the French Revolution is that they both A challenged monarchical governments B resulted in the abolition of slavery C resulted in the abolition of class divisions in society D enabled women to achieve political equality with men
challenged monarchial governments
Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India's share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century? A Climate change that significantly altered the growing season B Disruption of production from disputes with labor unions C Competition from industrially produced British textiles D Religious opposition to capitalist modes of production
competition from industrially produced british textiles
The Australian catalog page of 1929 shown above shows women primarily as A mothers B executives C patriots D participants in competitive sports E consumers in a world economy
consumers in a world economy
"Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?-simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." Simón Bolívar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815 Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter? A Mulatto shopkeepers B Plantation slaves C Amerindian miners D Creole elites
creole elites
Which of the following statements is true of Latin American independence movements in the nineteenth century? A Slaves led a majority of the armed revolts. B Creole elites led most revolts against colonial rule. C The United States provided military and financial support to all the revolts. D The revolts led to the elimination of racial discrimination throughout Latin America.
creole elites led most revolts against colonial rule
In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated with the mass production of which of the following? A Textiles, iron, and coal B Textiles, automobiles, and plastics C Airplanes, ships, and radios D Electricity, steel, and chemicals
electricity, steel and chemicals
Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves." Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 "To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, 'The Blacks won't work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.' I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort." H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793 Which of the following most directly influenced the arguments about social and economic change in Saint-Domingue expressed by Kersaint and Saint-Maurice in the passages? A Mercantilists B Absolutists C Laissez-faire capitalists D Enlightenment thinkers
enlightenment thinkers
In the period from 1750 to 1850, which of the following political ideologies was gaining increasing influence in western Europe and parts of the Atlantic world? A Liberalism B Absolutism C Fascism D Communism
liberalism
Which of the following best supports the argument that the last three decades of the nineteenth century were a turning point in world history? A Significant increases in demand for fossil fuels for industrial uses B Transition from use of coal and steam to nuclear power C Worldwide transition from polytheism to monotheism D Significant increases in agricultural productivity due to Green Revolution technology
significant increases in demand for fossil fuels for industrial uses
Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A The total number of sailing vessels in North America was less than the total number of steamships in Europe. B The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions. C The total number of sailing vessels in all regions was declining in relationship to the total number of steamships in all regions. D The total number of sailing vessels in Asia was less than half the total number of steamships in North America
the total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions
Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ? A The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy B The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy C The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution D The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing
the transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy
"Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner." Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846 Marx's statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century? A A movement to gain higher wages and shorter hours for workers B A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society C A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them D A movement to celebrate the productive capacity of global capitalism
a movement to articulate an alternative vision of society
"Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding." Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815 The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author's motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America? A Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America. B Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America. C Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire. D Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.
bolivar rejected spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in latin america
"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following? A Changes in gender roles as a result of Indian industrialization B Emerging women's suffrage and feminist movements C The predominantly male migration of Indian indentured labor overseas D The development of more effective means of birth control
emerging women's suffrage and feminist movements
"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 Based on Bayly's argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following? A Classical Indian religious and philosophical traditions B Marxist political theories of class struggle C Enlightenment concepts of natural rights D Laissez-faire capitalism espoused by European thinkers
enlightenment concepts of natural rights
Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table? A North America had roughly twice the share of world trade as Latin America had because it possessed almost twice as many steamships. B Africa and Oceania's share of world trade was nearly equivalent to Latin America's share of world trade because all three regions had roughly the same number of steamships. C The fact that North America had only the third largest share of world trade by region roughly corresponds to its share of the total number of sailing vessels by region. D Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.
europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade
Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans? A Draft animals B Wind power C Fossil fuels D Nuclear power
fossil fuels
Which of the following factors contributed most to the increase of world population in the period 1750 to 1900 C.E.? A A decline in the frequency and deadliness of warfare B Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution C Improvements in rural health care D A rapid increase in birth rates throughout the globe
improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution
All of the following contributed to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century EXCEPT A geographic distribution of coal and iron B legal protection of private property C improved agricultural productivity D increased rights for laborers
increased rights for laborers
"Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia." Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902 In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following? A Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses B Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production C Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers D Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment
increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses
Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women's lives? A By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees. B Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities. C By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries. D Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.
married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and families responsiblities
Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves." Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 "To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, 'The Blacks won't work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.' I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort." H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793 Kersaint and Saint-Maurice's arguments about granting citizenship to the Black inhabitants of Saint-Domingue are most different from the arguments of those nationalists who claimed that A having a shared language and religion were more important than sharing a contiguous territory in determining who could be citizens within the nation B only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation C political power could only be exercised through the popular will of the nation's citizens D people from separate national groups with distinct cultural traditions could be equal citizens within the same state
only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation
Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government? A Pressure from an increasingly powerful China B Large-scale radical peasant rebellion C Economic instability and hyperinflation D Pressure from Western powers
pressure from western powers
The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for A physical elimination of the ruling class B confiscation of church property C protection of private property D preservation of the monarchy
protection of private property
The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following? A Revolutionary demands based on Enlightenment political ideas B Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands C Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control D Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
revolutionary demands based on enlightenment political ideas
"Eight hours' daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep." Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833 The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers? A Radical changes to the socioeconomic structure of Europe B Abolition of the factory system and industrial wage labor C Free food, housing, and other necessities for factory workers D Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 The decree's references to following the rules of Shari'a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to A members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries B Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization C Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization D Shi'a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic
sunni religious elites within the ottoman government who opposed modernization
Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world? A Increased availability of Asian indentured labor B The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies C The efforts of industrialists to create a more flexible workforce D A decline in the number of enslaved persons being taken from Africa
the adaptation of enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies
"Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason." Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century? A The emergence of nationalism B The formation of separatist movements C The application of Enlightenment ideas D The growth of empirical science
the application of enlightenment ideas
"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph? A The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions. B The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles. C The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world. D The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.
the construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions
Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s? A A decline in the social status of women B An increase in the power and prestige of the landowning aristocracy C The general leveling of social hierarchies based on wealth D The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas
the creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas
Which of the following developments in the Western Hemisphere most directly resulted from the French Revolution? A The expansion of the slave trade in the Americas B The extension of the plantation economy in the Caribbean C The colonization of Brazil D The British conquest of Quebec E The creation of the first independent Black republic in the Americas
the creation of the first independent black republic in the americas
Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention? A The growth of industrial production in North America B The growth of South American agricultural exports C The abolition of slavery in the Americas D The decline of the Indian textile industry's share of global manufacturing
the decline of the indian textile industry's share of global manufacturing
"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century? A The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States B The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution C The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories D The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production
the development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution
"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word 'emancipation' enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone." Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899 Based on the letter, Kartini's views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following movements? A The socialist movement B The early feminist movement C The abolitionist movement D The anti-imperialist movement
the early feminist movement
The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A The higher degree of educational achievement among workers B A decline in the diversity of consumer goods C Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods D The greater degree of labor specialization
the greater degree of labor specialization
Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was A the Industrial Revolution B European medical technology C Spanish control of New World silver D the Enlightenment
the industrial revolution
Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850? A The Japanese B The Indians C The South Africans D The Latin Americans E The Chinese
the japanese
The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors? A The amount and location of British petroleum reserves B The location and large number of British coal deposits C The aggressive promotion of industrialization by George III D The spread of cotton cultivation in southern England
the location and large number of British coal deposits
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that A oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy B the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations C the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations D a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe's global economic dominance
the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations
By 1830 revolutions in the Atlantic world resulted in which of the following changes? A The political independence of colonies in both North and South America B The emancipation of slaves everywhere in the Atlantic world C Political and economic domination of the Western Hemisphere by the United States D The creation of a politically unified South America
the political independence of colonies in both north and south america
A key issue that historians have debated in explaining the reasons for nineteenth-century slave emancipations involves A the decline of export industries B the powers of African governments C the role of humanitarianism D racist interpretations of the theory of evolution E the spread of Marxism
the role of humanitarianism
"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word 'emancipation' enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone." Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899 Which of the following best explains Kartini's familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter? A The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized B The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories C The development of new mass media technologies such as radio D The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies
the spread of enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories
"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented." *a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community. Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909 Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to A use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production B use natural resources from colonies to create finished products C use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods D take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition
use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production
The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society? A Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns. B Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work. C The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime. D As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners' treatment of female workers improved.
within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work
