AP environmental ch 8 and 9 test

11. Which of the following is not true of highly developed countries? a) a list would include Japan, Australia, and Germany b) have high fertility rates c) have very low infant mortality rates d) have longer life expectancies than less developed countries e) have low rates of population growth

b) have high fertility rates

33. In a typical year, what percentage of the world's hungry people are without food because of famine? a) 5-10% b) 20-25% c) 30-35% d) Approximately 50% e) 90-95%

a) 5-10%

4. What percentage of the U.S. population lives in cities? a) 25% b) 50% c) 79% d) 85% e) 100%

c) 79%

46. What is suburban sprawl? Is this sprawl "smart growth"? Why or why not? Answer: Difficulty: Hard

suburban sprawl is a patchwork of developed and undeveloped land around the edges of cities that contains low population density. Sprawl is not smart growth because it increases economic disparity between older neighborhoods and newer suburbs.

41. Which of the following are NOT environmental problems commonly associated with urban areas? a) brownfields b) compact development c) dust domes d) urban heat islands e) all of these choices are correct

b) compact development

20. The National Science Foundation has two long-term research (LTER) sites (Baltimore and Phoenix) to gather information on: a) interactions among humans in urban settings b) the ecological effects of humans on their urban environment c) the effects of natural disasters on plant and animal populations d) public awareness of environmental policy decisions e) the flow of money into and out of the urban region

b) the ecological effects of humans on their urban environment

30. Each person who scales back unnecessary consumption lessens the effects of population growth. The way of life that involves wanting and spending less is: a) Intentional complexity b) Parsimony c) Dedicated spending d) Voluntary simplicity e) Unrestricted expenditure

d) Voluntary simplicity

26. Many major U.S. cities face similar problems. These include all of the following except: a) traffic congestion b) suburban sprawl c) urban renewal forcing the poor out of neighborhoods d) compact development e) school funding issues

d) compact development

53. Who was Thomas Malthus and what were his ideas about human population growth? Was he correct or not? Justify your answer.

Thomas Malthus was a 19th century British economist who was one of the first people to recognize that human population could not increase indefinitely. he may be right in his ideas because we do not know if put increase in food production is substantial.

17. In 2007 __________ was the fourth largest city in the world with 19 million people. By 2025, this city's population is projected to be 26.4 million, which will make it the second largest city in the world. a) Mumbai (Bombay), India b) Mexico City, Mexico c) Calcutta, India d) Shanghai, China e) New York, U.S.A.

a) Mumbai (Bombay), India

16. In the fourth demographic stage (post industrial stage) of the demographic transition the population will stabilize a) at the carrying capacity of the environment b) at a population larger than before the transition, but with very slow or no growth c) at a rate of growth that is higher than before the transition d) at a size close to the original before the transition e) at a size much smaller than the original population

b) at a population larger than before the transition, but with very slow or no growth

6. Over the past several years the world growth rate has: a) increased b) decreased c) stayed the same d) doubled e) increased exponentially

b) decreased

25. Which of the following statements concerning urbanization is not correct? a) Urban and rural areas often have different proportions of males and females. b) To urban ecologists technology refers to human inventions that directly affect the urban environment. c) Most workers in cities in the United States have to commute only one or two miles from home to work. d) Growing urban areas impact land-use patterns and water drainage. e) Factories and commercial enterprises in urban areas cause a buildup of airborne emissions.

c) Most workers in cities in the United States have to commute only one or two miles from home to work.

4. As of 2010, the current size of the human population was a) 2.5 billion b) 3.6 billion c) 4.2 billion d) 5.8 billion e) 6.9 billion

e) 6.9 billion

56. To date, all highly developed and moderately developed countries with more advanced economies have gone through a process of demographic transition. Describe the four steps in this process in terms of the impact birth and death rates have on population growth.

1. Pre-industrial stage - both birth and death rate are high, moderate population growth. 2. Transitional stage - birth rate stays high, due to improved healthcare, water, food and sewage, birth rate slows, population growth increases rapidly. 3. Industrial stage - a decline in birth rate causes the population growth to slows despite the slow death rate. 4. post-industrial stage - more people are educated leading to a slow population growth.

54. Urbanization is a process that is transforming human society. Summarize the three urban revolutions that sociologists recognize. How have these movements impacted the social order of civilization?

1. first urban revolution (8,000-2,000 BCE) people move into cities for the first time. 2. Second urban revolution (1700-!970) industrial revolution causes commerce to replace farming as the main way to make a living. 3. Third urban revolution (today) Increased population growth takes place in cities in developing countries rather than in developed countries. Occupations have shifted from physically demanding jobs involving harvesting natural resources to sedentary office jobs.

48. Explain how a city can be analyzed from an ecosystem perspective. What variables do urban sociologists use to better understand how cities function and change over time?

A city can be analyzed from an ecosystem perspective to better understand how cities function and change over time. To better understand these changes, urban sociologists use trends and patters of populations, organization, environment and technology.

50. Imagine you are commissioned to design a sustainable city for 100,000 people. Define the concept of a sustainable city and indicate at least five features you would want this city to have.

A sustainable city has a livable environment, strong economy and a social and cultural sense of community. My sustainable city would be designed to be democratic and participatory, encourage low levels of energy consumption, resource use, and waste production, enforce energy-efficient appliances, and regulate motor vehicle exhaust through smog controls.

49. The fast pace of urban growth in developing nations has outstripped the limited capacity of many cities to provide basic services. Discuss the serious challenges that cities in developing nations are facing. Cite a city in the developing world that is experiencing these difficulties.

Cities in developing countries face the challenges of homelessness, substandard housing, poverty, heavy pollution and sewage/waste disposal. One city experiencing these challenges is Calcutta, India.

58. Discuss the relationship between world hunger and population growth, and explain why the world food problem is difficult to solve.

Countries with high fertility rates have high food shortages. There is enough food produced through agriculture for all humans, if distributed evenly. However, uneven distribution of resources affects the relationship between world hunger and population growth.

59. Discuss ways that the total fertility rate (TFR) can be reduced and identify the cultural values that make this process more complicated.

Education for women, delaying marriage until the age of 25, and family planning services are all ways that TFR can be reduced. However, in many cultures children play important economical and societal roles making this process more complicated.

57. Why is it impossible to precisely determine the Earth's carrying capacity for the human population?

Human behavior is impossible to predict, therefore it is impossible to precisely determine the Earth's carrying capacity for the human population.

54. How does the population growth of the United States compare to that of other countries, both highly developed and developing? What factor(s) may account for the unique aspects of population growth seen in the U.S.?

The U.S. has the largest population of all highly developed countries and one of the highest rates of population increase. Highly developed countries, such as the U.S., have the lowest birth rates in the world as well as low infant mortality rates.

31. In addition to providing information on reproductive physiology, family planning services also provide: a) Contraceptives b) Marriage licenses c) Long term childcare d) Infertility medical treatment e) Religious support groups

a) Contraceptives

24. Food insecurity is the condition in which people live in hunger or fear of starvation. Where are the two regions in the world with the greatest food insecurity? a) South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa b) Indonesia and Southern Korea c) Eastern Asia and Saharan Africa d) Micronesia and the Kalahari Desert e) Egypt and adjacent to the Aral Sea

a) South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

14. What is gentrification? a) The movement of wealthier people back to older, run-down homes that have been renovated. b) The remaining people in the city and older suburbs who find themselves the victims of declining property values and increasing isolation from suburban jobs c) The movement of more affluent citizens to the suburbs to avoid the noise and pollution of inner cities. d) The remaining of people in the inner city because of prejudice encountered when they seek to move out to suburban neighborhoods e) The movement of people to the suburbs to pay less in terms of taxes but more in terms of transportation costs.

a) The movement of wealthier people back to older, run-down homes that have been renovated.

8. What characteristic defines a megacity? a) a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants b) a city that grows by approximately 1,000 new immigrants each day from overpopulated rural areas c) a cluster of small or medium-sized cities, each with population of less than 1 million d) a suburban sprawl of developed suburbs e) a city that has over 100 high-rise buildings

a) a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants

12. In the pre-industrial demographic stage: a) birth and death rates are high. b) there is a low death rate. c) there is only very light industrialization. d) there is a low birth rate. e) there is low infant mortality.

a) birth and death rates are high.

8. Relative to the United States, China: a) has higher CO2 production per unit of energy b) has higher per-capita CO2 emissions c) has lower overall CO2 emissions d) burns much less coal

a) has higher CO2 production per unit of energy

5. Urbanization: a) is growing more quickly in developing countries than in developed countries. b) currently accounts for housing about 75% of the global population. c) results in fewer employment opportunities in developed countries as compared to rural areas. d) refers to the migration of city people to the country to enjoy country living. e) describes a grouping of 10,000 or more individuals.

a) is growing more quickly in developing countries than in developed countries.

30. Portland, Oregon provides a good example of compact development because: a) land-use policies are in place b) immigration is regulated through sponsorship c) automobiles are no longer used for transportation within city limits d) birth control measures are mandated by the city government e) brownfields are transformed into green space

a) land-use policies are in place

37. Which of the following makes it impossible to determine the carrying capacity for humans? a) quality of life and quantity of people are intertwined in this issue b) fertility rates differ between highly developed and developing countries c) contraceptives are not used uniformly on a global basis d) the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has yet to be determined e) government policies on population growth vary dramatically between countries

a) quality of life and quantity of people are intertwined in this issue

24. Compact development benefits the environment in all of the following ways except: a) reversing the trend towards urbanization. b) reducing air pollution. c) preserving rural areas. d) utilizing brownfields, rather than natural habitats, for further development. e) minimizing the reliance on personal motor vehicles.

a) reversing the trend towards urbanization.

40. What is required in order for a location to be considered a "city"? a) the answer varies from country to country b) a high incidence of homelessness c) a population of 10 million residents or more d) a climate that supports outdoor activities year round e) certain traits such as high socio-economic levels and a population of similar ethnicity

a) the answer varies from country to country

17. The challenges for countries with aging populations include all of the following concerns EXCEPT a) ways to deal with an increase in violent crimes b) a need to increase the age of retirement c) reduction in financial benefits for the elderly d) not enough young people to support the elderly population e) a greater demand for health and social services

a) ways to deal with an increase in violent crimes

47. Discuss the extent that available means of transportation determined the spatial structure and development of cities (urban areas) over historical time. Include in your discussion: a. The 1700 - 1850 time period when transportation was limited to walking, horse-drawn carriages, and ships. b. The 1870 - 1910 time period when transportation included railroads and electric street trolleys c. The 20th century with the advent of the automobile.

a. cities are small, shopping and employment are centrally located. b. railroads allow for people to move further from the city center while still having access to their required goods. c. the automobile allows for much further transportation and greater individual freedoms in the choice of housing location.

55. Discuss the environmental problems associated with urban areas. Include in your discussion: a. How urban areas have affected land-use patterns and destroyed wildlife habitat. b. The impact of the buildup of local heat in areas of high population density.

a. drained wetlands remove ability to absorb rainfall, runoff bring pollutants and overwhelms sewage treatment plant. b. buildings and rooftops absorb heat during the day and at night they release that heat into the atmosphere, creating urban heat islands.

28. The country with the current largest population in the world is: a) Brazil. b) China. c) India. d) Russia. e) United States.

b) China.

23. Which of the following urbanization trends is true? a) As of 2008, 75% of the world's population lives in urban areas for the first time in history. b) Currently, most urban growth in the world is occurring in developing countries. c) Cities in developing nations tend to have more females while cities in highly developed countries often have a higher ratio of males to females. d) Urbanization in developed countries is increasing at a more rapid rate than in developing countries. e) According to the United Nations, there are almost 100 cities worldwide with a population of at least 1 million inhabitants.

b) Currently, most urban growth in the world is occurring in developing countries.

29. The social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities or privileges as men is a) Gender impartiality b) Gender inequality c) Masculinity dominance d) Feminine discrimination e) Sexual equivalence

b) Gender inequality

36. Which of the following statements about per capita resource use is not true? a) In highly developed countries, per capita resource use is high. b) In developing countries, per capita resource use is high c) Many people in more affluent nations exploit resources in order to meet their desires. d) In highly developed countries, resource demands exceed the requirements for survival. e) The resources that are essential to an individual's survival are small.

b) In developing countries, per capita resource use is high

44. Even with lower birth rates, Mexico's positive __________will cause its population to increase because of the large number of young women having babies. a) Pronatalists b) Population growth momentum c) Welfare system d) Access to maternal medical assistance e) TFR (total fertility rate)

b) Population growth momentum

35. What is a valid conclusion given the following data? Developing Countries Highly Developed Countries Percentage of urban inhabitants in 2004 44% 74% Gender of urban inhabitants Higher ratio of males to females Higher ratio of females to males Rate of urban growth High Low Challenges of urban development High High Megacities Many Many a) Urbanization of developing countries is better than that of highly developed countries. b) Urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon. c) Females prefer urban living. d) Cities in highly developed and developing countries have exactly the same challenges. e) Megacities are an artifact of highly developed countries.

b) Urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon.

9. An age structure diagram shaped like a pyramid is characteristic of a country with: a) a decreasing population growth rate. b) an increasing population growth rate. c) a steady rate of population growth. d) a population crash. e) a population at its carrying capacity.

b) an increasing population growth rate.

42. Increasing education results in a decrease in total fertility, primarily by: a) accelerating marriage age. b) delaying the age at which women have their first child. c) decreasing access to contraceptives. d) leading to a greater understanding of traditional and religious beliefs. e) decreasing the economic standing of childless individuals.

b) delaying the age at which women have their first child.

1. The science of population structure and growth is called: a) ecology b) demography c) democracy d) human dynamics e) ethology

b) demography

13. All of the following are considered a part of a city's infrastructure except: a) roads b) department stores c) garbage trucks d) prisons e) water treatment plants

b) department stores

28. Currently the percentage of people living in cities, compared with rural settings, in highly developed countries is __________ in developing countries. a) less than b) greater than c) the same as d) rapidly increasing while slowing e) stagnant while slowing

b) greater than

16. Designing and constructing buildings that are energy efficient, economical, and made of recycled materials, is a trend called: a) friendly construction. b) green architecture. c) environmental building. d) passive design. e) ecology construction.

b) green architecture.

6. The young age structure of urban areas can be attributed to: a) high birth rates in urban areas b) influx of young people from rural areas c) high death rates in urban areas d) the presence of more females than males in urban areas e) shortened life expectancy of urban dwellers

b) influx of young people from rural areas

10. Urban ecologists study urban trends and patterns in the context of four variables (POET) referring to: a) pollution, opportunity, emigration, and transportation b) population, organization, environment, and technology c) pain & suffering, overt crime rate, employment, and trades d) poverty, overcrowding, education, and traffic e) politics, options, ecosystems, and travel

b) population, organization, environment, and technology

37. Land use in many cities is based on economic concerns. Which urban area would be charged the highest taxes? a) residential property nearest the central business district b) the central business district c) land-intensive businesses d) residential property in the suburbs e) infrastructure property such as schools, prisons, & water treatment plants

b) the central business district

27. The single most important factor affecting high total fertility rates may be: a) limited access to family planning services. b) the low status of women in many societies. c) the economic status of large families. d) tradition. e) religious values.

b) the low status of women in many societies.

44. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the susceptibility of large cities (population size above 5 million) to damage caused by global climate change? a) they are not vulnerable, because they are protected by extensive infrastructure b) they are extremely vulnerable, because of their close proximity to coastlines c) they are not vulnerable, because many of them are located in the northern hemisphere d) they are extremely vulnerable, because many of them are located in arid climates e) they are not vulnerable, because most of them are located in areas forecasted to experience little, if any, future change in climate

b) they are extremely vulnerable, because of their close proximity to coastlines

13. Zero Population growth is: a) when the death rate equals the growth rate b) when the birth rate equals the death rate c) when the birth rate equals the growth rate d) when the growth rate equals the declining rate e) when the birth rate plus the death rate equals zero

b) when the birth rate equals the death rate

34. According to the U.N. Human Settlements Program, each of the following is a fact about cities in developing countries except: a) Almost one third of all cities have areas that the police consider dangerous b) About 5.8% of the children die before reaching 5 years of age c) One of every two urban households live above the poverty status d) About two thirds of the cities do not treat their sewage e) Buses are the most common form of transportation

c) One of every two urban households live above the poverty status

19. Which of the following represent the two regions of the world with the greatest food insecurity? a) Sub-Saharan Africa and South America b) Central and South America c) South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa d) South Asia and South America e) Central America and South Asia

c) South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

3. A scientist who first sounded the alarm about the growth of the human population and the ability of the earth to handle a large population of humans was a) Charles Darwin b) Paul Ehrlich c) Thomas Malthus d) Rachel Carson e) James Lovelock

c) Thomas Malthus

15. Transportation has affected the spatial structures of cities because: a) as cities grow, a grid must be maintained for street development b) as cities grow, a plan must be in place to evenly distribute the accumulation of heat from automobile use c) as cities grow, they expand along public transportation routes d) as cities grow, they expand in the direction of waterways e) as cities grow, the dependence on transportation is lessened

c) as cities grow, they expand along public transportation routes

1. Which event (s) corresponded with a rapid increase in the population growth rate of Las Vegas, NV? a) the end of World War II b) completion of the trans-continental railroad c) construction of the Hoover Dam d) recent climate change e) all of these choices are correct

c) construction of the Hoover Dam

26. Which of the following is not a reason for high fertility rates? a) economic and societal roles of children b) high infant mortality rate c) educating women d) religious pressures e) desire for more male children

c) educating women

10. In the postindustrial stage there is: a) modest population growth. b) a high death rate. c) greater affluence and higher levels of education. d) a high birth rate. e) high infant mortality.

c) greater affluence and higher levels of education.

2. The potential for future increases or decreases in a population based on the present age structure is called a) intrinsic rate of increase b) population density c) population growth momentum d) total fertility rate e) age structure

c) population growth momentum

32. What is one way in which urban areas in developing nations differ from urban areas in highly developed nations? a) urban areas in developing nations have more females than males than urban areas in highly developed nations. b) urban areas in developing nations have a greater percentage people living in cities than urban areas in highly developed nations. c) urban areas in developing nations have the worst air pollution in the world, including urban areas in highly developed nations. d) urban areas in developing nations are growing at a slower rate than urban areas in highly developed nations. e) urban areas in developing nations have fewer "top 10 largest cities" than urban areas in highly developed nations.

c) urban areas in developing nations have the worst air pollution in the world, including urban areas in highly developed nations.

9. The process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities is termed: a) high density accommodation b) rural redistribution c) urbanization d) metropolitan relocation e) municipality magnetism

c) urbanization

34. The ideas and customs of a group of people at a given period and passed from generation to generation is defined as: a) Religion b) Carrying capacity c) Ethnicity d) Culture e) Value system

d) Culture

35. Which of the following statements about the relationship between economics and population growth is true? a) Population growth has no effect on economic development. b) Economic development does not affect population growth. c) If a country's standard of living is to increase, then its population growth must decrease to almost zero. d) Economic growth in developing countries would profit from slower population growth. e) The debt burden in developing countries is not affecting economic development.

d) Economic growth in developing countries would profit from slower population growth.

18. A program in Curitiba, Brazil which pays bus tokens, surplus food, or school supplies for filled garbage bags is: a) Trash to Treasure Program b) Rubbish Reward Program c) Debris Barter Program d) Garbage Purchase Program e) Waste Watchers Program

d) Garbage Purchase Program

18. Which of the following is a true statement about the global human population size? a) It is no longer increasing b) It is predicted to increase exponentially far into the future c) It is currently decreasing slowly d) It is predicted to stop growing in the next 100 years

d) It is predicted to stop growing in the next 100 years

7. Developing countries fall into two categories, moderately developed and less developed. Which of the following is not classified as a less developed country? a) Laos b) Niger c) Bangladesh d) Thailand e) Ethiopia

d) Thailand

36. __________ is an excellent example of a city with rapid spread of urban sprawl while __________ is a good example of a city that avoided the problem of suburban sprawl. a) Curitiba, Brazil / Tokyo, Japan b) New York, NY / Calcutta, India c) Mexico City, Mexico / Mumbai (Bombay), India d) The Greater Atlanta area, GA / Portland, OR e) Chicago, IL / The Greater Atlanta area, GA

d) The Greater Atlanta area, GA / Portland, OR

31. What do brownfields have in common with dust domes? a) both are environmental problems associated with rural areas b) both are environmental problems associated with previous chemical contamination c) both are environmental problems associated with the buildup of pollution d) both are environmental problems associated with urban areas e) both are environmental problems associated with high temperatures

d) both are environmental problems associated with urban areas

45. What factors have contributed to the economic disparity between older neighborhoods and suburbs? a) declining inner-city property values b) gentrification c) relocation of jobs to suburban areas d) declining inner-city property values and relocation of jobs to suburban areas e) all of these choices are correct

d) declining inner-city property values and relocation of jobs to suburban areas

15. An improving socioeconomic condition of a country is generally correlated with a) increased birth rate and increased population growth rate b) increased death rate and decreased population growth rate c) decreased birth rate and increased population growth rate d) decreased birth rate and decreased population growth rate e) decreased death rate and increased population growth rate

d) decreased birth rate and decreased population growth rate

12. A patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities that contain a low population density is considered: a) smart growth b) sustainable development c) green architecture d) suburban sprawl e) compact development

d) suburban sprawl

42. Which of the following terms is used to describe an urbanized core region that consists of several adjacent cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs? a) brownfield b) suburban agglomeration c) county d) urban agglomeration e) none of these choices is correct

d) urban agglomeration

Difficulty: Medium 29. Urban heat islands affect local air current and weather conditions including which of the following? 1) increased number of thunderstorms over cities in summer months 2) lingering dust domes over cities 3) stronger natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes 4) extreme cold temperatures in the winter and record-setting heat in summer a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 1 and 2

e) 1 and 2

14. Which of the following statements is/are true of Population Growth Momentum? 1) it is the potential for future increase or decrease in a population based on the present age structure 2) there is no relation between population growth momentum and replacement-level fertility 3) a country can have replacement-level fertility and still experience population growth 4) it is the growth pattern of a given country's population a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 1 and 3

e) 1 and 3

38. Which of the following effects would zoning have on an individual who wants to build and operate a five-story department store above their garage? 1) The individual could operate a commercial business in a residential neighborhood as long as all of the homes were zoned as shopping centers. 2) The individual could operate a commercial business over the garage because he owns the land zone below. 3) The individual could not operate a commercial business on his residence because zoning restricts areas to specific land uses - commercial, residential or industrial 4) The individual could not build a five-story store on his residence because zoning ordinances regulate building height among other things. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 3 and 4

e) 3 and 4

20. Potentially, world hunger could be eliminated by: a) improved food distribution b) promotion of economic development c) increased family planning education d) elimination of poverty e) All of these choices are correct

e) All of these choices are correct

25. Which of the following factors affects the total fertility rate for human populations today? a) availability of family planning services b) Cultural and religious traditions c) Government policies d) Marriage age e) All of these choices are correct

e) All of these choices are correct

38. High fertility rates are generally encouraged in developing countries because: a) children contribute to the family's livelihood. b) children must care for aging parents. c) male children are culturally more desirable, so families continue to have children until male children are born. d) high fertility rates compensate for high infant mortality rates. e) All of these choices are correct

e) All of these choices are correct

5. The human population is increasing because of: a) medical advances. b) agricultural advances. c) sanitation practices. d) improved water quality. e) All of these choices are correct

e) All of these choices are correct

46. The countries with the greatest food shortages have some of the a) Lowest food insecurities b) Fastest economic developments c) Lowest foreign debt d) Highest average levels of education e) Highest total fertility rates (TFR's)

e) Highest total fertility rates (TFR's)

33. Which of the following does not represent a "green architecture" feature? a) triple-pane windows b) motion sensors linked to lights in classrooms c) geothermal energy for heating and cooling d) using recycled water in toilets e) None of these, all are green architectural features

e) None of these, all are green architectural features

19. A brownfield is an urban area of a) vacant house lots that are overgrown with weeds and vegetation b) parking lot pavement that collects heat during the day and emits heat at night c) meadows that are earmarked for industrial development d) sports arenas for baseball, football, and soccer e) abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses, and residential sites that may be contaminated from past uses.

e) abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses, and residential sites that may be contaminated from past uses.

21. All of the following are negative effects of prolonged exposure to noise pollution EXCEPT: a) hearing damage b) increased blood pressure c) increased frequency of heart disease d) psychological stress e) all of these can be caused by prolonged exposure to noise pollution

e) all of these can be caused by prolonged exposure to noise pollution

11. Sustainable urban development, ideally, involves a) green space b) recycling c) urban farmers d) solar energy e) all of these choices are correct

e) all of these choices are correct

3. Mexico City: a) is representative of urbanization in a developing country. b) is a good example of a megacity c) was one of the 10 largest cities in the world in 2005 d) had a population of 19.4 million in 2005 e) all of these choices are correct

e) all of these choices are correct

7. Unlike people who live in urban areas, people who live in rural areas a) are employed in occupations which involve industrial labor b) are far more heterogeneous with respect to race c) are far more heterogeneous with respect to religion d) are generally younger than those in the surrounding cities e) are employed in occupations which involve harvesting natural resources

e) are employed in occupations which involve harvesting natural resources

32. Famines are attributed to all of the following except: a) Insect outbreaks b) Armed conflict c) droughts d) floods e) food insecurity

e) food insecurity

39. What do the cities of Tokyo-Yokohama-Osaka-Kobe represent in Japan? a) home to 50 million people b) the 4 largest cities in a developing country c) small or medium-sized cities with populations of less than 1 million d) an urban agglomeration e) home to 50 million people and an urban agglomeration

e) home to 50 million people and an urban agglomeration

2. Which of the following problems is commonly shared by cities in both highly developed and developing countries? a) lack of adequate medical facilities b) lack of adequate clean water c) lack of adequate technology d) lack of adequate schools e) lack of adequate shelter

e) lack of adequate shelter

43. Which of the following statements is not true about cost differences between urban and suburban areas? a) People in "central business district" in cities typically pay higher taxes b) People in suburbs often pay less in transportation costs c) People in suburban areas typically pay higher taxes d) The less affluent seek housing away from the city to avoid high taxes e) none of these choices is correct

e) none of these choices is correct

22. All of the following historical events have led to movement of people into cities EXCEPT: a) development of agriculture b) the American Revolution c) the Industrial Revolution d) a search for jobs associated with natural resource extraction e) the American Revolution and a search for jobs associated with natural resource extraction.

e) the American Revolution and a search for jobs associated with natural resource extraction.