Ap euro 3
Revocation of the edict of nantes
Screwed the huganauts over
Intendents
given to a high-ranking official or administrator, especially in France, Spain, Portugal, or one of their colonies.
Royal intendents
given to a high-ranking official or administrator, especially in France, Spain, Portugal, or one of their colonies.
War of the Spanish succession
1701 the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701- 1714) began, and it soon envel-oped western Europe. For the first time in Louis's reign France went to war with inadequate finances, a poorly equipped army, and mediocre generals. The English, in contrast, had advanced weaponry ( flintlock rifles, paper cartridges, and ring bayonets) and superior tactics ( thin, maneuverable troop columns rather than the traditional deep ones). John Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough ( 1650- 1722), bested Louis's soldiers in every major engagement, although French arms triumphed in Spain. After 1709 the war became a bloody stalemate.
Forced loans
A tax that would be theoretically repaid, but often wasn't
Charles II
After negotiations with the army, Charles II ( r. 1660- 1685) returned to England amid great rejoicing. A man of considerable charm and political skill, Charles set a refresh-ing new tone after eleven years of somber Puritanism. England returned to the status quo of 1642, with a hereditary monarch, a Parliament of Lords and Commons that met only when the king summoned it, and the Anglican Church, with its bishops and prayer book, supreme in religion. The king, however, had secret Catholic sympathies and favored religious tolera-tion. He wanted to allow loyal Catholics and Puritans to worship freely. Yet ultra-royalists in Parliament between 1661 and 1665, through a series of laws known as the Clarendon Code, excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from the official religious and political life of the nation.
The short parliament
Called by Charles the 1, and came of with the petition of right, but was dissolved shortly after
Puritans
English Protestants who sought to " purify" the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism.
Treaty of Utrecht
France finally made peace with England at Utrecht in July 1713, and with Hol-land and the emperor at Rastatt in March 1714. Philip V remained king of Spain, but England got Gibraltar and the island of Minorca, making it a Mediterranean power. ( See Map 5- 2, page 189.) Louis also recognized the right of the House of Hanover to the English throne.
Henry VI
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.
Treaty of Dover 1670
In 1670 by the Treaty of Dover, England and France formally allied against the Dutch, their chief commercial competitor. In a secret portion of this treaty, Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England
Bishop Bossuet
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet was a French bishop and theologian, renowned for his sermons and other addresses. He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist
Jansenists
Jansenism was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement originated from the posthumously published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638.
Jean Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister
Cardinal Mazarin
Jules Raymond Mazarin, Cardinal-Duke of Rethel, Mayenne and Nevers (French: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; 14 July 1602 - 9 March 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino [ˈdʒuːljo raiˈmondo maddzaˈriːno] or Mazarini, was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the Chief Minister of the French King from 1642 until ...
Charles 1
Levied huge taxes as a King to finance himself and wars Disregarded parliament completely and only Called upon them when he needed cash Charles invaded parliament when they tried taking his power away Civil war Charles lost and was executed by Oliver cromewll
One King, one law, one faith
Louis France
Louis XIII
Louis XIII was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged to the French crown. Wikipedia
Louis XIV
Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.[3] An adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling many members of the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles (formerly a hunting lodge belonging to Louis's father), succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
I am the state
Louis belief in ruling
Huguenot persecution
Louis launched a methodical campaign against the Huguenots in an effort to unify France religiously. He was also influenced in this policy by his mistress who became his second wife, Madame de Maintenon ( 1635- 1719), a deeply pious Catholic who drew Louis toward a much more devout religious
Sun King
Louis nick name
Versailles
Monster palace built by Louis xiv to display power, and to keep nobles in check
Trial of King Charles 1
N o respect for each other, got death by one vote, executed publicly
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Wikipedia
The interregnum
Period between restoration
Act of settlement 1701
Settle-ment ( 1701), which provided for the English crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Queen Anne ( r. 1702- 1714), the second daughter of James II and the heir to the childless William III, died without issue. Thus, at Anne's death in 1714, the Elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain ( r. 1714- 1727) since England and Scotland had been combined in an Act of Union in 1707.
Cavaliers
Supporters of Charles the I
Roundheads
Supporters of Oliver Cromwell
Cardinal Richelieu
The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister". He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers
Puritan commonwealth
The Commonwealth was the period from 1649 onwards when England, along later with Ireland and Scotland, was ruled as a republic following the end of the ... Leader(s): Oliver Cromwell (1653-58); ... Preceded by: Second English Civil War Followed by: Restoration Including: Third English Civil War; The ...
Archbishop William laud
The Most Reverend William Laud was an English churchman and academic, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633, during the personal rule of Charles I. Arrested in 1640, he was executed in 1645. In matters of church polity, Laud was autocratic. Wikipedia
The new model army
The New Model Army of England was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration
Lord protectorate
The Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum) when England (which at that time included Wales), Ireland and Scotland were governed by a Lord Protector. The Protectorate began in 1653 when, following the dissolution of the Rump Parliament and then Barebone's Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth under the terms of the Instrument of Government. In 1659 the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by the Committee of Safety as Richard Cromwell, who had succeeded his father as Lord Protector, was unable to keep control of the Parliament and the Army. This marked the end of the Protectorate and the start of a second period of rule by the Rump Parliament as the legislative and the Council of State as the executive.
The protectorate
The Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum) when England (which at that time included Wales), Ireland and Scotland were governed by a Lord Protector. The Protectorate began in 1653 when, following the dissolution of the Rump Parliament and then Barebone's Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth under the terms of the Instrument of Government. In 1659 the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by the Committee of Safety as Richard Cromwell, who had succeeded his father as Lord Protector, was unable to keep control of the Parliament and the Army. This marked the end of the Protectorate and the start of a second period of rule by the Rump Parliament as the legislative and the Council of State as the executive.
The restoration
The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century, 1660-1785. The Restoration period begins in 1660, the year in which King Charles II (the exiled Stuart king) was restored to the English throne. England, Scotland, and Wales were united as Great Britain by the 1707 Act of Union.
The rump parliament
The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. Wikipedia
Civil war
Two factors led finally to Parliament's victory. The first was an alliance with Scotland in 1643 that committed Parliament to a Presbyterian system of church government. The second was the reorganization of the parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell ( 1599- 1658), a country squire of iron discipline and strong, independent religious sentiment. Cromwell and his " godly men" were willing to tolerate an established majority church, but only if it permitted Protestant dissenters to worship outside it. Defeated militarily by June 1645, for the next several years Charles tried to take advantage of divisions within Parliament,
The glorious revolution
When James II ( r. 1685- 1688) became king, he immediately demanded the repeal of the Test Act. When Parliament balked, he dissolved it and proceeded to appoint Catholics to high positions in both his court and the army. In 1687, he issued another Declaration of Indulgence suspending all religious tests and permitting free worship. In June 1688, James imprisoned seven Anglican bishops who had refused to publicize his suspension of laws against the Catholics. Each of these actions represented a direct royal attack on the local authority of nobles, landowners, the church, and other corporate bodies whose members believed they pos-sessed particular legal privileges. James not only sought to aid his fellow Roman Catholics but also to pursue absolut-ist policies similar to those of Louis XIV whom he deeply admired. The English had hoped that James would be succeeded by Mary ( r. 1689- 1694), his Protestant eldest daughter. She was the wife of William III of Orange, the leader of Euro-pean opposition to Louis XIV. But on June 20, James II's Catholic second wife gave birth to a son. There was now a Catholic male heir to the throne. The Parliamentary opposition invited William to invade England to preserve its " traditional liberties," that is, the Anglican Church and parliamentary government. William of Orange arrived with his army in November 1688 and was received with considerable popular support. James fled to France, and Parliament, in 1689, proclaimed William III and Mary II the new monarchs, thus completing the " Glorious Revolution." William and Mary, in turn, recognized a Bill of Rights that limited the powers of the monarchy
The traditional liberties of Englishmen
and Mary II the new monarchs, thus completing the " Glorious Revolution." William and Mary, in turn, recognized a Bill of Rights that limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes. Henceforth, England's monarchs would be subject to law and would rule by the consent of Parliament, which was to be called into session every three years. The Bill of Rights also prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English throne. The Toleration Act of 1689 permitted worship by all Protestants and outlawed only Roman Catholics and those who denied the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. It did not, however, extend full political
The Scottish rebellion
at least within England and Scotland. In 1637, Charles and his high- church Archbishop William Laud ( 1573- 1645), against the oppo-sition of both the English Puritans and the Presbyterian Scots, tried to impose on Scotland the English episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The Scots rebelled, and Charles, with insufficient resources for war, was forced in 1640 to call Parliament. It refused even to consider funds for war until the king agreed to redress a long list of political and religious grievances. The king, in response, immediately dissolved that Parliament— hence its name, the Short Parliament ( April- May 1640). When the Scots defeated an English army at the Battle of New-burn in the summer of 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament— this time on its terms— for a long and fateful duration.
Mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism. historical
Imposition
income, largely by levying new custom duties known
The long parliament
landowners and the merchant classes represented in Parliament had long resented the king's financial measures and paternalistic rule. The Puritans in Parliament resented his religious policies and distrusted the influence of his Roman Catholic wife. What became known as the Long Parliament ( 1640- 1660) thus acted with widespread support and general unanimity when it convened in November 1640. The House of Commons impeached both Strafford and Laud. Both were exe-cuted— Strafford in 1641, Laud in 1645. Parliament abolished the courts that had enforced royal policy and prohibited the levying of new taxes without its consent. Finally, Parliament resolved that no more than three years should elapse between its meetings and that the king could not dissolve it without its own consent. Parliament, however, was sharply divided over religion. Both moderate Puritans ( the Presbyterians) and more extreme Puritans ( the Independents) wanted to abolish bishops and the Book of Common Prayer. Yet religious conservatives in both houses of Parliament were determined to preserve the Church of England in its current form. These divisions intensified in October 1641, when Parliament was asked to raise funds for an army to suppress the rebellion in Scotland. Charles's opponents argued that he could not be trusted with an army and that Parliament should become the commander- in- chief of English armed forces. In January 1642, Charles invaded Parlia-ment, intending to arrest certain of his opponents, but they escaped. The king then
Test act of 1672
permitted this to happen. In return for this announcement ( which Charles never made), Louis XIV promised to pay Charles a substantial subsidy. In an attempt to unite the English people behind the war with Holland, and as a sign of good faith to Louis XIV, Charles issued a Declaration of Indulgence in 1672, suspending all laws against Roman Catholics and non- Anglican Protestants. Parliament refused to fund the war, however, until Charles rescinded the
Petition of right
should be no forced loans or taxation without the consent of Parlia-ment, that no freeman should be imprisoned without due cause, and that troops should not be billeted in private homes. Charles agreed to
The bill of rights
that limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes. Henceforth, England's monarchs would be subject to law and would rule by the consent of Parliament, which was to be called into session every three years. The Bill of Rights also prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English throne. The Toleration Act of 1689 permitted worship by all
Absolutism
the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.