AP Euro

Rousseau

Social Contract, Wrote a Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, Discourse on Inequality

Enlightened Despotism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Atlantic Charter

The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined the Allied goals for the post-war world, including self-determination for nations and economic and social cooperation among nations.

Czarina Alexandra

The Consort of Nicholas Czar II, allowed Rasputin's influence on the

United Nations Charter

1945, The Allied Powers create an international agency to resolve conflicts among members and discourage aggressor nations with Military force

Treaty of Maastricht

1992; European nations agree to make an economic and political integration with a common currency, passport, and banking system; Established structure and cooperation in immigration and law enforcement

Habeas Corpus Act

It was passed in 1679 to define and strengthen the ancient prerogative writ of habeas corpus, which required a court to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner's detention and thus prevent unlawful or arbitrary imprisonment.

Merger Treaty

(1965) combined the European Coal and Steel Community with the EEC, and the European Atomic Energy Commission, into a single institution called the European Economic Community (ii), some regard this as the beginning of the EU

Politique

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Pope Julius II

He is known as the "warrior pope" who used warfare to accomplish his ends of gaining control of the Papal States after the alienation of sections to Cesare Borgia. He was also a huge patron for Renaissance art.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

He served as emperor of Germany from 1888 until the end of World War I. During his rule, Germany's relations with Britain, France and Russia became strained.

Winston Churchill

He was British prime minister from 1940-1945 and again between 1951 and 1955. Churchill is best remembered for successfully leading Britain through World War II.

Henry VIII

He was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled.

Gavrilo Princip

He was a Bosnian Serb member of Young Bosnia who became the catalyst for World War I when he assassinated Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28th, 1914.

Lord Byron

He was a British poet, peer, politician, and leading figure in the Romantic movement. He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential.

William Gladstone

He was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served for twelve years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times.

Miguel Cervantes

He was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He wrote the novel Don Quixote.

Philip II of Spain

He was a hard-working ruler who was ushered in the Golden Age of Spain, being the most powerful nation. He was the most powerful monarch, he also helped the Catholic Church persecute Protestants during the Counter Reformation.

Thomas Malthus

He was an 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. His population theories were outlined in his book, "An Essay on the Principle of Population."

Maria Theresa

She was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen Consort of Germany from September 13, 1745 to August 18, 1765. She was known for reforming the economy and educational system of her empire.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed on 28 June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

Sir Thomas More

The English Humanist who wrote the Utopia.

Student Revolts 1968

The May 1968 events in France refers to the volatile period of civil unrest throughout France during May 1968 which was punctuated by demonstrations and major general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France.;

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

Adam Smith

The Wealth of Nations, Father of Economics, The development of the free market economy powered by the Invisible Hand.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

a 1948 agreement that established an international forum for negotiating mutual reductions in trade restrictions

Neville Chamberlain

a British Conservative Party statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940.

Second Vatican Council (Vatican II)

a day of reform for the church and abandoning the universal latin liturgy and acknowledging ecumenism

Rations

a fixed amount of a commodity officially allowed to each person during a time of shortage, as in wartime.

Enlightened Despot

a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949

Tenements

a multi-occupancy building of any sort; a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city. any species of permanent property,

Grand Tour

a period of foreign travel commonly undertaken by gentlemen to finish off their education. It was popular from the mid-17th century until the end of the 18th century when the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars stopped most foreign travel.

Dawes Plan

a plan in 1924 to resolve the World War I reparations that Germany had to pay, that had strained diplomacy following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.

Glasnost

a policy of a more open constative government and a wider range of information;

directionless

a recognition that there was great confusion and aimlessness among the war's survivors in the early post-war years.

Perestroika

a reform passed that bettered the economic and political system;

Destalinization

a reform to add and remove power/privileges from Stalins ideology of dictatorship after his death

French National Front

a republican party of France developed in the 70s founded by Jean Marie Le Pen;

Vichy France

France under German control

Mein Kompf

"My Struggle:" Hitler's autobiography and manifesto.

Erasmus

A Dutch Christian humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance. He wrote The Education of a Christian Prince and the Praise of Folly.

Socialism

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.

Hemophilia

A disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally.

Indulgences

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

Jean Paul Sartre

A french author that expressed human nature and subconscious,

Philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.

Stalingrad

Germany and allies versus the Soviet Union Soviet victory

Petition of Right

A statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I in 1628.

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.

Social Contract Theory

A theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority (of the ruler, or to the decision of a majority) in exchange for protection of their remaining rights or maintenance of the social order.

The Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the forces of Lutheran princes on September 25, 1555, which officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose which religion would reign in their principality.

Total War

A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic and social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons.

Catherine the Great

AKA Catherine II of Russia; She reigned from 1762 to 1796. She expanded the Russian Empire, improved administration, and vigorously pursued the policy of Westernization.

Nazi Soviet Pact

AKA Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939

What are the Warsaw Pact Nations?

Albania (until 1968) Bulgaria. Czechoslovakia. East Germany (until 1990) Hungary. Poland. Romania. The Soviet Union

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

What are the NATO Nations?

Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France , Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, theUnited Kingdom, and the United States. In 1952, Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance, joined later by West Germany

Corn Laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that believed were putting them out of work.

Voltaire

Criticism of the Catholic Church, freedom of religion, speech, separation of church and State, Wrote play Zaire

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor.

Gutenberg

He invented the movable metal type printing press in the 1440s which allowed hundreds or thousands of identical copies to be made in a short time.

Schlieffen Plan

Failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Feminist works, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, founder of Feminist Philosophy.

Huguenot

French Calvinists

Cardinal Richelieu

He was often known by the title of the king's "Chief Minister"or "First Minister". He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state.

Pope John Paul II

He was ordained in 1946, became the bishop of Ombi in 1958, and became the archbishop of Krakow in 1964. He was made a cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1967, and in 1978 became the first non-Italian pope in more than 400 years.;

Franklin Roosevelt

He was the 32nd American president. FDR, as he was often called, led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, and greatly expanding the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal.

Joseph II of Austria

He was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Austrian Habsburg dominion from 1765 to 1790. During his reign, issued decrees that promoted equality and education, but the speed and scope of his reforms led to problems for him and his empire.

Henry VII of England

He was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 which ended the War of Roses. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

He was the controller general of finance (from 1665) and secretary of state for the navy (from 1668) under King Louis XIV of France. He carried out the program of economic reconstruction that helped make France the dominant power in Europe.

Alan Turing/Bletchley Park

He worked at the Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park - the forerunner of GCHQ - where he devised the techniques which cracked the German Enigma code during WWII.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Hesupported democratic reforms. He enacted policies of glasnost ("openness") and perestroika ("restructuring"), and he pushed for disarmament and demilitarization in eastern Europe. His policies ultimately led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990-91.;

Diderot

His expansion of the theory that moral excellence could be achieved without religion. Atheist. Editor of the Encyclopedie.

Berlin Wall (why?)

In an effort to stem the tide of refugees attempting to leave East Berlin, the communist government of East Germany begins building the Berlin Wall to divide East and West Berlin. Construction of the wall caused a short-term crisis in U.S./Soviet bloc relations, and the wall itself came to symbolize the Cold War.

Divine Right Theory

It is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

Tariffs

It is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade. It is a policy that taxes foreign products to encourage or protect domestic industry.

Strike

It is a work stoppage, caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. It usually takes place in response to employee grievances

Schengen

It is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished all passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. The area mostly functions as a single jurisdiction for international travel purposes, with a common visa policy

Capitalist

It is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

Great Exhibition

It is an important symbol of the Industrial Revolution, it was originally pavilion for the first time in 1851 World Expo held in London, the official name of this World's Fair Exposition of Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations.

Rococo Art

It is characterized by elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and curved or serpentine lines. A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupid

House of Commons

It is the lower house of the Parliament Its members debate the big political issues of the day and proposals for new laws. It is responsible for making decisions on financial Bills, such as proposed new taxes. The Lords can consider these Bills but cannot block or amend them.

House of Lords

It is the second chamber of the UK Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the elected House of Commons. The Lords shares the task of making and shaping laws and checking and challenging the work of the government.

The Blitz

It refers to the strategic bombing campaign conducted by the Germans against London and other cities in England from September of 1940 through May of 1941, targeting populated areas, factories and dock yards.

The Black Hand

It was a secret military society formed in 1901 by officers in the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia, best known for the conspiracy to assassinate the Serbian royal couple in 1903, under the aegis of Captain Dragutin Dimitrijević.

Chartist Movement

It was a working-class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. Chartism got its name from the People's Charter.

Lend Lease Act

It was formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was an American program to defeat Germany, Japan and Italy by distributing food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945.

German Peasant Revolt (1525)

It was inspired by changes brought by theReformation, peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords.

How did it lead to Proxy Wars?

Korean War- North Korea was being influence by china which started invasions in southern Korea

Percy & Mary Shelley

Mary was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Percy is one of the epic poets of the 19th century, and is best known for his classic anthology verse works such as Ode to the West Wind and The Masque of Anarchy. He is also well known for his long-form poetry, including Queen Mab and Alastor.

Rasputin

Mystic that Czarina Alexandra brought into the court to help heal her child, gained lots of political influence with the royal family, was despised by the nobles and the people.

Black Shirts

Name given to the fascists in Italy ran by Benito Mussolini who rose to power in the pre-World War 2 Era.

Korean War

North Korea was being influence by china which started invasions in southern Korea

The Peace of Westphalia

On 24 October 1648, They ended the Thirty Years War and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people.

Nazi Soviet Nonaggression Pact

On August 23, 1939-shortly before World War II (1939-45) broke out in Europe-enemies Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union surprised the world by signing the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, in which the two countries agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years.

Treaty of Frankfurt

On May 10, 1871, An indemnity of five billion gold francs was imposed by Germany on France, and a German army of occupation was to remain until the indemnity had been paid. Bismarck's aim in this treaty was to ensure that France would be entirely cut off from the Rhine.

Treaty of Rome

Pact, created in 1957, that set up the European Economic Community (also known as the Common Market).

Flora Tristan

She was a French-Peruvian socialist writer and activist. She made important contributions to early feminist theory, and argued that the progress of women's rights was directly related with the progress of the working class

Pre

Raphaelite Art- It was a brotherhood which was a secret society of young artists (and one writer), founded in London in 1848. They were opposed to the Royal Academy's promotion of the ideal as exemplified in the work of Raphael. It was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Salons

Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Putin

Russia's active president since 1999;

Trotsky

Russian Revolutionary that led the Bolsheviks alongside Stalin during the Red Terror

Montesquieu

Separation of Powers, Despotism theory, Published the Spirit of the Laws, influenced US Constitution

Queen Victoria

She served as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837, and as Empress of India from 1877, until her death in 1901. She became the Queen when she was only 18 years, and successfully reigned over her kingdom for good 63 years.

Margaret Thatcher

She was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.;

Florence Nightingale

She was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing.

Appeasement

The diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.

Great Schism

The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes.

Stock Market Crash (1929)

The economic crash that led to the decade long depression in the United States and in other major countries, leading to a greater push for welfare states.

Beer Hall Putsch

The failed attempt by Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff to start an insurrection in Germany against the Weimar Republic on November 8-9, 1923.

Utilitarians

The idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the "greatest good for the greatest number."

What was the Domino Theory?

The idea that one nation under communism will later influence the nations around them into communism as well

Junkers

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state

The Congress of Vienna

The objective of the Congress of Vienna was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. ... Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna - more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress.

Mutually Assured Destruction

The theory that if the enemy uses nuclear weapons against the defender both sides that own nukes will soon cause mass destruction.

Riccardo's Iron Law of Wages

The theory that suggests the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the substance level.

War Bonds

They are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war. In practice, modern governments finance war by putting additional money into circulation, and the function of the bonds is to remove money from circulation and help to control inflation.

Ferdinand & Isabella

They exerted their authority by curbing aristocratic power excluding high nobles from the royal council and instead appointing lesser landowners. They secured from the Spanish Borgia pope Alexander VI the right to appoint bishops in Spain and in the Hispanic territories in America and they started the Spanish Inquisition.

Why did the US and USSR build up weapons during the Cold War?

They feared for another war to happen

How did the US and USSR engage in peaceful competition?

They play basketball and ice hockey and other sports that shown effectiveness of showing the Russian might that they wanted their people to see.

Enclosure Acts

They were a series of Acts of Parliament that empowered enclosure of open fields and common land in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to land that was previously held in common.

Parliamentarians

They were supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1641-1652). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty of Nanjing, (August 29, 1842) treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers. China paid the British an indemnity, ceded the territory of Hong Kong, and agreed to establish a "fair and reasonable" tariff.

Vietnam War

Vietnam had governments that had differences about communism which lead to civil war between the separate nations

Iron Curtain Speech

Winston Churchill's speech

The Peace of (Treaty) Utrecht

a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715. The war involved three contenders for the vacant throne of Spain, and involved much of Europe for over a decade.

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god

D Day

allied invasion of Normandy, France

European Union

an idea to solve Europe's problems by meetings with countries apart of the EU to find a solution together;

Solidarity (Poland)

an independent market in Poland that soon change to a political change to connecting to regimes;

Unions

an organization that acts as an intermediary between its members and the business that employs them. The main purpose of labor unions is to give workers the power to negotiate for more favorable working conditions and other benefits through collective bargaining.

Weimar Republic

an unofficial historical designation for the German state from 1918 to 1933

Nuremburg Laws

anti-Semitic and racial laws in Nazi Germany. They were enacted by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party

Abstract Expressionism

art created during the 1940-50s by creating magnificent art that express an abundant amount of emotion by adding something in the art work;

Deism

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The belief started during the intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Khrushchev

clash with the US during the Cuban missile crisis and clash with the Chinese

Simone de Beauvoir

created a book called "the second sex" during a rising of feminism in the early 40s.;

Secular

denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.

Treat of Aix-La- Chapelle

ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen. The two main protagonists in the war, Britain and France, opened peace talks in the Dutch city of Breda in 1746.

Boris Yeltzin

first president of Russia; he was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of

IMF international monetary fund

is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.;

German reunification

it started in 1990s of the unification of Germany which became successful;

Bosnia Herzegovina Crisis 1908/09

it was very much the precursor of the events in the Balkans that spilled over into the assassination of Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo in June 1914. ... In 1906, Austria-Hungary was generally experiencing problems among the people in the Balkans that it ruled over. ;

Battle of the Bulge

last major German offensive campaign

Charles de Gaulle

led French resistance against Germany

The Night Witches

nickname for female aviators of 588th night bomber regiment of the Soviet Union

Kellogg Briand Pact

officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be

Peace of Paris

the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

Simony

the act of selling church offices and roles and t is named after Simon Magus.

The Euro

the currency of the European Union;

Dunkirk

the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and other Allied troops from the French seaport of Dunkirk (Dunkerque) to England. Naval vessels and hundreds of civilian boats were used in the evacuation, which began on May 26.

Classicism

the following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship, especially from the Renaissance to the 18th century.

The Lost Generation

the generation that came of age during World War I, which took the lives of 40 million people. "Lost" in this context also means "disoriented, wandering,

Feminism

the idea of men and women should be equal to men in society;

Chechnya

the invasion of Russians that taken over Chechnya to the Republic of Chechnya. officially the Chechen Republic, is a federal subject of Russia. It is a Federal Subject of Russia located in the North Caucasus, and within 100 kilometres of the Caspian Sea.;

Vernacular

the local language that people actually spoke; the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region

Nepotism

the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.

Birth control

the practice of unwanted pregnancies;

Americanization

the process of an immigrant to the United States becoming a person who shares American values, beliefs, and customs by assimilating into American society. ;

Marshall Plan

to help the western Europe nations in their economic plans

Pop Art

was created between the 1950s-60s that was the origin of comic books created;

Wars of the Roses

were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: The House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose.

Green Revolution

when developing countries had a golden age in the farming industry;