AP Euro Ch. 21

End of Second French Republic

National Assembly adopted a new constitution calling for a presidential election in which all men could vote. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (Nephew of Napoleon I) was elected. He declared himself Napoleon III- ending the second republic.

The June Days

National workshop workers were forced to move to cities or lose their job and many became furious. the government called in the army. national guard and mobile guard to fight the rebellious workers. many workers killed.

Nationalism in Austrian Empire

Nationalism exploded in the Austrian Empire- people united by enforced allegiance to Habsburg Emperor. Many different ethnic groups comprised the Austrian emprie (germans, Hungary, Slavs, Italians) and uniting all of these groups was tough for weak emperor Francis I and Metternich (cheif minister)

Nationalism in Poland

Polish nationalism weakened after collapse of revolt in 1830 against Russian domination. Many nobles fled. Adam Mickiewicz formed the Polish Legion to fight for national restoration

Consequences of Urbanization and Industrialization

Populations in both cities and rural countrysides expanded by almost 100% and the factories caused massive rural emigration into big cities and many of the starving Irish (potato famine) moved to England in search of work. The massive immigration of people caused overcrowding in factory cities (more people than available housing) and this worsened already bad sanitation conditions and clean water was scarce. Cholera outbreaks threatened the growing population in 1830-32 and 1847-51

Irish Potato Famine

Potato crop failed in Ireland and being the staple crop, 1/8 of the 8 million person population died of starvation. Many moved to England, US and Canada.

Liberal Reforms and National Workshops in France

Republic government issues liberal reforms- no more dealth penalty for political crimes, abolition of slavery, freedom of press and universal male sufferage. National workshops were organized to provice the unemployed with construction work. There was a HUGE raise in property tax

Nationalist Revolution in Italy (1848)

Revolt broke out in sicily against the Bourbon ruler. Peasants demanded more land, unemployment relief and higher wages, but class divisions and regional differences prevented national unity. Middle class wanted liberal reforms, but workers wanted democracy and social reforms.

Why is Russia lagging in the Industrial revolution?

Russia clung to the old rural social order. Most Russian serfs remained tied to the land and troops easily suppressed surf uprisings in 1831 and 1842. Peasant emancipation remained Russia's greatest unsolved problem.

Nationalism in Russia

Russian nationalism took the form of opposition to western ideas Slovophiles (Russian Nationalists) opposed industrialization and westernization and favored maintaining rural traditions, which they believed could save Russian from corrosion of materialism and rationalism.

Why was Industrialization much less rapid in Eastern Europe?

Serfdom (peasants tied to the land by ownership of their lord) still existed, making there few workers for the factories and thus almost no goods could be manufactures efficiently and no profit could be made until the serfs were released and could move to large cities to work.

What countries did not have peasant emancipation before 1848?

Spain, Ottoman Empire, Italy, Russia

Corn Laws

Tariffs on grain in Great Britain that benefited landowners by preventing the import of cheap foreign grain; they were repealed by british government in 1846. British liberals wanted these revoked to limit the governments economic role.

Rising Radicalism in France (1848)

Tension between republic government and national workshop workers grew and rising radicalism in Paris and other big cities caused voters to elect a largely conservative National Assembly- immediately appointed a 5 man executive committee to run government. No new members were allowed to join the already over crowded national workshops and many men were forced to join the army.

Chartism

The british movement of supporters of the People's Charter, which demanded universal manhood suffrage (despite property holdings) vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts and other reforms.

Declining Industrial Demand and Unemployment

The high food prices decreased the demand for manufactured goods and the wages of the workers went down whereas the cost of living went up, causing more starvation. many seasonal factory workers lost employment.

Why was the Reformation born in England?

The population grew by more than 50% in the second half of the 18th century and so manufacturers had incentive to produce more and cheaper cloth. They had a good supply of capital (private money) from trade and commercial profits and easy access to cotton from its colonies in caribbean and in southern united states as well as the necessary resources like coal and iron.

Zollervein

This trade union Germany established helped support movement for German unification

Infanticide and Abandonment in the Working Class

Unable to support themselves or a family, many members (generally woman) abandoned their infant children. (more then 33,000 infants were abandoned in Paris) and infanticide was becoming more and more common.

Socialism

a social and political ideology that advocated the re-organization of society to overcome the new tensions created by industrialization and restore social harmony through communities based on cooperation. Criticized industrialization for dividing society into two distinct classes: employers and employees.

The Putting-Out System

also known as the domestic system. Manufacturers supplied raw materials to families working at home. The mother and her children washed, carded and combed the fibers into thread. The father, assisted by the children, wove the cloth and the cloth was then finished under the supervision of the manufacturer in a large workshop located in town. This process helped to pave the way for a full scale industrial revolution.

Liberalism

an economic and political ideology that emphasized free trade and the constitutional guarantees of individual rights like freedom of speech and religion.

Nationalism

an ideology that arose in 19th century and that holds that all people derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by common language, shared traditions and sometimes shared religion.

Giuseppe Mazzini

an italian nationalist who founded Young Italy, a secret society to promote Italian unity. He believed that a popular uprising would create a unified italy

Ideology

an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation. Nationalism, Socialism, Liberalism, Communism, Chartism

Metternich

cheif minister to Habsburg emperor Francis I. His domestic policy aimed to restrain nationalist impulses. He set up a secret poliece organization on the Napoleonic model and greatly increased censorship. He forced Mazzini into exile in France.

Utilitarianism

coined by Jeremy Bentham. form of liberalism that produces "the greatest goods for the greatest number" and is thus the most useful, or utilitarian.

The Railway system

developed after George Stephenson's invention of the first passanger car. People could not be transported in steam engine carriages and the demand for railways exploded especially in Britain and the United States. The development of railways promoted industrialization and state power-- made Britain the leader in manufacturing.

The Revolutions of 1848

food shortages, overpopulation and unemployment helped turn ideological turmoil into revolution. In 1848, demonstrations and uprisings toppled governments and offered revolutionaries an opportunity to put liberal, socialist and nationalist ideas into place.

Robert Owen

founder of British socialism. made a model factory in an attempt to encourage a reorganization of the social systems.

John Kay

in 1773 he made a machine to throw yarn across a loom, which drastically cut down on the time it took to manufacture cloth.

James Watt

in 1776 he developed the first efficient steam engine that could pump water or drive machinery

The Sunday School Movement

in a desire for social reform, Religious groups installed this. by 1851 over 60% of children 1-5 were attending sunday school, even if their parents were not themselves religious. The church thought this would make the working class future generation into respectable people and they taught the children how to read.

Desire for Social Reform

photography, novels, joke booklets, paintings, etc. helped drive home the need for social reform. Europeans organized to reform the social evils that were created by industrialization and urbanization. Middle Class women established charitable organizations that tried to bring education and religion to the lower classes-- they thought this was the only way to "cure" their immorality. Catholic women religious orders started hospitals, insane asylums, old age homes etc.

Temperance Movement

promoted by both Catholics and Protestants. The rejection of Liquor and the desire to have it outlawed for the bettering of the society as a whole (pubs during the heat of the industrial revolution increased the amount of substance abuse)

British Liberalism

rapid industrialization and urbanization of Great Britain created a great enviornment for Liberalism. Liberals wanted government to limit its economic role and wanted to eliminate tarrifs by revoking Corn Laws

Factory Act of 1833

(Britain) outlawed the employment of children under the age of 9 in textile mills, except in the lace and silk industry. It also limited the workdays for those aged 9-13 to twelve hours

George Stephenson

1814. this Brittish man built the first successful steam locomotive. By 1829 his "Rocket" traveled on the world's first railroad line from Manchester to Liverpool at average speed of 16mph.

Young Ireland Movement

1842. Aimed to recover Irish traditions and preserve gaelic language

Communists

After 1840, some socialists who began to call themselves communists advocated for the abolition of private property in favor of communal ownership

Where were the top industrial areas in 1850?

Bohemia, Saxony, Berlin, Brussles, Frankfort (Austrian Emprie and German Confederation) and Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham (Great Britain)

Industrialization moving eastward

British engineers and inventors began to sell their inventions (despite laws that forbid this) and this caused England to lose much of their huge lead on all other countries for manufacturing. cotton production exploded in the Austrian empire and coal exporting also grew (both centered in Bohemia)

Italian War with Austria and Foreign Intervention

Charles Albert (king of powerful Italian City State) led a military campaign against Austria, but it failed due to disagreement within nationalist. Austrian troops defeated Charles in the north, but democratic and nationalist forces prevailed at first in the south. Romans drove the Pope out and declared Rome a republic-- Napoleon III soon invaded Rome to secure the papacy for Pius IX, causing Manzzini to flee.

The Depictions of Social Conditions in Novels (Dickens & Sand)

Charles Dickens- english fiction writer. He took a job in a factory when his father was imprisoned. He produced a series of novels in monthly installments. He paid close attention to the distressing efforts of industrialization and urbanization (wanted to portray the problems of the poor because he was one of them) wanted a reform. George Sand- pen name for a French woman writer Amandine Dupin. She create stories of female characters who prevail in difficult circumstances though romantic love and moral idealism. wrote "Indiana"

Abolition of slavery

Colonialism rose and fell with the enslavement of Black Africans. British religious groups (like the quakers) formed anti-slavery societies and sought to abolish slavery in all of the colonies. 1807 British house of lords voted to abolish slave trade, but the real abolition of slavery was in 1833. but even then there were still some slave trading because it was so profitable. Slave trade was still legal in US.

The Opium War and East India company

East India company was a group of british merchants. they tried to establish opium trade with China, but the chinese government forbade western merchants. Despite this, British merchants smuggled opium into china knowing they could make a profit and they established a flourishing trade system- british monarchy wanted in. China tried to expel the british merchants and Britain bombed the chinese costal cities (starting the opium war) War ended in 1842 with china agreeing that 4 of its ports would be open to european traders and britain took over Hong Kong.

The Luddites

England 1811-1812. Group of handloom weavers that wrecked factory machinery and burned mills in the Midlands, Yorkshire and Landcashire because the introduction of machines caused them to lose their jobs. To protect the flourishing industry, the english government sent in armies and declared that wrecking machines was now punishable by death. Luddite is still used now to describe those who resist new technology

What percent of workers were employed in factories in England, France and Prussia in the 1840s?

England: 5% France: 3% and Prussia: 2%. (Although the percent of people employed in factories were small, the manufacturing and exporting of the goods made in factories made up about 50% of the economy- especially in Britain)

Imperialism

European dominance of the non-west through economic exploitation and political rule.

Socialism and Women

Fourier believed that the extension of rights to women was necessary for social progress. In Great Britain, many women joined work societies and trade unions.

Leaders in Coal Output 1830-1850 in order from most to least

Great Britain, German States, Belgium, France, Austria

Leaders in Railroad lines 1830-1850 in order from most kilometers to fewest kilometers

Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia

Another French Revolution (Revolt and a New Republic)

Hunger and famine amplified voices that criticized established authority. Parisian act of reform turned violent February 1848 when soldiers opened fire. the next day furious citizens forced King Louis-Phillipe to abdicate the throne and flee. France was now a republic again. The new republic government issues liberal reforms- ended the death penalty and slavery.

Mines Act 1842

Investigations in the effects and conditions of women and children working in the coal mines lead to this which prohibited the employment of women and girls underground.

Nationalism in Ireland

Ireland had the most significant Nationalist movement. Irish nationalist formed strong organizations against England in 1840s.

Increasing agriculture demands in Europe

rising population across Europe created an increased demand for food. Peasants and farmers planted land, chopped down forests and drained marshes to increase farming capacity but feeding the growing population was impossible. Agricultural goods produced increased 30-50%, but the population increased 100% (railways increased the speed of food distribution)

The Hungry Forties

starting in 1845, crop failures across Europe caused food prices to skyrocket and many workers couldnt even afford bread. Potato Famine in Ireland and in England, people rumored that grain holders were hoarding grain to promote the high prices. Riots broke out, which threatened social peace. High food prices eliminated the demand for manufactured goods.

Working Class

term that developed in the early 19th century that referred to laborers in the new factories.

Development of Pubs

the development of pubs for the working class (especially in England) led to problems like substance abuse and increased crime. This widened the gap between the wealthy and the poor.

Romanticism

the dominant artistic movement of the time of the industrial revolution. it took a dim view of industrialization. Romanticism tended to glorify nature and reject industrial and urban growth. Joseph M. Turner (english painter) was a romantic who painted "The Great Western Railway" and "The Fighting tugged to Her Last Breath to Be Broken Up"

Middle Class fears of the Working Class

the middle class lived relatively comfortable lives surrounded in poverty and the horrible living conditions of the working class. The middle class thought that the working class lacked all morals (especially sexual morality) and believed that most of the working class children were illegitimate (born to unmarried parents)-- which was true.

The industrial revolution

the transformation of life in the western world over several decades in the late 18th to early 19th century as a result of the introduction of steam driven machinery , large factories and a new working class

Claude Saint-Simone & Charles Fourier

took Robert Owens ideas and put them to work in France. Believed that work was the central element in the new society and that it should be controlled by scientists, engineers and artists. Fourier urged the establishment of communities that revolved around a system where all jobs would be rotated to maximize happiness.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles

two men who together formed the Communist Leage, in whose name they published "The Communist Manifeto." The manifesto said that communism must aim to abolish the middle class to make room for a rising in the working class and must also abolish the old society ways in favor of a new society free of classes and private property. They favored the Industrial revolution because they believed it would itself work to achieve the affects they desired.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

urged workers to form producers' associations so that workers could control the work process and eliminate profits made by capitalists. His 1840 book "What Is Property?" argues that property is theft and that labor alone is productive and rent, interest and profit are unjust. These people known as Collectists

Cholera

water born illness that was contracted from drinking contaminated water due to the unsanitary living conditions during the industrial revolution. usually fatal especially to infants.