AP Euro Ch. 24

what pattern did migration out of europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land

After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?

europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations

berlin conference

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa.

hundred days of reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

orientalism

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.

What is Orientalism?

A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

the united states between 1815 and 1932

Absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants

afrikaners

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa

how did muhammad ali reorganize the egyptian army?

He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.

nativism

Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.

the russian marxist vladimir lenin asserted that imperialism

signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society

opium wars

Two mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium, which was designed to "open" China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions.

white man's burden

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

global mass migration

The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided.

meiji restoration

The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan.

gunboat diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?

a combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance

what was the boxer rebellion?

a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China

the typical european immigrant was

a small farmer or rural craftsperson

what was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?

beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

what was britain's decisive advantage in its war with china?

britain had control of the seas

what happened in 1898 at fashoda?

british and french troops encountered one another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the french backed down

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?

by new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

what was the principle by which the european powers established their claim to an african territory after the berlin conference in 1884 and 1885?

effective occupation

the largest share of european foreign investment went to

european states and north america

how did ismail transform egypt in the nineteenth century?

he promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

great rebellion

The 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed.

in most european countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?

emigration increased about twenty years a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce

great britain chose to seize land in africa and asia in the late nineteenth century because it

feared that france and germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities

how did muhammad ali finance his modernization of egyptian society ?

he forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture

the meiji restoration restored the japanese emperor into power in 1867 and

initiated a series of measures to reform japan along modern lines

How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?

it functioned as a largely "self governing" colony

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?

it selectively adopted those elements of western society that were in keeping with japanese tradition

what was the result of the berlin conference of 1884-85?

it set up the terms for the division of most of africa among the european colonial powers

what was china required to do in the treaty of nanking (1842) that ended the first opium war?

open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs

what did the birtish use to break china's self-imposed isolation?

opium

how did the british obtain the opium that they smuggled into china?

opium was grown legally in british-occupied india

what medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of africa?

quinine

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate western trade but did not link inland cities to each other

to what extent did the new imperialism result in economic gains and why?

the economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy european goods and offered few immediately profitable investments

what did the western world hope to achieve through the global economic system?

the largest share of grains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the west and its propertied classes

new imperialism

the late 19th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad

What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?

the nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny

in the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now indonesia?

the netherlands

what was the primary factor that influenced whether european immigrants returned to their native lands?

the possibility of buying land in the home country

rudyard kipling's "white man's burden" referred to

the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races

how were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?

they encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige

what did heinrich von treitshchke believe was the significance of colonies?

they were essential to great nations

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

they worked to improve the lives of indian women, moving them closer to western standards through education and legislation

what was the goal of the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century?

to create large political empires

What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?

to meet the threat posed by outside powers

why were jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?

violent anti-semitism in eastern europe