AP Euro Ch 3 Terms

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Elizabeth I

(1533- 1603) English queen who created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and a sharing of power between monarchy and Parliament.

Wallenstein

(1583-1634) Austrian general who fought for the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War

Gustavus Adolphus

(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

Protestant Union

(1608) alliance of German Lutheran princes alarmed at religious and territorial spread of Calvinism and Catholicism. Catholic princes responded with the Catholic League (1609). The two armed camps erupted in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). (p. 499)

Defenestration of Prague

(1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Peace of Alais

(1629) Amended Edict of Nantes: Protestants could keep their religion but not their cities, armies, or military rights

Thirty Years War

..., (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

..., general name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years War; recognized the sovereign authority of 300+ German princes (and thereby the end of the Holy roman Empire as a viable state); acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands; made Calvinism a permissible creed within Germany; and, by implication, reduced the role of the Roman Catholic Church in European politics.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 dividedthe Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

Union of Utrecht

7 organized states in Netherlands united against King Phillip II & led by William of Orange -remained Protestant *fought with Spain for 12 years, then truce

Junker

A class of landholding Prussians favored by Frederick the Great.

price revolution

A dramatic rise in prices (actually VERY slowly compared to modern inflation). A major problem in Europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, causes economic collapse in Spain. It was caused by the increasing population of Europe, mainly centered in rural areas, leading to the rapid rise of agricultural prices. The constant rebasing of the currency by european Monarchies (which had every-increasing power) exacerbated the situations.

bourgeois

A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.

guild

An association of people who work at the same occupation

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Edict of Restitution

An edict that outlawed Calvinism and Lutheranism in many parts of Germany and prompted Sweden to enter the Thirty Years' War. Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Escorial

Built between 1563 and 1584, this palace held elaborate religious ceremonies. These ceremonies were to uphold the sanctity of the throne. Authority, social hierarchy, and order radiated from this palace through Spain and to other parts of Phillip II's empire.

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Phillip II (Spain)

European ruler who tried to make England Catholic by marrying the Queen and sending an armada; Spain reached the height of its influence and power because of him, he did not listen to his advisors and dictated all actions of Spain

Sir Frances Drake

First englishman to sail around the world

Hugenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

parlement

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637) ; began to implement absolutist policies

Poor Law of 1601

In England. Designed both to force people to work and to relieve absolute destitution - part of mercantilist policies. Remained in effect, with amendments until 1834. Made local areas responsible for their own homeless and unemeployed and offered ways to raise money for charity and provide work for beggars - kept poor in their area rather than wandering about.

La Rochelle

It is a city in France, which belonged to the Huguenots. Its importance grew after the colonisation because it became a significant Atlantic port, Richelieu sieged the city and took away the privileges of the Huguenots.

William the Silent

Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Philip's Spain. Went from Catholic, to Lutheran, before becoming a Calvinist. United both Catholics and Protestants against Catholic Philip; "Father of Dutch Liberties"

domestic (putting out) system

Means by which urban merchants obtained their clothes. They bought wool or other unfinished fiber for distribution to peasant workers who took it home, spun it into thread, wove it into cloth, and returned the finished product to the merchants for sale.

politiques

Moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Henry IV (France)

Originally Henry of Navarre. He was a Politique . He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic. He gave the Huguenots religious liberty. His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Queen Catherine attempts to rid Paris of protestant leaders before they revolt. Coligny and 25,000 other Protestants were murdered over a four day period.

Duke of Alva

The duke sent by Philip II to pacify the Dutch revolts against Spanish rule; he ruthlessly murdered 1,500 men.

Fugger

This was a family of prominent bankers and merchants in Augsberg. They were members of the mercantile patriciate in Augsberg and were venture capitalists. They gained great status through wealth, and dominance similar to that of the Medicis. They were allies of the Habsburgs, which was profitable for both families.

Admiral de Coligny

member of French nobility who was leader of Huguenots, had influence over King Charles IX, was killed by St. B's Day Massacre, head was sent to pope in return for Golden Rose

robot

system of forced labor used in eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three or four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848.

"German Liberties"

the rights of the individual provinces in divided Germany, Richelieu aimed to demonstrate that France meant to defend the liberties against Austria