AP Euro: Chapter 14-New Directions in Thought and Culture

John Locke

17th century philosopher who anticipated liberal political philosophy in Europe and AMerica

What did Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton contribute?

Copernicus replace Ptolemy's geocentric model with a heliocentric model. Brahe combined Ptolemy's and Copernicus's ideas, suggesting that Mercury and Venus revolved around the Sun which revolved around the Earth. Kepler believed in a heliocentric model that involved motion where the planets were elliptical. Galileo was the firs t to use the telescope, popularized the Copernican system, and believed nature and the universe were rational and mathematical. Lastly, Newton came up with gravity saying every object in the universe effected every other object, which cause the planets to revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

How did Pascal seek to reconcile faith and reason?

Pascal believed that in religious matters, only the heart's reasons and a leap of faith could prove more powerful than new science as an oppressing and opposing force. Pascal believe a loving God exists and human beings are unworthy of this figure because they are corrupt by name. Additionally, he thought aethiests and deists overestimated reason. Reason was too weak to resolve human nature problems, only God could. Pascal also warned with skeptics and was convince God improved the overall. Even is God did not exist, it is better to believe in God than to not to.

What happened to Galileo?

THe Roman Catholic church condemned Galileo for spreading Copernicus's views which went against the church. He was put on trial and was told to renounce his views and was put on house arrest until he died.

astronomy

which field of scientific inquiry was most influential in persuading Europeans of the importance of natural knowledge

A leap of faith is required in matters of religion

which is Blaise Pascal's phrase?

experience, especially oof the senses, is the best source of knowledge

empiricism is the belief that...

using magic or witchcraft

in 1400-1700, between 70,000 and 100,000 people were sentenced to death for...

a self-centered beast

in Thomas Hobbes's view, man was a...

mechanical metaphors

most proponents of new science sought to explian the natural world through...

the scientific society

which of the following was a new kind of institution that played an important role in supporting the "new" science

Galileo Galilei

who was put on trial for his investigations of the order of the universe?

Blaise Pascal

the French mathematician who believed that the new scientists had put too much faith in reason and worked to strengthen traditional religious belief, "leap of faith"

baroque

the art movement, often depicting religious themes and usually characterized by emotional scenes and sharp contrasts between light and darkness, that became associated with Roman Catholicism and absolutism

Nicolaus Copernicus

the astronomer and author of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres who is credited with the heliocentric model of the universe

Johannes Keplet

the astronomer who argued that the orbits of the planets are elliptical, not circular

Tycho Brahe

the astronomer who produced a vast body of astronomical data that his successors worked with to make scientific advances

empiricism

the belief that one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them

What did Bacon contribute to the foundation of scientific thought?

Francis Bacon is the father of empiricism and the experimentation of science. He believed that contemporaries paid too much attention to ancient work and should look for change. Bacon thought human knowledge should produce deeds as results, not words, to improve human conditions.

Rene Descartes

He believed in deductive reasoning developing the scientific method and analytic geometry. He believed to doubt the existence of everything except your own thought, separating things that could think and things that just occupied space-mind and body.

How did each view human nature?

Hobbes had a dark view of human nature, believing every man is against one another and nothing is unjust. He believed humans had a restless desire for power and they could only escape this terrible state by entering a political contract. Locke believed that the human state had perfect freedom and equality where everyone had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. To Locke, humans were creatures of good reason and good will.

What were the differences between the political philosophies of Hobbes and Locke?

Hobbes wanted to provide a philosophical justification for a strong central political authority. He believed that rulers should have absolute and unlimited authority. Hobbes thought laws would limit the natural liberty of certain men, but it is not necessary for men to give up all their rights. Locke was the opposite, believing government gets its power from the fear or consent of people. He stated that if the government used their power abusively, the people can rise up and give power to someone else. Locke rejected absolute government based on political authority and patriarchial models.

absolute

In Hobbes's view, obedience to the sovereign was...

laws of gravitation

Isaac Newton is best known for his discovery of the...

natural rights

John Locke was a defener of...

religion and science were mutually supportive

Most English natural philosophers believed that...

Why did the witch panics occur in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Witch panics occurred due to disruptions in religious division and warfare. The Reformation took away traditional defenses against the devil and demons, so societies thought they had to protect themselves from witches. The church believed that only church magic came from God and any other magic was from devils. The majority of the claimed witches were women because of the male hatred and sexual fear of strong women.

How did family relationships help some women become involved in the advance of natural philosophy?

Women were able to be involved in new scientific activity through their husbands or male relatives. For example, Maria Cunitz worked through her husband, but when she published a book on astronomy, the credit was given to her husband. They also create a wife-and-husband astronomical teams, such as Maria Winkelmann and Gottfried Kiren, but the woman was still an assistant and a lower rank than her husband. When Winkelmann's husband died, however, she was not allowed to continue her astronomical studies because of her gender.

WHy were women unable to participate fully in the new sicence?

Women were unable to fully participate in new science. Monasteries and universities were dominated by a celibate male clerical culture, so it was rare for women to be admitted into these institutions. When scientific societies were founded, women were not allowed to join, so there was no space for them to pursue new science.

Galileo Galilei, Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus COpernicus, Johannes Keplet

all made important contributions to the new science

scientific revolution

the era that saw developments in math and science and established a new view of the universe

Francis Bacon

the man commonly considered to be the father of empiricism

Galileo Galilei

the mathematician and natural philosopher who confirmed and popularized the Copernican system and argued that the universe worked according the mathematical laws

Rene Descartes

the mathematician credited with developing a scientific method that relies on deductive reasoning

Margaret Cavendish

the most accomplished woman associated with the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century England; wrote Observations Upon Experimental PHilosophy

John Locke

the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the 17th-century who provided the foundation for liberalism; argued that people enter into a contract with a sovereign whose job is to protect the natural rights of the poeple

Isaac Newton

the natural philosopher who argued that all physical objects in the universe moved through mutual attraction, or gravity

Thomas Hobbes

the philosopher who wrote Leviathan, in which he argued that human beings are naturally selfish and live in a terrible and violent state of nature; in order to escape this state, people agree to enter a contract in which they give up their rights to an absolute sovereign

a heliocentric design, with planets orbiting in epicycles

the view of the universe developed by Copernicus involvedd...

geocentric

the view that the Earth is the center of the universe

heliocentric

the view that the Sun is the center of the universe