AP Euro Chapter 15/16

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) He played a leading role in early Portuguese exploration. Named The "Navigator" by a 19th scholar to show his support for the study of geography and navigation for annual expeditions he sponsored down the western coast of Africa. The "school of navigation" named after him.

Bartolome de Las Casas

(1474-1566) one of the most outspoken critics of the spanish indigenous peoples brutality. He along with other missionaries asserted that natives had human rights and their pressure on the Spanish emperor Charles V abolished the worst of the encomienda system in 1531.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became emperor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Peter the Great

-Became tsar in 1689 -Made Russia a military and naval power using European technology -Defeated the Swedes at Poltava in 1709 and took their Baltic territories -Enforced economic, educational, administrative, military and social reform -Focused on the westernization of Russian culture -Died in 1725

Advances in navigation and cartography technology

-Sextant, astrolabe, mariner's compass: telling location at sea, Caravelle (new ship) with bigger rudder for deeper water, sails instead of manpower, and guns and cannons. Maps from time of classic rediscovered, showing earth is round and latitude and longitude. Navigation- the magnetic compass enabled sailors to determine direction and position at sea. Astrolabe-determined the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies which calculated the precise position North and South of the equator.

Dutch East India Trading Company

A company developed by the Dutch with a goal of stealing spice trade from the Portuguese. It started by establishing trade in Indonesia, and then taking islands from Portugal in the surrounding area using both agreements and military force. The result was control of many East Indian islands and a large portion of the spice trade. This increased Dutch wealth and made them part of the global trade.

Baroque

A portuguese word for "Odd shaped. Imperfect pearl" often used by art critics as an expression of scorn for what they considered an overblown, unbalanced style. An art movement from 1600-1750

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the war of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire

Absolutism

A situation where a monarch claims to rule by "divine right". Involved the subjugation of the nobility and the creation of a bureaucracy which directed economic life by forcing tax increases or other means of raising revenue. Kings also employed armies and in some cases a secret police force. Basically the belief that a monarch/ruler has absolute power, accompanied by the "divine right of kings" (ex. Louis XIV)

Louis XIV

Absolute king of France who reigned for more than 70 years (began ruling at age 5) aka the sun king; longest reign in euro hist; france was at war 33 out of 55 years; constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

Charles I

Absolute monarch, supporters called cavaliers Captured and tried of treason. Beheaded King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

James I

Absolute monarch,the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)

Bartholomew Dias

Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. (1487-1488).He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so. 1487 he rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip, but storms and a threatened mutiny forced him to turn back

Mercantilism

Close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political (export more than you import)

Viceroyalties

Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro all claimed their "discovered" lands of the Spanish crown. The 16th century crown divided its New World territories into 4 viceroyalties (the name for the 4 administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas New spain, peru, New Granada, LA Plata). Provinces ruled by viceroys (A direct representative of a monarch. Rules over a viceroyalty, and answers directly to the king. The Spanish had viceroys to rule their massive viceroyalties in the New World.), direct representatives of the monarch. The Spanish used these to directly rule their VAST provinces in the New World.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king Caused by Charles I abusing power and trying to get rid of parliament.

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who landed in Peru on May 13, 1532. Arranged for a meeting with Atahualpa, the new Incan emperor, captured him, and held him for ransom. They then killed him which resulted in decades of uprisings, which the Spanish crown had under control by the 1570's. Significance- Secured Peru for Spain

Hernando Cortes

He was a brash and determined conquistador. 1519 he departs for a worldwide exploration. The spanish sent an exploratory expedition from Cuba to the mainland under his command. 1485-1547 he with 600 men, 16 horses , and ten cannons was to launch the conquest of the Mexica empire.

How and Why did the constitutional state triumph in the Dutch Republic and England?

Holland and England defied the general trend toward absolute monarchy. Violently resisting the Stuart Kings' claims to absolute power, England descended into civil war and finally emerged with a constitutional monarchy. After the glorious Revolution in 1688, English power was divided between king and Parliament, with Parliament enjoying the greater share. The Bill of Rights established parliamentary control of the legal system and dictated that Parliament had to be called at least once every three years. By contrast, the Dutch rejected monarchical rule after winning independence from Spain. Instead the United Provinces of the Netherlands adopted a decentralized republican system in which local affairs were run by provincial Estates and the national States General handled foreign affairs and war.

What were the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism?

In Russia, Mongol conquest and rule set the stage for absolutism, and a harsh tsarist autocracy was firmly in place by the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the sixteenth century. Ivan's brutal role brought all segments of Russian society into state service, sparking resentment and revolt. The reign of Ivan and his successors saw a great expansion of Russian territory, laying the foundations for a huge, multi ethnic empire. More than a century late Peter the Great succeeded in modernizing Russia's traditional absolutism by reforming the army and the bureaucracy. Farther to the east, the Ottoman sultans developed a distinctive political and economic system in which all land theoretically belonged to the sultan, who was served by a slave corps of administrators and soldiers. The Ottoman Empire was relatively tolerant on religious matters and served as a haven for Jews and other marginalized groups.

What was the impact of European conquest on the peoples and ecologies of the New World?

In the aftermath of conquest, the Spanish established new forms of governance to dominate native people and exploit their labor. The arrival of Europeans also brought enormous population losses to native communities, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. Women played an important role in creating new colonial societies, both through the union of native and African women with European men and through the migration of European women to the colonies. The Age of Discovery sparked a complex exchange of gems, flora, and fauna between the Old and New worlds, which is known as the "Columbian Exchange". Europeans brought familiar crops and livestock to the Americas and brought home new ones, some of which became staple of the European diet.

How and why did Europeans undertake ambitious voyages of expansion?

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Europeans gained access to large parts of the globe for the first time. A revival of populations and economies after the time of the Black Death created markets for spices and other goods from the East. In addition to searching for routes that would undo the Italian and Ottoman dominance of trade in the East, Europeans were motivated by intellectual curiosity, driving ambition, religious zeal, and a lack of opportunities at home. The revived monarchies of the sixteenth century now possessed sufficient resources to back ambitious seafarers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama. Technological developments such as the invention of the caravel and magnetic compass enabled Europeans to undertake even more ambitious voyages.

How did new ideas about race reflect the encounter with new peoples and places?

Increased contact with the outside world led Europeans to develop new ideas about cultural and racial difference. Europeans had long held negative attitudes toward Africans; as the slave trade grew, they began to express more rigid notions of racial inequality and to claim that Africans were inherently suited for slavery. Most Europeans shared such views, with some important exceptions. In his essays, Michel de Montaigne challenged the idea that natives of the Americas were inferior barbarians, which William Shakespeare's plays contain ambivalent attitudes toward complex non-European characters.

Oliver Cromwell

Leads roundheads. When he came to power the government was a protectorate (military dictatorship). Invades Ireland, Scotland. Died of infection.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's controller of finances. Strengthened the economy by implementing mercantilism. Expanded the army/merchant marine and made merchant colonies in Quebec/North America.

What were the common crises and achievements of seventeenth century European states?

Most parts of Europe experienced the seventeenth century as a period of severe economic, social, and military crisis. Across the continent, rulers faced popular rebellions from their desperate subjects, who were pushed to the brink by poor harvests, high taxes, and decades of war. Many forces, including powerful noblemen, the church, and regional and local loyalties, constrained the state's authority. Despite these obstacles, most European states emerged from the seventeenth century with increased powers and more centralized control. Whether they ruled through monarchical fiat or parliamentary negotiation, European governments strengthened their bureaucracies, raised more taxes, and significantly expanded their armies.

How was the era of global contact shaped by new commodities, commercial empires, and forced migrations?

One of the most important consequences of the Age of Discovery was the creation of the first truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Tragically a major component of global trade was the transatlantic slave trade, in which Europeans transported many millions of Africans to labor in horrific conditions in the mines and sugar plantations of the New World. The discovery of extraordinarily rich silver mines in New Spain brought enormous wealth to the Spanish crown, but little economic development. European nations vied for supremacy in global trade, with early Portuguese success in India and Asia being challenged first by the Spanish and then by the Dutch, who successfully imposed control of trade with the East in the mid seventeenth century.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese Explorer; first European to reach India; sailed to the port of Calicut, India around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, while commanding a fleet of of 4 ships in search of an Indian sea route with the help of an indian guide he reached the port of Calicut in India. He returned with spices and samples but did not form a trading alliance and ensured future hostility with muslim merchants. He proved the of a lucrative trade route with East via Cape route

What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus?

Prior to Columbus' voyages, well developed trade routes linked the peoples and products of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Indian Ocean was the center of the Afro-Eurasians trade world, ringed by cosmopolitan commercial cities such as Mombasa in Africa, Calicut in India, and Malacca in Southeast Asia. Chinese silk and porcelain were desired by elites throughout the trading system. The Ottoman and Persian Empires produced textiles and other goods for the world market, while also serving as intermediaries for trade between East and West. Venetian and Genoese merchants brought spices, silks and other luxury goods into western Europe from the East. Overall Europeans played a minor role in the Afro-Eurasian trading world because they did not produce many products desired by Eastern elites.

Cardinal Richelieu

Ran the country for Louis XIII, president of the royal council of ministers, reshuffled the council so he could rule, devised intendants and the new robe nobility, tore down the castles of nobles, seized military practices of Huguenots, came to an alliance with the Lutheran kings against the Habsburgs Initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy. Eliminated political and military rights of Huguenots while preserving their religious ones.

Thirty Years War

The Holy Roman Empire declined in power and France becomes the most powerful country. Four Phases: Bohemian (1618- 1625) Danish (1625- 1629) Swedish (1630- 1635) French (1635- 1648)

Aristocracy

The aristocracy constituted approximately one to five percent of any given country. Yet in every country, it was the single wealthiest sector of the population, had the widest degree of social, political, and economic power, and set the tone of polite society

What was the baroque style in art and music, and where was it popular?

The baroque style, practiced by artists such as Pubens, Handel and Bach, was intensely emotional and exuberant. It was inspired by the religious enthusiasm of the sixteenth century catholic reformation, but appeared in both religious and secular themes. The baroque style in art and music popular in catholic countries - Spain and Latin America, Austria, Southern Germany, and Poland - though it never gained popularity in Catholic France and was practiced by Protestants artists.

Peace of Westphalia

The name of a series of treaties that ended the thirty years war in 1648 and marked the end of large scale religious violence in Europe Ended 30 Years War Validated the peace of augsburg Calvinism recognized

Serfdom

The status of many peasants under feudalism and manorialism

Constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. Differs from democracy in that it does not have to grant all people the power to vote.

What factors led to the rise of the French absolutist state under Louis XIV, and why did absolutist Spain experience decline in the same period?

Under Louis XIV France witnessed the high point of monarchical ambitions in western Europe. Louis used the doctrine of the divine right of kings to justify his hold on power. Under his rule, France developed a centralized bureaucracy, a professional army, and a state-directed economy, all of which he personally supervised. Despite his claims to absolute power, Louis XIV ruled by securing the collaboration of high nobles. In exchange for confirmation of their ancient privileges, the nobles were willing to cooperate with the expansion of state power. In Spain, where monarchs made similar claims to absolute power, the seventeenth century witnessed economic catastrophe and a decline in royal capacities. This decline was due to a fall in colonial trade revenue, massive state debt and a decline in manufacturing and agricultural productivity.

How did the rulers of Austria and Prussia transform their nations into powerful absolutist monarchies?

Within a framework of resurgent serfdom and entrenched nobility, Austrian and Prussian monarchs fashioned strong absolutist states in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. These monarchs won absolutist control over standing armies, taxation, and representative bodies, but left intact the underlying social and economic relationships between the nobles and their peasants. In exchange for entrenched privileges over their peasants, nobles thus cooperated with the growth of state power.

Ptolemy's Geography

a second century work that synthesised that classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced by Arab scholars, is ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps. Depicted the world as round but much smaller.

Encomienda system

a system where by the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Native Americans ("indians"); it was a disguised form of slavery. The spanish forbidden to enslave the natives' it was a disguised form of slavery.

Christopher Columbus

sailed for Spain headed west. A Genoese sailor who, after gaining support from Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, set sail to find an Atlantic route to the east. He believed he would fulfill medieval prophecies that spoke of converting the whole world to Christianity. He landed in the eastern Bahamas, which he thought was India, hence the name "Indies" and Indians, who proved very easy to enslave. Failed to find gold or spices and voyage deemed a failure. Genoese mariner, 1451-1506; sailed under the authority of the Spanish crown. He was looking for a passage to the Indies by sailing West. Discovered Cuba, the Canary Islands, Hispaniola etc. Significance- Lead to the explosion of Spanish exploration and discovered North America

Conquistadors

spanish for conquerors; spanish soldier explorers, such as Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish Crown.

Treaty of Tordesillas

the 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line down the down the Atlantic and giving Portugal Everything to the east.

Columbian exchange

the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds (New World, Europe, and Africa).

Balance of Power (diplomacy)

when the states would combine to fight against the single main threat