AP Euro: Chapter 20 The Industrial Revolution

Power Loom/Edmund Cartwright

Allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning yarn

Roads/Canals

As Britidh entrepreneurs realized the need for more efficient means of moving resources and goods, expansion of transportation facilities began. Turnpike trust constructed new roads and between 1760 and 1830 a network of canals was built

Chartism/General strike 1842

Attempted to encourage change through peaceful, constitutional means, although there was an underlying threat of force. In 1842, Chartist activist organized a general strike on behalf of their goals but had little success

The factory

Became the chief me and of organizing labor for new machines. Employers hired workers who no longer owned the means of production but were simply spud wages to run the machines.

European Emigration

Between 1821 and 1850, the number of emigrants from Europe averaged about 110,000 years with the most emigrants coming from Ireland and southern Germany. Times of agrarian crisis resulted in great waves of emigration.

Advantages: Captial, Entrepreneurs, Resources, Gov., Markets

Britiain has a ready supply of captial for investment in the new industrial machines and the factories that house them. Britain had fair number of individuals interested in making a profit. Britian had ample supplies of important mineral resource. Parliament contributed to favorable business climate by providing a stable government and passing laws that protected private property. Supply market gave British industrialists a ready outlet for their manufactured goods

The American system

Built interchangeable parts which reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled artisans.

Agricultural Revolution

Changes in methods of gaming and stock breeding led to significant increase in food production.

Growth of Cities/London/Paris

Cities and towns grew dramatically due to industrialization. Cities were becoming places for manufacturing and industry. London had a population that swelled to 2,363,000. Paris had grown to a million.

Samuel Crompton/mule

Combined aspects of the water drake and the spinning Jenny and increased yarn production even more

The new entrepreneurs

Constructed favorites, purchased the machines, and figured out were the markets were. Raised capital, determined markets, set company objectives, organized the factory and its laborers.

Spread of British techniques/machine

Continental countries borrowed British techniques and practices which the British tried to prevent, but Britosh equipment was sold abroad legally or illegally. Britons went abroad to sell their skills.

Cotton Industry

Cotton textile industry took the first major step toward the Industrial Revolution with the creation of the modern factory. Britain surged ahead in the production to cheap cotton goods

James Watt/Steam Engine 1760s

Created an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. In 1782, Watt enlarged the possibilities after he developed a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery. Steam was tireless source of power

Cholera

Deadly disease that ravaged Europe in early 1830s and late 1840s and were especially rampant in the overcrowded cities. As city authorities and wealthier residents became convinced that filthy conditions helped spread the diseases and began to support the call for new public health measures.

People's Charter/The London Workingmen's Association

Demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, the elimination of properly qualifications for members of parliament, and annual sessions of parliament

Henry Cort/puddling

Developed a system called puddling in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.

Living conditions

Dramatic growth if cities produced miserable living conditions and the rapid urbanization associated with the industrial revolution.

Coal Mines Act of 1842

Eliminated the employment of boys under ten and women in mines.

The Grand National Consolidates Trades Union

Emerged under Owen's direction. As a national federation of trade unions, its primary purpose was to coordinate a general strike for a 8 hour working day. Rhetoric outpaced reality and the lack of working-class support led to the federation's total collapse and the union movement reverted back to trade unions for individual crafts

James Hargreaves/spinning Jenny

Enabled spinners to produce yarn I greater quantities.

Industrial Revolution

Evolved over a long period of time.

Great Exhibition of 1851/The Crystal Palace

First industrial fair organized by the British housed at Kensington in London in the Crystal Palace, an enormous structure made of glass and iron, a tribute to British engineering skills. Showed wide variety of products created by the Industrial Revolution and displayed Britiain's wealth to the world. A gigantic symbol of British success.

Trades unions

Formed by skilled workers in new industries. Served two purposes: preserve their own worker's position by limiting entry to their trade and gain benefits from the employers. Had limited goals and favored a working-class struggle against employers

The Amalgamated Society of Engineers

Formed in 1850 and was the largest and most successful trade union. Its provisions of generous unemployment benefits in return for small weekly payment was precisely the kind of practical gains these trade unions sought.

Friedrich List National System of Political Economy/Protective Tariffs

Had most systematic argument for the use of tariffs. Advocated a rapid and large scale program of industrialization as the surest path to develop a nation's strength in his National System of Political Economy. Felt that a nation must use protective tariffs so that British goods would not inundate national markets and destroys infant industries.

National unions

In the 1820s and 1830s the union movement began to focus on the creation of national unions.

Debates on standard of living

Industrial Revolution increased living standards dramatically because of higher per capita incomes and greater consumer choices. In the first half of the 19th century there was a widening gap between the rich and the poor.

Great Britain

Industrial revolution began in Britain, making it the wealthiest country in the world

Row houses/Industrial workers

Industrial workers lived in the center of the most industrial towns in row houses which had small, overcrowded rooms.

The Great Famine 1845-1851

Irish families were dependent on potatoes and half the population depended on the potatoe for survival. In the summer of 1845 the potatoe crop in Irland was struck by blight due to a fungus that turned the potatoes black. Between 1845 and 1851, the Great Famine decimated the Irish population and more than a million died of starvation and disease and almost 2 million emigrates to the United States and Britain.

Ireland and the potato

Irish peasants lived in mud hovels in desperate poverty. The cultivation of the potatoe gave Irish peasants a basic stroke that enabled them to survive and expand.

U.S. Labor markets/immigration

Labor for the growing number of factories came from primarily rural areas. Women made up 80 percent of the labeling force in the large textile factories. Factory owners sought entire families including children. European immigrants appeared in large numbers to replace American women and children in the factories.

Robert Owen

Leader in the effort to create nationals unions and a well-known cotton magnate and social reformer. Believed in the creation of a voluntary associations that would demonstrate to others the benefits of cooperative rather than competitive living.

Railroads/Speed/Expansion

Locomotives reached 50 miles per hour and new companies were formed to build additional railroads. Railroad was perfect symbol of the industrial revolution,

Women and factory labor

Made up 50 percent of the labor force in textile factories. Employ,met of large numbers of women in factories did not produce a significant transformation in female working patterns. Factory acts that limited the work hours of children's and women also began to break up the traditional kinship pattern of work and led to a new pattern based on a separation of work and home

Joint-stock investment banks

Mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of captial that could then be plowed back into industry.

The old and new elites

New industrial entrepreneurs came to amass much wealth and play an important role alongside the traditional landed elites of their societies. As they bought great estates and gained social responsible, they also sought political power and their wealthiest members would emerge with old elites.

Thomas Newcomen 1712

One of the first to ever produce a stream engine but discredited because it was so inefficient

Pauper apprentices

Orphans or children abandoned by their parents who had wound up in the care of local parishes. To save their upkeep, parish officials found it convenient to apprentice them to factory owners looking for cheap labor. These children worked long hours under strict discipline and received inadequate food and recreation

Combination Acts 1799/1800 Repeal 1824

Outlawed associations of workers. Bitter strikes were carried out and the blatant illegal activity caused Parliament to repeal the Combination Acts in 1824, accepting the argument of some members that the acts themselves had alienated workers that they would form Union.

Railways/Richard Trevithick

Overtook roads and canals. Got their start in mining operation in Germany and in Brotish coal mines. Richard Trevithick pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in 1804

Child labor

Owners of factories appreciated certain features of child labor. Children had an especially delicate touch as spinners of cotton, their smaller sizes made it easier for them to crawl under machines to gather loose cotton, they were more easily broken to factory work, and represented a cheap supply of labor. Parliament eventually remedied some of the worst ills of child abuse in factories and mines

Cyclical depressions

Particularly devastating in towns were prosperity rested on one industry.

Factory acts

Passed between 1802 and 1819 and limited labor for children between the ages of 9 and 16 to 12 hours a day and forbid the employment of children under 9 years. Stipulated that children were to receive instruction in reading and arithmetic during working hours. No provisions were made for enforcing the acts through a system of inspection.

Joint-stocking companies

People get stock which are 10% of shares of a company

Middle Class/Bourgeoisie

People involved in commerce, industry, and banking as well as professionals, such as lawyers, teachers, physicans, and government officals at various levels.

Population growth/death rates

Population explosion cannot be explained by higher birthrates. Key to the expansion of population was decline in death rates because of a drop in the number of deaths from famines, epidemics, and war. Ordinary death rate declined as general increase in food supply spread to more areas

Demands on coal/iron

Railroad's demand for coal and iron furthered the growth of those industries

Ten Hours Act of 1846

Reduced the workday for children between 13 and 18 to ten hours. Women were included in the 10 hour limitation.

Artisans/craftsmen

Remained largest group of urban workers during the first half of the 19th century. Were not factory owners; they were traditionally organized in guilds, where they passed their skills on to apprentices. Tended to support movements against industrialization.

Sanitary conditions/Food adulteration

Sanitary conditions were appalling with city streets used as sewers and open drains. The burning of coal blackened towns and cities with soot. Adulteration of food added to deterioration. Consumers were defrauded: alum was added to make bread look white and hence more expensive; beer and milk were watered down; and red lead was substituted for pepper

Luddites

Skilled craftspeople in the Midlands and northern England who in 1812 attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihood. These attacks failed to stop the industrial mechanization of Britain and have been viewed as utterly naive.

Britiain's Poor Law Commission

Social investigations that produced detailed reports. Investigators were struck by the physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life on the poor and were alarmed by what they considered the moral consequences of such living conditions: prostitution, crime, and sexual immorality, all of which they saw as effects of living in squalor

John Kay 1733/Flying Shuttle

Sped up the process of weaving on a look and enabled weavers to double their output. Caused a shortage of yarn.

Richard Arkwright/water frame

Spinning machine powered by water or horse.

Industrial Revolution on Continent

Spread to the contintental countries of Europe and the United States at different times and speeds during 19th century. First industrialized in Europe were Belgium, France, and the German states. First in America the United States. Lagged behind because they lacked good transportation, had guild restrictions, and generally less enterprising than their British counterparts

Coal and Coke

Steam engine depended on coal for fuel, and coal production quadrupled. New methods of smelting not iron ore to produce cast ion were devised, based on the use of coke derived from coal

Factory Act 1833

Strengthened earlier labor legislation to include all textile factories. Children between 9 and 13 could work only 8 hours a day; those between 13 and 18, 12 hours. Factory inspectors were appointed with the power to fine those who broke the law. Another piece of legislation requires that children between 9 and 13 have at least 2 hours of elementary education during the working day

General Strike

Strike where all the workers come together for a common goal

Steamboats/Railroads

United States was larger country that lack of a good system of internal transportation seemed to limit American economic development by making the transport of goods prohibitively expensive. Remedied by building thousands of ridden and cabals linking east and west. Steamboat facilitated transportation on the Great Lakes, Atlantic coastal waters, and rivers. Most important development of American transportation system was railroad. Turned United States into a single massive market for the manufactured goods of the Northeast

Urban reformers/Edwin Chadwick

Urban reformer obsesse with eliminating the poverty and squalor of the metropolitan areas. Became a civil servant and was soon appointee to a number of government investigatory commissions. As she treaty of the Poor Law Comission, he initiated a passionate search for detailed facts about living conditions. Advocates a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water. His reports and efforts empowered Britian to form local boards to establish modern sanitary systems

George Stephenson's Rocket

Used on the first public railway line, which opened in 1830, extending 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester. Sped along at 16 miles per hour and reached 50 miles per hours

Industrial Revolution U.S.

Was an agrarian society with a population that surpassed Britiain's

Middle Class/Suburbs

Wealthy, middle-class inhabitants insulated themselves in suburbs or the outer ring of the city. Artisans and the lower middle class loved in the inner ring.

Working class/working conditions

Workers faced wretched working conditions. Work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, 6 days a week, with half an hour for lunch and dinner. There was no security of employment or minimum wage. Worst conditions were in the cotton mills, where temperatures were debilitating. In coal mines men bore the burden of digging the coal whole horses, mules, women, and children hauled coal carts on rails to the lift. Dangers included cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes

Factory discipline

Workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output which was a massive adjustment for early factory workers, and favored owners resorted to tough methods to accomplish their goals.