AP Euro Chapter 20 Vocab

Luddites

(1811-1816) member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs

Amalgamated Society of Engineers

(1850) one of the well-known unions that provided unemployment benefits for the people

Factory Acts

(1853) improve conditions for children working in factories -- kids between the ages of 9 and 16 could not work over 12 hours and children must be at least 9 years before they could work

Bourgeoisie

(burghers) inhabitants (merchants and artisans) of boroughs and burghs (towns)

Richard Trevithick

English engineer who was the first man to develop steam engines into vehicles carrying passenger (first used on roads then rails)

Henry Cort

English ironmaster -- patented process for producing iron bars by passing iron through grooved rollers (avoiding hammering stage)

Edwin Chadwick

English social reformer who is noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and to improve sanitary conditions and public health

Great Famine

Great Hunger -- period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845-1852

Ireland and Potato

Potato Famine -- famine in Ireland in the nineteenth century caused by the failure of successive potato crops in 1840's → many starved and over a million people came to US

Ten Hours Act of 1847

United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young children (13-18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day

Robert Owen

Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement

Joint-Stock Companies

a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors run the company

Cholera

a serious and often deadly disease commonly spread by contaminated water; a major problem in nineteenth century European cities before sewage systems were installed

Cotton Industry

a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs

Coal Mines Act of 1842

act of Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting all girls and boys under the age of 10 from working underground in coal mines

Poor Law of 1834

act passed by Parliament designed to reduce the cost of looking after the poor -- money stopped going to the poor except in special circumstances --

India's Cotton Cloth Production

after agriculture, the only industry that had generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labor in textiles (cotton clothing) -- mechanical work

Trade Unions

an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions

Canals

artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland → demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities; convey water for irrigation

Preindustrial Workers

before there were machine and tools to help perform tasks → manual laborers (hands)

Steamboats

boat propelled by a steam engine, especially a paddle-wheel craft of type used widely on rivers in the nineteenth century

Britain's Poor Law Commission

body established to administer poor relief after the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 -- commision made up of three commissioners ("The Bashaws of Somerset House") and their secretaries and nine clerks/assistant commissioners

Coal and Coke

coal heated in the absence of air it turns to coke (new source of fuel) → cheaper and good for conversion of iron ore to iron then to steel

Cottage System

cotton-mill factory housing powered spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton → important product during the Industrial Revolution (early mills -- important in the development of factory system)

Tariffs

duties (taxes) imposed on imported goods, usually to raise revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries

Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions

early attempt to form a national union confederation → Robert Owen protested and organized 8-hour work days

George Stephenson's Rocket

early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement → combination of several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day

Child Labor

factory owners abused children and used them in factories so they could reach things with their small hands and easily put in line by being beaten -- two types -- "Parish apprentice children" and "free labor children" --

Factory

factory system -- method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor → producing goods made on a mass scale by machines

Factory Discipline

factory workers were expected to go to work on time and do their part regularly and well -- if they failed to follow the rules, they would be fined (shillings)

James Watt and Rotary Engine

first type of stem engine to make use of a separate condenser -- separate condenser → condensed steam without cooling piston and cylinder walls (internal spray); rotary motion → suitable for industrial power

Great Exhibition of 1851

international exhibition in Hyde Park, London which exhibited popular culture and industry -- organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert (husband of reigning monarch Queen Victoria) and attended by numerous notable figures

Samuel Crompton's Mule

machine used to spin cotton and other fibers -- mules worked in pairs with the help of two boys → spun textile fibers into yarn (most common spinning machine)

Hand-Loom Weavers

manual method to make sufficient yarn from loom → provided cotton clothing for families and society

Capital

material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth

Industrial Revolution

movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture

Chartism and People's Charter

movement that tried to get political democracy, payment for the members of Parliament and scheduled yearly session s of Parliament

James Hargreaves's Spinning Jenny

multi-spindle spinning frame -- key development in the industrialization of weaving during early Industrial Revolution

London Working Men's Association

organization established in London (1836), founded Chartism -- UK Parliamentary reform movement of 1837-1848, principles were written in The People's Charter

Suburbs

outlying district of city, especially a residential one

New Elites

people who gained substantial amount of money and respect form the Industrial Revolution, some of who joined the old elite

Domestic Servants

person who works within the employer's household, some also lived in employer's household (mainly woman)

American System

policy of promoting industry in the US by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by federal government (advocated by Henry Clay)

Workhouse

public institutions where the poor receive basic necessities and lodging in exchange for work

Puddling, Pig Iron, and Wrought Iron

puddling furnace is a metal making technology used to create wrought iron or steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace; a type of iron produced by smelting iron ore with coke; of lower quality than wrought iron; a high-quality iron first produced during the eighteenth century in Britain; manufactured by puddling, a process developed by Henry Cort that involved using coke to burn away the impurities in pig iron

Crystal Palace

structure of prefabricated iron units, glass, and wood, built in London to house the Exhibition of 1851 → destroyed by fire (1936)

Agricultural Revolution

the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the eighteenth century

Railroads

track or set of tracks made of steel rails along which passenger and freight trains run → brought profound social, economic, and political change to the country

Working Class

urban workers such as artisan who disfavored the Industrial Revolution because the factories took away their business; earned living by selling their labor (lowest class)

Richard Arkwright's Water Frame

water power used to drive spinning frame (1768) → water provides more power than human operators -- reducing human labor and increasing spindle count

Industrial Factory

workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another before there were machine and tools to help perform tasks → manual laborers (hands)